...How Does the Supplementation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) affect Human Fat Mass? Abstract Research Question: How does the supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) affect human body composition? Literature Review: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a family of geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid. The predominant sources of CLA are from ruminant animal fats (cow, dairy, sheep, goat, and deer). Over the past 20 years, CLA supplementation has produced positive effects in animal studies, such as significant body fat reduction, anticarcinogenisis, antiatherogenesis, immune modulation and improved bone health. Conversely, human studies have not produced all of the aforementioned results. Nonetheless, there have been many human studies supporting a minimal but significant body fat reduction. These results have been mainly attained with a 50:50 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 of purified CLA isomers at various doses. There is evidence indicating that a dose of 3.0g CLA/day may lead to fat loss, whereas the average Canadian consumes between 0.1-1.5 g CLA/day. Therefore, a supplement may be warranted in the future, once further research has been completed on the efficacy and safety of CLA supplementation. Implications to dietetic practice: Clinical dietitians involved in research should experiment with various doses and isomers, but they should particularly investigate the long-term implications...
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...posters to attract people of all ages to eat there. Raising Cane’s also allows their employees to show team spirit for sports’ teams around the area (Feasting Fort Collins, par. 7). This atmosphere makes the restaurant a perfect place to be after football games. Chick-fil-A has a family oriented environment. It has children play places, and very polite service. Chick-fil-A employees will always ask, “How they may serve you?” and answer the customer’s “Thank you” with “My pleasure.” The customer service creates an atmosphere so the customer feels that he or she is not actually in a fast food restaurant (Feasting Fort Collins, par. 5). Both restaurants provide outstanding environments for their customers. When comparing the prices in each restaurant, Raising Cane’s is known to have the less expensive prices (Feasting Fort Collins, par. 11). The majority of Raising Cane’s’ menu items specifically deal with chicken strips. When the chicken strip meals from each restaurant are compared, Raising Cane’s has the win. However, Chick-fil-A has a better deal on a sandwich...
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...Fad Diets: Positive or Negative? Keith Daugherty DeVry University Fad Diets: Positive or Negative? Chad, a middle aged man, goes to work every day of the week to provide for his wife and three children. He wants nothing more than to live a full and healthy life and to always be there for his family, just like his father was there for him and his mom, growing up. Chad attended his annual check-up with the family care provider that he has seen for many years. He has always felt fine and thought he was as healthy as can be. While Chad was with his family care provider, he was told that his cholesterol levels were high, that he has high blood pressure, and that he has an increased chance of experiencing a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. His family care provider decided that Chad needed to lose some weight and start eating healthier in order to lower his blood pressure, lower his cholesterol levels, and decrease his chance of suffering a myocardial infarction. Chad agreed to make his doctor’s recommended lifestyle changes because he wanted to be there for his family no matter what the cost. After leaving his family care provider’s office and speaking with this wife about the bad news, he realized that he did not have a plan of action as to how he was going to lose the extra weight that was the source of his health problems. He didn’t know many things about eating healthier or maintaining a healthy lifestyle so he was unsure of where to begin. Later that...
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...Traditional and Contemporary Religions: Religious Features of Weightlifting Introduction Religion has evolved from a belief of a spiritual being. Many aspects of life and activities can be considered a religion depending on the context. Several sports, such as baseball and football, have been analyzed and identified as a religion. However, no research has yet to determine whether weightlifting can correspond as a religion. Through peer reviewed sources, fitness articles, a self case study and qualitative research, it is possible to identify the religiousness of weightlifting. Key Definitions of Religion Gautheir (2004) examined the factors that make a contemporary religion using raving as the subject. Raving focuses on meaning, intensity and community, with the usage of psychedelics a sense of collective euphoria is associated with the sacred experiences ravers feel making it like a religion (Gautheir, 2004). Blazer (2012) correlates sports and religion, stating that sports are considered a religion when the definitions are of: communities, creed, code and cultuses. Similarly, Woodhead (2011) offers a comprehensive definition of religion by breaking it down to five categories: culture, identity, relationship, practice and power. Both sports and religion have concerns, social systems, traditions, symbols and gather communities together (Stuhlsatz, 1994). Blazer's (2012) explanation of communities: as groups of people either formally...
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...In this task, I am going to be describing and comparing how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations. The first organisation I will be talking about is Apple, and the second being Coca Cola. Marketing means that a business will identify the needs of the consumer and produce products that meet the requirements of them. In order for a business to perform and succeed, it needs to make sure that their customers are at the heart of operations. Should businesses do this, it would mean that they are market-orientated. As well as this, there are other forms of orientation for business. These include; * The production concept * The sales concept When a business uses a marketing concept, and putting customers at the heart of decisions. By doing this, a business operates more efficiently by prioritising investments on product development for the customers. Objectives In order for a business to grow and succeed, it is essential that it has its objectives outlined. The first aim a business will have when it starts out, is to survive. Once this goal has been achieved, it means that they can now focus on growth objectives, which means that they can focus on increasing market share and increasing profits. When businesses set objectives, they follow SMART guidelines. SMART stands for; * Specific – The objective must be clear and concise * Measureable – Objectives must be able to assess properly * Achievable – The objective needs to be reasonable...
