...Compare and contrast the pre and post 9/11 law enforcement response to terrorism. What strategies could be implemented to increase future law enforcement capability in countering terrorism? Andrew McAdam Student Number: Word Count: “Things will never be the same.” (Miller, Stone & Mitchell, 2002, p. 3) Law enforcement has undergone dramatic changes as a result of the devastating events in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11). This essay will examine how law enforcement, specifically within Australia, has shifted its policies and strategies to fight the post-9/11 terrorist threat. An analysis of police actions towards terrorist related incidents since 9/11, displays how law enforcement agencies have demonstrated their ability to respond to the various threats of terrorism as they arise. “Since 2001, numerous terrorist attacks have been thwarted in Australia. Thirty-eight people have been prosecuted as a result of counter-terrorism operations and 20 people have been convicted of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code.” (Counter-Terrorism White Paper, 2010, p. ii) Australia’s State and Federal policing agencies have ‘a long tradition of reactive patrol’ (White, 2012, p. 487) However, uniformed policing plays an important role in counter-terrorism operations. Due to their knowledge and close working relationships within the local community, police are in the best position to detect and prevent terrorist actions from occurring. “So far, terrorist attempts in...
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...Background Terrorism is a strategy and tactic, a holy duty and a crime, an unacceptable response to oppression and an intolerable abomination. A common definition is that terrorism is an illegal act that affects an audience further than the direct victim. The tactic of terrorists is to perform acts of bloodshed that draw interest of the government, population and the world at large. Terrorists prepare their attack to get the largest publicity, selecting targets that signify what they resist. The success of a terror attack lies, not on the attack, but in the government’s or public’s response to the act (Larry, 2011). There are three views of terrorism; the victim’s, the terrorist’s and the public. The expression “one person’s terrorist is another person’s” freedom fighter’ is perspective terrorists would embrace. Terrorists do not regard themselves as wicked. They consider themselves as fighters, fighting for what they trust in, by any means possible. Victims of terrorist acts view the terrorists as evil with no consideration to human existence. The public’s perspective is the most unbalanced because people view terrorism acts differently. Terrorism is an essential part of mental warfare and requires to be opposed vigorously (Weisburd, 2009). Law makers, scholars and security experts have defined different forms of terrorism. These forms of terrorism vary according to the attack means the attacker uses (for instance biological) or by what they are opposing (eco-terrorism). State...
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...central to the counter-terrorism efforts in Singapore. The case of SG-Secure will be illustrated as a national campaign that seeks to rally communal effort in the fight against terrorism. The shift from a risk-centric language to a resilience framework can be understood in two ways. First, it is an avoidance of the fundamental issues of terrorism. Second, resilience rhetoric can produce positive outcomes for both the community and against terrorism. Finally, the paper argues that resilience should be inspected in a cautious lens as over-reliance on the resilience framework can lead to unwanted social exclusion. Terrorism: A Shift from Risk Based Language to Resilience 9/11 was...
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...Law Enforcement Today Steven Camp CJS/200 Apr 26, 2015 Keith MC Ininch Law Enforcement Today Policing today’s American society has become more than just capturing the criminals. The daily tasks of law enforcement on local, state, and federal levels are challenging for these agencies. Law enforcement today must cope with issues, maintain and improve interaction amongst the upper and lower levels of the agencies, and look for ways to improve upon those relationships, all in an effort to protect and serve. Law enforcement agencies, more particular, the officers who work in those agencies, are constantly faced with issues of trust and integrity (Schmalleger, 2001). The dangers associated with being a law enforcement agent are inherent to the job itself. Officers are subject to violence of the offenders, health hazards at crime scenes, and the dangers of vehicular traffic among other dangers. Schmalleger presents that 134 law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty in 2008 (pp. 276). Issues of racial and biased profiling also present problems for law enforcement. It is important for officers to maintain a balance of justice and to treat all citizens equally. This becomes an issue many times when the crime occurs and the victim of said crime was a member of a minority group. If the victim were black in a predominantly white community, the police may find themselves looked at as not doing all they can to find the criminal. On the other side of that, if the criminal...
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...This essay will first attempt to define globalisation and define neo-liberalism. There is a close interconnection between the two concepts, especially on an international level therefore their positive and negative impacts on crime and criminal justice will be discussed together and then a separate analysis of neo-liberalism and its effects on crime will be examined from a local perspective. Globalisation defined Globalisation is not static, but is rather a dynamic process which involves the growing interconnectedness of states and societies that enmesh human communities with each other, easy mobility of goods and services across countries, electronic communications transcending borders and creating independence from territorially confined units of political power (Massari 2003). These key tenets, which encompass the definition of globalisation, will be discussed with regard to their impacts on crime. Neo-liberalism defined Neo-liberalism can be defined as a set of political beliefs which include the idea that the role of the state in crime control should be minimal as the only legitimate purpose of the state is to protect the individual (O’Malley 2008). Neo-liberalism generally includes the belief that the most efficient way to organise all exchanges of goods and services in human society is through freely adopted market mechanisms leading to greater cost effectiveness, individual liberty and moral virtue (Thorsen & Lie 2000). Individuals in society are empowered...
