...This essay will focus on dehydration, and water in the body how it is function. The reason water essential to health maintenance and what water can do to the body if not enough is obtained. This essay will mention how the body level based on hydration has on alcohol and caffeine. Sodium, potassium, and chloride compare and contrast how these different electrolytes function in the body. I will also explain the steps to take to ensure people not become dehydrated. Dehydration means excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids (Grosvenor & Smolin (2006). Dehydration is that you lose more fluid than you take in which occurs because there is not enough water and other fluids in the body to function normal. Dehydration can be prevented by drinking about eight- nine glasses of water a day. Water is essential to health maintenance is that over half of your body weight is water. Every cell in our body carries out the presence of the universal solvent. A person sweat during exercise water with waste is flushed out of your body. Water is needed to prevent dehydration this helps to maintain proper metabolism in our body. All the body tissues varying proportions of water is found in 60% of body weight in adults is water, in a child the water percentage is the highest. The functions of water in the body are for digesting food. Water also helps to cushion our joints and prevents shocks in them. A person will know when he or she have enough water when he or she urine will...
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...LECTURE 10-19 OBJECTIVES Lecture 10 1. Describe the functions of the various types of muscle * Skeletal- limb movement * Cardiac- heart movements * Smooth- movements of hollow organs 2. Describe the involvement of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle * Endomysium- surrounds and fills up spaces between individual muscle fibers * Perimysium- ensheaths muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) * Epimysium- ensheaths the whole muscle 3. Name the components of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe their function * Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm * Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread...
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... | |The Muscular System |Neuromuscular Junction | | |Sliding Filament Theory | | |Contraction of Whole Muscle | |The Nervous System |Ion Channels | | |Membrane Potential | | |The Action Potential | |The Nervous System II |Ion Channels | | |Synaptic Transmission | | |Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration | |The Cardiovascular System: The Heart ...
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...Laboratory 2: Neurosim: Membrane potentials and Action potentials INTRODUCTION NeuroSim is a computer program intended for use in teaching neurophysiology, specifically the concepts associated with the resting membrane potential and the action potential. Within the NeuroSim program is a simulation entitled HH which is based on the equations developed by English physiologists A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley (J. Physiol. Lond. 117: 500-‐542, 1952). Much of our current knowledge about the mechanisms of resting membrane potentials and action potentials comes from experiments performed by Hodgkin and Huxley on a giant nerve fiber found in the squid species Loligo forbesi (adult squid weight 3.5 lb, adult squid length 14 in). Because of the large diameter of their axons (up to 0.8 mm), it became a convenient model for elecrophysiological research using small intracellular microelectrodes (tip diameter < 0.5 μm). With two microelectrodes, researchers were able to detect an electrical potential difference between...
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...Mantesh TABLE OF CONTENTS Cure Tooth Decay Book Description Foreword By Timothy Gallagher D.D.S. President of the Holistic Dental Association Introduction 100% Real Dental Healing Testimonials Leroy from Utah Ms. Steuernol from Alberta , Canada Mike from Ashland , Oregon Pioneering Tooth Cavity Remineralization CHAPTER 1 DENTISTRY'S INABILITY TO CURE CAVITIES Reaffirm Your Choice to Cure Your Cavities The Real Cause of Cavities Remembering Your Connection Fear of the Dentist How Conventional Dentistry Works Micro-organisms Conventional Dentistry’s Losing Battle Against Bacteria The Failure of Conventional Dentistry Chapter 1 References CHAPTER 2 DENTIST WESTON PRICE DISCOVERS THE CURE Lack of Nutrition is the Cause of Physical Degeneration The Healthy People of the Loetschental Valley, Switzerland Modern Swiss were Losing Their Health The Healthy People of the Outer Hebrides Gaelics on Modern Foods are Losing Their Health Genetics and Tooth Decay Aborigines of Australia Nutritive Values of Diets Compared Fat-soluble Vitamins and Activators Mantesh Why Tooth Decay with Modern Civilization? Weston Price's Tooth Decay Curing Protocol Dr. Price's Protocol Summarized Chapter 2 References CHAPTER 3 MAKE YOUR TEETH STRONG WITH FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS How Teeth Remineralize 101 Hormones and Tooth Decay Cholesterol The Miracle of Vitamin D Vital Fat-Soluble Vitamin A Cod Liver Oil Heals Cavities Weston Price’s Activator X More Fat-Soluble...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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...for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice of medicine. MARK GLADWIN, MD BILL TRATTLER, MD D CONTENTS Preface v PART 1 1 2 3 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY CELL STRUCTURES, VIRULENCE FACTORS, and TOXINS...
