...|[pic] |SYLLABUS | | |College of Criminal Justice and Security | | |CJA/374 Version 3 | | |Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes | Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is a general orientation to the field of juvenile justice, including causation theories and the development of system responses to delinquent behavior. The problems facing juveniles today are addressed, and adult and juvenile justice systems are compared, including initial apprehension, referral, and preventive techniques. Specific issues examined include chemical dependency, mental illness, and compulsive and habitual offenders. Special attention is given to the problems inherent in the police handling of juveniles and the function of juvenile courts. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student...
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...constantly changing by the day, week, month or year. Policies that were in effect 50 years ago are different from the policies in effect today. The following paper will cover a comparative analysis of the evolution of the criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in the criminal justice system. To understand these changes, it is important to recognize the various areas and elements of the criminal justice system. Changes take place within the areas of policing, the courts and corrections. While discussing each division of the justice system and conduct a comparative analysis of each. This is important to discuss and determine how these systems have changed from 50 years ago to today. The history of criminal justice policy in regards to policing has experienced tremendous changes over the past 50 years. Between 1900 and 1970, an organized movement known as the Reform Era took place in policing around the country (Marion, 2006). Instead of hiring individuals based on political reasons, officers were hired based upon their qualifications and ability to perform the required duties of a police officer. Formal training developed in many areas around the United States in the form of Police Academies. Technological advances such as telephones, two-way radios, and 911-emergency systems developed during this era. The Civil Rights Movement and the Antiwar Movement brought about new issues for police to address (Marion, 2006). The community era began in...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Criminal Justice and Security | | |CJA/374 Version 3 | | |Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes | Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is a general orientation to the field of juvenile justice, including causation theories and the development of system responses to delinquent behavior. The problems facing juveniles today are addressed, and adult and juvenile justice systems are compared, including initial apprehension, referral, and preventive techniques. Specific issues examined include chemical dependency, mental illness, and compulsive and habitual offenders. Special attention is given to the problems inherent in the police handling of juveniles and the function of juvenile courts. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student...
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...and usages for comparative and ratio analysis. The use of multiple sets of data for comparison to detect trends is comparative analysis. Comparative analysis demonstrates trends within an organization. With continued use, Comparative analysis can identify diminishing trends through the use of quarterly data analysis. Ratio analysis also helps to establish trends, and make financial comparisons that assist management in making healthy financial decisions. Also, ratio analysis identifies strengths and weaknesses within an organization that allows management to make strategic decisions that benefit the success of the operation. According to Wiley (2013), “Information from financial statements can be gathered by examining relationships between items on the statements and identifying trends in these relationships” (Chapter 13). The relationships are numerically expressed in percentages or ratios, then trends can be recognized with a comparative analysis. With comparative analysis, the exact same data is provided for two or more different periods so similar data can be compared. Ratio analysis only provides a glimpse, due to the analysis being for a single given period. With comparative analysis a company can determine whether a trend is diminishing or growing from year to year and by what proportion. According to Lohrey (2015), “Comparative analysis is the item by item comparison of two or more comparable products, processes, alternatives, systems, sets of data, or...
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...Criminal Justice and Society CRJ 201 Melissa King Corrections is most relevant to the Eighth Amendment of the . The Eight Amendment, which states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” This prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture. Laws should be applied to persons equally, without discrimination on prohibited grounds, such as gender, nationality, handicap, or age. In criminal cases, fair procedures help to ensure that an accused person will not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=634211903). One theory that is based on why crime occurs and how corrections use it is the social learning theory. This basically states we are a product of our environment and that crime is learned. For example, if a person grows up in a neighborhood of crime, where his/her parents have a criminal history, it is more than likely he or she will end up committing a crime as well. Going to jail or prison would probably not be an issue for them, because he/she only knows this sort of lifestyle, and probably expected this outcome in their future ( Smith, 2012). Another theory that is based on the cause of crime is conflict theory. This theory is based on the conflict of opposite groups. For example, the poor against...
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...Comparative Criminal Justice Essay 1 The goal of comparative studies is to extend a person’s knowledge of people and cultures beyond his or her own groups. Some comparative scholars have a better understanding of their own society and of ways that society might be improved. When thinking about research in comparative justice, there are two questions that we should ask ourselves; what is it that we want to compare? What are the strategies of comparison or the perspectives of comparison? There are issues and problems that when comparing you have to deal with both internal and external to the system of criminal justice. There are multiple perspectives that are to be used: historical, systematic, relativistic, and cultural perspectives. First is the Historical perspective, which is the perspective of understanding the history and the evolution of criminal justice. Before the rise of the nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most of the world societies were ruled for centuries by different monarchies, kingdoms, and colonial powers. China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all had some kind of historical or traditional law. As for China they were under a traditional law that demanded that any offender must confess and voluntarily surrender. But this somewhat changed when the Qing law was reinforced, this caused the obligations to change by making provisions for alternative sentencing for those who surrendered and by lengthening the limitations...