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...nation and grabbing up land. Then our pursuit of freedom expanded the globe and with other nations as we assisted in the attempt to spread democracy in countries struggling to become nations. In this attempt, there have been many enemies formed that despise the US and the pursuit of freedom. This has become a major concern of the US and on September 11, 2001, this concern became a reality. How could something so devastating be carried out against a world-leading nation? What was wrong with the infrastructure and how could it be fixed to prevent other terrorist attacks. The answer was to form a department in the federal government that would have the power to act and the power to share intelligence information. Terrorism and US Threats The FBI defines terrorism as “violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy if a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.” (FBI.GOV, 2015) The definition further defines...
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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...Chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Executive Command Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Office of the Chief of Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Strategic Plan Audit and Compliance Bureau Office of Internal Affairs Public Information Chief's Community Advisory Board Magnolia Station Grand Opening . . . . . . . . . .11 Riverside Police Department Facilities . . . . . .13 Administration Public Safety Communications . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Personnel Bureau Training Bureau Management Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Finance Payroll Grants Administration Fleet Services Facilities Management Court Services Unit (CSU) Alarm Enforcement Unit (EAU) Records Management Front Counters/Telephone Report Unit Automation and Digital Records Crime Analysis Unit (CAU) Property/Evidence Unit Operations Field Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Neighborhood Policing Centers (NPCs) Management Accountability Program (RPD~MAP) Watch Commanders Problem Oriented Policing (POP) Bike Team El Protector University Neighborhood Enhancement Team (UNET) Crime Statistics Special Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Community Services Group Citizen Academy Crime Free Multi-Housing Neighborhood Watch Business Watch Youth Court METRO/SWAT & Aviation Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Mobile Field Force (MFF) Emergency Negotiations Team (ENT) Aviation Unit Traffic Bureau Field Accident...
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...of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Reducing Fear of Crime Strategies for Police Gary Cordner Reducing Fear of Crime Strategies for Police Gary Cordner Kutztown University January 2010 This project was supported by Grant Number 2003-CK-WX-K049 awarded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the authors or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of July 2009. Given that URLs and web sites are in constant flux, neither the authors nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. Letter from the Director Dear Colleagues, Fear of crime has an incredibly corrosive effect on individuals and entire communities. This issue is of great concern to all of us in law enforcement. Fear negatively shapes all aspects of the quality of life of America’s communities. The COPS Office recognizes that people not only need to be safe, but they also need to feel safe. Treating both of these issues as two parts of a greater whole is a critical aspect of community policing. That is why we produced...
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...……………………………….6 Legal issues……………………………….………………………………………………………7 Investigation issues……………………………..………………………………………………...8 Methods of obtaining evidence ………………………..………………………………………...8 Investigation techniques …............................................................................................................9 Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………………9 Policing Strategies……………………………………………………………………………......10 Conclusion…………………………………………….…………………………………………..10 References…………………………………………………………….…………………………..11 I. Introduction There are various definitions available which describe the phrase ‘Money Laundering’. Article 1 of the draft European Communities (EC) Directive of March 1990 defines it as the process by which large amounts of illegally obtained money (from drug trafficking, terrorist activity or other serious crimes) is given the appearance of having originated from a legitimate source. In Rwanda context, the crime Money Laundering is defined under article 2, paragraph 1 of law no 47/2008 of 09 September 2008 on prevention and penalizing the crime of money laundering and financing terrorism. If it is done successfully, it allows the criminals to maintain control over their proceeds and ultimately to provide a legitimate cover for their source of income. Money laundering plays a fundamental role in facilitating the ambitions of the drug trafficker, the terrorist, the organized criminals, the insider dealer, the tax evader as well as the many others who...
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...Collecting and deciphering evidence properly and preserving crime scenes are two of the most important elements in crime-solving. Consequently, technological advances are relevant to the limited and challenging forensic science field. Also, it is a field wherein technical aptitude is attained only by the amalgamation of various dynamics. For example, supervision, continuing education, proficiency, training, experience, coupled with appreciativeness of scientific protocols and methods proposed against a setting of harsh professional beliefs. This submission delves into forensic science’s contributions to policing and criminal investigations, court processes, and security efforts. Also it explores the media’s representation of forensic science, influence on popular opinion for justice-related issues, and “CSI” effect on the judicial process. Forensic Science Contributions to Policing and Criminal Investigations The geneses of criminalistics or forensic science are mainly European. Forensic science is an amalgamation of various disciplines, such as chemistry, mathematics, geology, physics, and biology to examine physical evidence associated with crime. Previously, the employment of forensic science methods was focused mainly on severe crimes like homicide and rape. However, forensic methods are being positioned throughout a broader spectrum of crime groupings. Additionally, it is routinely being used to assist the investigation of volume crimes such as robbery, vehicle...