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...Heather Grebert Randall Phebus Introduction to Food Science July 5, 2014 Supermarket Survey To discover the differences and similarities between "new" or "compositionally altered" foods and their original versions, I headed to my local Hy-Vee supermarket. My first goal was to discover the differences in prices between these products. I expected to find the compositionally altered products to be more expensive, and the original products to be less expensive. An additional goal was to observe how the shelf position of the product made a difference. At first I thought that the shelf position of a product was selected at random, but as I will discuss I did actually discover that shelf position was intentional, and made a difference in the marketing of the product. Another goal which I intended to attain was to find out what the differences in ingredients and nutritional composition between the altered products and the original products. My plan was to first find various foods that were “new” or “compositionally altered”, and then to write down new facts as I found out about them in a notebook. I had a few foods in mind that I thought I predicted to be compositionally altered (such as soda, bread, and granola bars). Considering that I usually do not usually do my own grocery shopping, I was very excited to discover more about the supermarket. The initial food I sought out to explore was Hidden Valley Ranch dressing. The food was both fat free and cholesterol...
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...Acne is a worldwide condition that affects the majority of the younger population. A condition this big would make you think there would be more known about its epidemiology. This article did a systematic review of pertinent epidemiological studies on what is known about the possible causes of acne. Epidemiology not only describes the burden of the disease in terms of incidence, prevalence and variations to age, sex, social class, ethnic group, and geography, but also has the potential to identify specific risk factors for disease occurence or progression, which may be amenable to manipulation. The author first introduces acne in histological and clinical terms to give the reader the background information they need to understand the disease....
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...International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Effect of a prescriptive dietary intervention on psychological dimensions of eating behavior in obese adolescents International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013, 10:119 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-119 Mandy Ho (mandy.ho@sydney.edu.au) Megan Gow (megan.gow@health.nsw.gov.au) Jocelyn Halim (Jocelyn.halim@health.nsw.gov.au) Kerryn Chisholm (Kerryn.chisholm@health.nsw.gov.au) Louise A Baur (louise.baur@health.nsw.gov.au) Manny Noakes (Manny.Noakes@csiro.au) Katherine Steinbeck (kate.steinbeck#@health.nsw.gov.au) Michael R Kohn (michael.kohn@health.nsw.gov.au) Chris T Cowell (chris.cowell@health.nsw.gov.au) Sarah P Garnett (sarah.garnett@health.nsw.edu.au) ISSN Article type 1479-5868 Research Submission date 1 July 2013 Acceptance date 17 October 2013 Publication date 24 October 2013 Article URL http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/10/1/119 This peer-reviewed article can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in IJBNPA are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in IJBNPA or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.ijbnpa.org/authors/instructions/ For information...
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...Accounting 3230 Fall 2014 Part I: Leonard Company sponsors a defined benefit pension plan for its employees. The following data relate to the operation of the plan for the years 20X2 and 20X3. | 20X2 | 20X3 | Projected benefit obligation, January 1 | $ 600,000 | | Plan Assets(fair value and market-related value), January 1 | 410,000 | | Pension Asset/Liability, January 1 | 190,000 CR. | | Prior Service Cost, January 1 | 160,000 | | Service cost | 40,000 | $ 59,000 | Settlement rate | 10% | 10% | Expected rate of return | 10% | 10% | Actual return on plan assets | 36,000 | 61,000 | Amortization of prior service cost | 70,000 | 50,000 | Annual Contributions | 97,000 | 81,000 | Benefits paid to retirees | 31,500 | 54,000 | Increase in projected benefit obligation due to changes in actuarial assumptions | 87,000 | 0 | Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31 | 721,800 | 789,000 | Average service life of all employees | | 20 years | Vested benefit obligation at December 31 | | 464,000 | (a) Prepare a pension worksheet presenting both years 20X2 and 20X3 and accompanying computations and amortization of the loss (20X3) using the corridor approach. (b) Prepare the journal entries (from the worksheet) to reflect all pension plan transactions and events at December 31 of each year. (c) For 20X3, indicate the pension amounts reported in the financial statements. Part II: The accounting records of Scotty inc show the following data for 20X2....