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...Does Beauty Have a Cost? The Ecological Footprint of the Cosmetics Industry Alexandra Noelle Penny Brown University 2008 Environmental Studies Senior Thesis May 8, 2008 1 Acknowledgements To Caroline Karp, my thesis advisor and primary reader, for her boundless suggestions, ideas, encouragement, and support as I attempted to creatively apply a structured environmental policy analysis to a new problem. To Catherine Goodall, Amit Sheth, and ShaSha at Environmental Packaging International for introducing me to the subject of packaging, guiding me carefully through various analytical techniques, and sparking my interest in redesigning consumerism. To Dave Murray and Joe Orchardo for their assistance running the spectrometer analyses in the Environmental Chemistry Lab as well as their vast patience and willingness to answer my many questions. To Daniela Quilliam and Bill Dundulis at the Rhode Island Department of Health for their honesty in answering my pointed questions and insights into government regulations when funding is a challenge. To my sister, Elena, for her endless patience and support, and especially for her late-night company in the Science Library Friedman Study Center. To my father, Luther, for advising me to work on my thesis early in the year, advice I listened to carefully, agreed with, but never quite followed through. To my mother, Joanne, for never doubting my ability to achieve goals that are seemingly out of reach...
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...THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system allows the animal to quickly detect, communicate and co-ordinate information about its external and internal environment so it can make efficient appropriate responses for survival and/or reproduction. The two major parts of our nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up the PNS. The cranial nerves connect to the brain. The cranial and spinal nerves contain the axons (fibres) of sensory and motor nerve cells. Nerve cells areas are also known as neurons. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry information or impulses as electrical signals from one place to another in the body. There are 3 types of neurons: Sensory Neurons- Sensory neurons carry electrical signals (impulses) from receptors or sense organs to the CNS. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. The cell body of sensory neurons is outside the CNS in ganglia. Motor Neurons- Motor Neurons Carry Impulses From The CNS To Effector Organs Motor Neurons Are Also Called Efferent Neurons. The Cell Bodies Of Motor Neurons Are Inside The CNS. Interneurons- These are also called intermediate, relay, or associative neurons. They carry information between sensory and motor neurons. They are found in the CNS. TOP The Structure of Neurons A Neuron consists of THREE MAIN PARTS: A. CELL...
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...dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face) IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection Defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein) • Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating artery • Often associated with ADPKD Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (↑ risk of visceral ca) [compare w/...
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...#" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...
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...75 117 127 147 167 171 iii YOUR COURSE Instructions Instructions Welcome to your course, Essentials of Psychology. You’re entering a course of study designed to help you better understand yourself and others. For that reason, you can think of this course as practical. It should be of use to you in living your life and reaching the goals you set for yourself. You’ll use two main resources for your course work: this study guide and your textbook, Psychology and Your Life, by Robert S. Feldman. OBJECTIVES When you complete this course, you’ll be able to ■ Describe the science and methodologies of psychology in the context of its historical origins and major perspectives Outline the fundamental structure of the human nervous system and explain how it relates to the organization of human sensory perception Relate altered states of consciousness to sleep, hypnosis, meditation, sensory deprivation, and physiological responses to psychoactive drugs Discuss the basic concepts of behavioral psychology, including classical...
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...illness. It is largely concerned with humans, although the behaviour and mental processes of animals can also be part of psychology research, either as a subject in its own right (e.g. animal cognition and ethnology), or somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology by means of comparison (including comparative psychology). Origins of the psychology Near the end of 19th century things started drawing together. Questions raised by philosophers were being examined by physiologists, and vice versa. a. What is the relationship between the mind and the body? b. Why do people loose their minds? What is insanity? c. How do we perceive things? Why are their perceptions of the same stimulus different? d. What affect do our experiences have on us? How important are environmental influences versus characteristics and predispositions we are born with?...
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...Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via web site at http://www.lww.com (products and services). Not authorized for sale in North America and the Caribbean. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication...
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...Phrases for the TOEFL Speaking and Writing Sections This page intentionally left blank Perfect Phrases for the TOEFL Speaking and Writing Sections Hundreds of Ready-to-Use Phrases to Improve Your Conversational Ability, Develop Your Writing Skills, and Build Exam Confidence Roberta G. Steinberg New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-159247-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-159246-6. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill...
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