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...Offenders in Light of Foucha v Louisiana. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20 (4), 371-387. Annon, Jack S. (1996). Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 14 (2), 49-54. Cheit, Ross E. & Goldscmidt, Erica B. (1997). Symposium: The Treatment of Sex Offenders: Child Molesters in the Criminal Justice System: A Comprehensive Case-Flow Analysis of the Rhode Island Docket (1985-1993). New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement, 23, 267. Colorado Department of Corrections. �State Sex Offender Treatment Programs: 50 � State Survey.� Online. August 2000. Available http://www.doc.state.co.us/admin_reg/PDFs/SO-report-send2.pdf Edwards, William & Hensley, Christopher. (2001). Restructuring Sex Offender Sentencing: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Criminal Justice Process. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45 (6), 646-662. Geer, Tracey M., Becker, Judith V., Gray, Steven R. & Krauss, Daniel. (2001). Predictors of Treatment Completion in a Correctional Sex Offender Treatment Program. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45 (3), 302-313. Hanson, R. K. (2002). Recidivism and Age Follow-Up Data From 4,673 Sexual Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17 (10), 1046-1062. Kalichman, Seth C. (1993). Commentary on Alexander (1993). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20 (4), 388-390. Lieb, Roxanne & Matson, Scott. �Sexual Predator Commitment...
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...Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan Chun-Chieh MA, National University of Tainan, Harvard University Recommended Citation: MA, Chun-Chieh (2012) "Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan," Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 9: Iss. 1, Article 31. ©2012 De Gruyter. All rights reserved. Authenticated | bee_and_tom@hotmail.com Download Date | 9/16/12 10:06 AM Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan Chun-Chieh MA Abstract The management of crisis events involves activity at the organizational and governmental jurisdiction levels and is comprised of an integrated system of practice and structure. However, because there are two systems involved in crisis response, namely centralization and decentralization of disaster management, there are differences in governmental actions in response to crisis events. This article analyzes and compares the actions of disaster responses undertaken by mainland China and Taiwan when faced with major natural disasters in order to demonstrate the different response results and defects of centralized and decentralized crisis response systems, respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of decentralized response systems is higher than that of centralized systems, as respondents in a decentralized system have the ability to make...
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...Juvenile and Adult Courts: A Comparative Analysis Paper Cristal Irvin CJS/245 April 7, 2015 Samantha Brown Juvenile and Adult Courts: A Comparative Analysis Paper At one point in history there was only one system of justice for the people of the United States. As time went by, the justice system shifted into two structures which are known as the Juvenile and Criminal Justice System. It was recognized that children and adults were not committing the same crimes. The states responded to this issue by establishing a system that differentiates juveniles from adults by creating the juvenile court system. The Juvenile Court is a complex structure that in order to understand it, one needs to know the process of when a juvenile enters the system. The American Juvenile Justice System is put into place to focus and manage juveniles who are caught and convicted of crimes. The system is formulated by agencies that consist of police officers, prosecutors, juvenile courts, probation officers, and the Department of Juvenile Corrections. The system functions by agencies taking various steps when dealing with a juvenile. The first step is determining who is a juvenile. In most states a juvenile is considered a child between the ages of ten and eighteen and in some states they can set the maximum age as sixteen. When a police officer encounters a juvenile that has committed a crime the police officer has several options on handling a juvenile who has committed a delinquent act. Depending...
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...Abstract This paper is written in response to an assignment set by Ashworth College. The student is asked write a paper on the budgetary pressures and cuts faced by all levels of government, and explain how to justify to the tax-paying public an increase in expenditures on prison treatment and rehabilitation programs. To respond to this assignment, the student undertook desk research, wrote and submitted this paper. Keywords: prison treatment, rehabilitation programs, cost, expense, investment Introduction: The context for extra spending Many sections of the United States government over the past several years have experienced severe budget cuts due the Great Recession. Some education departments have experienced double digit percentage cuts, leading to layoffs among both faculty and administrative personnel. Hospitals, public transportation, and many other government departments have experienced layoffs, working hour reductions, cuts in pay, and cuts in resourcing. With these cost-reduction measures imposed in many government departments, it would be difficult to persuade the tax-paying public that anything currently deserves an increase in spending. If most parts of society must cut back on budgets and services, why should the public tolerate extra spending to help those who have actively broken the law? Many would argue that preference should be given to extra spending for law-abiding citizens. This paper explores how to justify to the tax-paying public...