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In developing countries, millions of young children suffer from nutritional deficiencies and frequent infections. There is now a large and increasing body of evidence to indicate that nutrition and health affect human’s cognitive, motor, and behavioral development, both pre- and postnatal. The impact of a biological insult depends on the stage of a child’s development, as well as the severity and duration of the insult. However, because nutritional deficiencies and infections frequently occur together, the problems resulting from any one insult may be exacerbated by the presence of another, and the effects can be cumulative. The study of nutrients in food, how the body uses nutrients, and the relationship between diet, health and disease. Major food manufacturers employ nutritionists and food scientists. Nutritionists may also work in journalism, education and research. Many nutritionists work in the field of food science and technology. There is a lot of overlap between what nutritionists and dietitians do and studied. Some nutritionists work in health care, some dietitians work in the food industry, but a higher percentage of nutritionists work in the food industry and food science and technology, and a higher percentage of dietitians work in health care. One could very loosely generalize and say that a nutritionist focuses firstly on a food, and then looks at its effects on people, while a dietician looks at the human, and then how that human's health...
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...what these two diseases are. According to Marfan foundation, Marfan syndrome “is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue. Connective tissue holds all the body’s cells, organs and tissue together. It also plays an important role in helping the body grows and develops properly.” The connective tissue is made up of proteins. The protein of the tissue is called fibrillin-1. It is found in 1 out of 1,500 people. It can be found in male and female and in all races. It is in inheritable 3 out of 4 people inherit Marfan syndrome. Cystic Fibrosis is because of a defective gene that causes a thick, buildup of mucus in the lungs, pancreas and other organs. In...
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...cytokines (Niklas et al, 2005), decreased circulatory levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (4) This essays aims to show the role that exercise can play in reducing inflammation, and will examine this effect in an obese, type II diabetic population. This reduced inflammation will be looked at in terms of three different mechanisms; the first is a reduction of visceral fat from exercise, leading to a decrease in adipokine secretion, the second is the increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from skeletal muscle contraction, and the third is the release of adrenal hormones, leading to a release of anti-inflammatory catecholamines. Inflammation can be acute or chronic and is indicated by a ‘two-to four-fold increase in circulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines’ (Woods et al, 2009) and by the presence of proteins such as CRP. The inflammation response can be due to trauma or as a result of factors such as obesity. Obesity can lead to persistent low-grade inflammation, as adipokines expand in visceral fat. This leads to an increase of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6 and TNF) and a decrease in anti-inflammatory molecules (e.g. IL-10 and Cortisol). Exercise has been shown to have the opposite effect to this, reducing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. Type II Diabetes, or...
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...who is overweight or obese. The hypothesis of the research proposal is that those who receive hypnotherapy in conjunction with a supervised diet and exercise program will lose more weight that those who only participate in the diet and exercise program. METHOD: The 20 participants will be chosen from a target population. In order to be a participant in the research proposal the individual must be between the ages of 21 and 45, of either gender, have a primary diagnosis of obesity (with or without co-morbidities), have tried at least one weight-loss program prior, and be either referred to the bariatric program by a physician, or be a current patient of the bariatric program. The participants will be broken into two groups of 10 participants. Group 1 consists of 10 participants who will participate in hypnotherapy in combination with a diet and exercise program established by a dietary team. Group 2 contains 10 participants who will participate in only a diet and exercise program established by a dietary team. This research proposal is an example of a quasi-experiment. The measurements will be obtained with a standard digital scale. RESULTS: The data of the proposal will consist of weight measurements from each participant. The data will be analyzed using a dependent and independent t-test as well as a one-way ANOVA test. Descriptive statistics will also be used to summarize the collected data....
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...The fascination and mystical interest in the study and examination of prehistoric human skeletal remains have been well documented in ancient medical documents and historical records. Anthropologists study and analyze the human skeletal remains to obtain information from a particular sample of ancient individuals in order to understand how the population as a whole experienced and responded to social interactions. Because palaeopathologists have access to all portions of a skeleton, the morbid conditions in all areas of the skeleton are studied and provide a broad understanding of diseases as they affect bones and joints in living populations of our society today ( Ortner & Putschar 2003: 2). The remains of humans offer the...
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...This report will focus on the comparison of financial conditions, especially their profits statements between Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. for their stakeholders, like consumers, shareholders, managers, investors, and employees, creditors and lenders. The two soft-drink giants have been battling for bigger shares of the globe's thirst for more than a century. "Coke or Pepsi" has been debated endlessly, with ads such as the Pepsi Challenge campaign in the 1970s fueling the rivalry. And both sides in this epic consumer battle have had hits (Diet Coke and Pepsi One) and misses (New Coke and Crystal Pepsi) The Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. It is assessed as the most valuable brand in the world that owns or licenses more than 400 brands, and its products are sold in more than 200 countries. However, PepsiCo, as one of Coca-Cola’s toughest competitors, is also very competitive in the nonalcoholic beverage market. It is the second-largest food and beverage company in the world. This is quite evident of PepsiCo’s gross profit margin of 57.5% and sales for 2010 of $43.23 billion in 2010, compared to Coco-cola’s gross profit margin of 68.4%.and sales of $30.99 billion. (Investing in Coco-cola or Pepsi for Stock Gains) Based on your analysis, determine which company is better able to pay current liabilities (debt). Explain your rationale. The current ratio measures the company’s...
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