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...Assignment On Bangladesh Police System Course Title: Criminology Course Code: LLB2321 Submitted To: Md.Gaziur Rahman Lecturer of Law, NUB Khulna Campus Prepared By : Mahbuba Sultana ID: LLB080160227 Section: 9A Semester: Fall Date of submission:03 october 2011 NORTHERN UNIVERSITY B A N G L A D E S H CONTENTS ❖ Introduction ❖ Meaning of Police ❖ Definition of police ❖ Bangladesh Police ❖ History of Bangladesh Police ❖ Laws Governing the Bangladesh Police ❖ Organisation of Bangladesh Police ❖ Strength ❖ Community Policing in Bangladesh ❖ Women in Bangladesh Police ❖ Selection and Training ❖ Vehicles used by Bangladesh Police ❖ Actual Scene of BD police ❖ Weapons ❖ Contribution to UN Peace Keeping Operations ❖ Powers as a Police Officer ❖ Role, Functions and Duties of the Police in General ❖ Preventive Action of the Police Recent Highlights in Bangladesh ❖ Emergency and national security laws ❖ Corruption and Transparency ❖ Overview of arbitrary detention practices around Asia ❖ Failing justice systems and lack of democratic space ❖ Conclusion Introduction: The police have a vital role to play in maintaining internal law and order and establishing the rule of law in the country...
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...Law Enforcement Technology Needs Assessment Law Enforcement Technology Needs Assessment: Future Technologies to Address the Operational Needs of Law Enforcement In partnership with the Lockheed Martin Corporation By Christopher S. Koper, Bruce G. Taylor, and Bruce E. Kubu With contributions by Eugene Glover, John Anderson, Paul Snabel, Chuck Wexler, Rachael Bambery, Nathan Ballard, Anthony Bellero, David Prothero, Willie Marsh, Mike Schroeder, Mike Taylor, Greg Maultsby, Donnie Gilley and Dave Kier Police Executive Research Forum 1120 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 930 Washington, D.C. 20036 Jan 16, 2009 Report Outline Section Executive Summary Chapter 1: Overview / Introduction Chapter 2: Technology and Law Enforcement: An Overview of Applications, Impacts, and Needs Chapter 3: The PERF Technology Needs Assessment Survey Chapter 4: The PERF-Lockheed Martin Law Enforcement Future Technologies Workshop Chapter 5: Conclusions and Next Steps Pages 3-9 10-11 12-32 33-47 48-64 65-73 Appendix A: References Appendix B: The PERF Technology Needs Assessment Survey Appendix C: Survey Technology Term Definitions Appendix D: Responding Agencies (PERF Survey) Appendix E: Supplementary Survey Tables Appendix F: List of Workshop Attendees 74-79 80-91 92-98 99-102 103-124 125-127 2 Technology and Law Enforcement: Future Technologies to Address the Operational Needs of Law Enforcement EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background The effects of technology can be seen...
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...Terrorism and Homeland Defense Fundamentals Weekly Assignment 3.2 Part One: 1. Describe the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. For two years after the end of WWII, the world was in constant flux. New countries and boundaries were being drawn and one of the most contested and controversial was the creation of an Israeli/ Palestinian state. The Learning Network (2011) states the following: On Nov. 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for Palestine to be partitioned between Arabs and Jews, allowing for the formation of the Jewish state of Israel. Since 1917, Palestine had been under the control of Britain, which supported the creation of a Jewish state in the holy land. Sympathy for the Jewish cause grew during the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust. In 1946, the Palestine issue was brought before the newly created United Nations, which drafted a partition plan. The plan, which organized Palestine into three Jewish sections, four Arab sections and the internationally-administered city of Jerusalem, had strong support in Western nations as well as the Soviet Union. It was opposed by Arab nations. US Central Intelligence Agency (para. 1-3) 2. Why do you think that Palestinian terrorists concentrate on soft targets? The concentration on soft targets is a result of the need to draw attention of a global audience that is increasingly challenging to traumatize, the growing sophistication of the terrorists...
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...RADIMED Explaining and understanding the role of exposure to new social media on violent extremism. An integrative quantitative and qualitative approach Summary en kwantitatieve benadering/ Commissioners Promoter/coordinator Co-promoters Researchers Belspo FOD Binnenlandse zaken – Directe algemene veiligheid Lieven PAUWELS - UGent Fabienne BRION - UCL Brice DE RUYVER – Ugent Marleen EASTON - Ugent Nele SCHILS – Ugent Julianne LAFFINEUR - UCL 1 1. Introduction Research problem Worldwide, both policy and research pay a lot of attention to extremism, and radicalization as the process leading to extremism (Van de Linde & Rademaker, 2010). Scholars and policymakers increasingly focus on unravelling the processes of radicalisation, hoping to prevent the violent radicalisation of their own youth and eventually political violence (Van de Line & Rademaker, 2010). The Internet and its constant technological developments in particular are causes of concern (Conway, 2012). Recently, we have seen a boom in new social media (NSM) and other web 2.0 applications, bearing a large potential for communication and networking (Conway, 2012). These developments have transformed the world in an online village, with every offline actor being represented online. It is therefore no surprise that criminals, radicals, violent extremists and terrorists also use this medium to their advantage (Benschop, 2006; Stevens & Neuhmann, 2009; Weimann, 2004). By means...
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