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... Answer No. Description F 1. Change in accounting estimate. T 2. Errors in financial statements. F 3. Adoption of a new principle. T 4. Retrospective application of accounting principle. F 5. Reporting cumulative effect of change in principle. T 6. Disclosure requirements for a change in principle. T 7. Indirect effect of an accounting change. T 8. Retrospective application impracticality. F 9. Reporting changes in accounting estimates. T 10. Change in principle vs. change in estimate. F 11. Accounting for change in depreciation method. F 12. Accounting for change in reporting entities. T 13. Example of a change in reporting entities. F 14. Accounting error vs. change in estimate. T 15. Accounting for corrections of errors. T 16. New principle created by FASB standard. T 17. Correcting entries for noncounterbalancing errors. F 18. Definition of counterbalancing errors. T 19. Accounting for counterbalancing errors. F *20. Changing from equity method. Multiple Choice—Conceptual Answer No. Description b 21. Accounting changes and consistency concept. b 22. Identify changes in accounting principle. c 23. Identify a non-retrospective change. d 24. Identify a change in accounting principle. a 25. Entry to record a change in depreciation methods. c 26. Disclosures required for a change in depreciation methods. c 27. Change from percentage-of-completion to completed-contracts. d 28. Disclosures required for a change...
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...Criminal Justice System Mackenzie CJA/204 November 15, 2014 Erica Veljic Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system has many parts that emphasize the importance of following and abiding the law. Crime is a large problem throughout the world and is attempted to be controlled by local and governmental officials. The parts of the criminal justice system are supposed to work as a “well-oiled machine” in receiving justice for crimes committed. Unfortunately it seems that although all agencies of the criminal justice system have the same goal, none work in sync to solidify criminal justice as a system. Crime According to The Free Dictionary Online (2014), crime is “a violation of a law in which there is injury to the public or a member of the public and a term in jail or prison, and/or a fine as possible penalties”. Crime is punishable by the legal sanctions. The relationship between crime and law is without the strict enforcement of the law crime cannot be prevented. The two most common models of how society determines a criminal act include consensus and conflict models. Through the consensus model, society shares the same morals even though communities are quite diverse. The crimes that violate this morally valued system are deemed harmful to society. The conflict model holds that because society is so diverse people are constantly engaged in a power struggle. Those within the dominate groups will codify their beliefs and values into hard law (Thomas, Cage, &...
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...he reviewed that claimed to be cognitive. In particular, he disregards motivational programs that lack empirical evidence of reduction of recidivism, and those programs that criticise forms of thinking without providing reasoning. Likewise, he dismisses programs that criticise current forms of thinking without providing reasoning, or adapted to corrections without adequate training or strategies for implementation. He is also critical of holistic programs that claim to address life skills, stating that they lack the systematic targeting of key factors that maintain criminal attitudes. Although in 1991, he advocated for a living skills program based on the success of the cognitive skills program. Furthermore, he dismisses cognitive programming models based on stages of morality, because they lack empirical evidence and he maintains they are not cognitive (Porporino, 1995, p.p. 2, 3, 18). Why cognitive Porporino maintains it is important to change ways of thinking to reduce recidivism, because risk factors that indicate propensity to offend can influence and maintain attitudes for continued offending. Moreover, correctional systems can inadvertently entrench the necessary attitudes and beliefs for criminality. On this basis, he advocates for the use of cognitive programs, to provide the skills to an offender to enable...
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...Profiting from punishment * As punishment is complex social, ideological and cultural terrain, it will never be an entirely rational execution of orders with clear objectives and controllable outcomes. It is has multiple and competing aims and innumerable intended and unintended consequences. In accordance with this Garland has argued “(t)he failure of modern punishment is in part the inevitable outcome of an over rationalized conception of its functions” (1991, p. 12). As prisons enable a society to separate and classify those that it deems to be ‘criminal’, the introduction of privately operated prisons further separates criminals from society because of the shifts this enables in terms of public accountability. In light of this, the ability for a private corporation to profit from nuanced state and social objectives acted out on the body of a citizen could be considered unreasonable and morally repugnant. By no means is it surprising that corporations will act to minimise costs, and cost is an obvious consideration in the delivery of any public sector function but the centrality of cost and the possibility of profit are problematic. * Prisons and penal policy should be focused on broader social objectives and questions that lead to better outcomes for all members of a society, including prisoners, as has been shown, these questions are not enabled within the current accountability arrangements. This is a view supported by Shearer (2002, p. 546) who argued that “when...
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...that in a mature market, the crucial factor that whether a competitive enterprise enables to settle in the market is determined by the effectiveness of both its internal and external controlling. Controlling is the process of assigning, regulating resources and comparing work performance in order to do better correction to accomplish the organization’s goals. It makes plans effective and make sure that organizational activities are consistent, which plays a significantly decisive factor of the organizational performance nowadays. Former studies have gone into the details of an specialized sides of the controlling process, and these studies is limited to the description and analyze of the practice controlling cases. This essay will discuss how to achieve an effective organizational control from the three interdependent and integrated factors: the organizational system, culture and the correction process. First, I will elaborate the substance of organization and the patterns of the organizational control, then go into details to discuss how the organizational system and culture contribute to the effectiveness of controlling. And go through the effect of correction process to the controlling. This paper will illustrate from academic perspective and combined with the real life cases in order to build a...
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