...childrearing. Beginning in the 20th century the science of child development was first established, and with each subsequent generation new theories are introduced about the most appropriate way to raise children. This scientific development brought about the deliverance of an abundant amount of child rearing advice that could be found in anything from books to magazines, journals, and public health pamphlets. This surplus of often-contradictory information frequently caused undue parental anxiety and stress. One 1920’s mother who was overwhelmed by all the wisdom confessed, “I just try to do what you say, but I am a nervous wreck just trying to stay calm.” Although parental pressure and anxiety has been seen as a recurrent grievance through every generation, stress levels have progressively increased to what they are now. An analysis of the child rearing advice given in the early part of the 20th century and that of the new millennium revealed the following things: a steady progression from an authoritarian type of discipline to that of a more authoritative type, the emergence of a paternal role in child rearing, the apparent difference in personality traits of adults that were raised under particular parenting methods, and several distinct reasons for the change in the advice being given. Even before the start of the seventeenth century, experts were concerned with how, if even at all, parental love and child rearing practices affected a child’s personality. Prior to the late 1940’s...
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...such a close relationship that the family maintains a dominant role in their on-going socialisation. Most of the time growing up is spent with family and so this is what is called a primary relationship, it’s important that we learnt the dos and don’ts from them. However when you get older it becomes less important in the socialisation process as other agencies take over from the family. Comparisons between classes show big differences, for example it has been proven that working class families use more simple sentences whereas middle class use more complex sentences which links to achievements in school, this shows how different class families contribute to family socialisation. Child rearing practices such as nutrition, sleeping and use of toilets are to be trained at home. However, all these practices keep changing from society to society. In Asian countries these practices are experienced with simplicity and relaxation on the contrary rigid practices are followed in western countries since in western countries such as Britain, France, Germany, etc., the mother does not be with the child for a long period of time. However,...
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...with the most beautiful note. This note flowed from his horn and touched the ears of over two thousand students. Of those students probably no more than a handful gave it any thought. With that note a new generation of trumpet players is born. In Susan Griffin’s “Our Secret” she speaks of a matrix that ties events in our together to determine who we are as people. She tells tale of influences upon others later turning into their influences upon another. This is the case when I was listening to that soloist, someone influenced him to play and he in turn influenced me. It is through these influences that we are given a common past. Susan Griffin speaks of Nazi Germany and the child rearing policies that created the people behind the holocaust. To describe such an event she weaves excerpts of comparison to well-known objects or ideas to make the idea seem less abstract. Griffin’s essay is about the head of the Nazi secret police, Heinrich Himmler. She begins with describing the journal of Himmler and his influences in writing it. His father, a schoolmaster named Gebhard, forced Heinrich to take up keeping a journal. Gebhard wrote Heinrich’s first entry to show him what he wanted from him. Heinrich was forced to remember all the events of the day and the exact times at which they occurred and add them to his journal. His father stood over him as he made his entries and...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND As presented, this chapter discusses the problem and its background. This will help the reader to have an overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social...
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...Running Head: AUTISM, ATTACHMENT AND PARENTING 1 Article Critique on Autism, Attachment and Parenting Jennifer L. York Liberty University AUTISM, ATTACHMENT AND PARENTING 2 Abstract This paper examines Rutgers et al.’s research article regarding autism, attachment and parenting. It is a comparison of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Mental Retardation (MR), Language Disorder (LD), and non-clinical children. This article addressed the issues of autism, attachment security, and parenting among the clinical and non-clinical groups. The author’s attachment security research was conducted using a variety of both screening questionnaires, and several parental self-report questionnaires assessing their parenting styles, parental efficacy, experiences of daily hassles, social support and psychological problems. Through the use of these questionnaires, observations by pediatric psychologists, and a follow-up at approximately four years of age, it was demonstrated that the children with ASD were rated less securely attached than both other clinical and non-clinical groups. Also, the parents of children with ASD reported a less authoritative parenting style and felt they received less social support than the parents of non-clinical children. This paper will delve deeper into their research and consider the results as it applies to the discipline. AUTISM, ATTACHMENT AND PARENTING 3 Article...
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...Describe and evaluate cultural variations in attachments. Attachment is an affectional bond that one person or animal forms between itself and another specific individual, for example a child and its mother. Attachment has been said to vary depending on different cultures.A test was conducted by Ainsworth & Bell (1970) on the attachment on children. 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers took part in the study. A method of controlled observation was developed. This involved observing infants with their mother during a set of predetermined activities, known as the strange situation. Firstly, the mother and child are introduced to the room. The mother and child are left alone and the child can investigate the toys. A stranger then enters the room and talks with the mother. The stranger gradually approaches the infant with a toy. The mother leaves the child alone with the stranger, and the stranger interacts with the child. The mother returns to greet and comfort the child. The child is left on its own, the stranger then returns and tries to engage with the child. Finally the mother returns, greets and picks up the child. The stranger then leaves inconspicuously.This test was conducted to observe children’s attachment with their mothers. The Findings showed that 66% of the children were securely attached. This was shown as the infants tended to explore the unfamiliar room; they were distressed when their mother left and were easily comforted when she returned...
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...Kofi Hodge Critical Perspectives in Urban Education Professor Bristol December 10, 2013 The Parenting Gap: A comparison of parenting and academic achievement: The institution of schools does not act alone it encompasses the school itself, teachers, parents, students among other factors that work simultaneously with one another. Up until just recently, I placed much of the blame for teachers’ inability to be successful with minority students in a classroom, on the teachers' inability to communicate and relate to and with students. The students' own self-victimization and the ideology that a student of a particular race or ethnicity cannot perform well because of the stereotypes that come with that race or ethnicity also plays a role. Of the many factors, the role parents play in educational achievement is often overlooked, because many believe that the task of educating solely rests with the school and the teachers. Parental involvement in students’ education gradually decreases as early as the first grade. In addition with the implementation of test based accountability, lack of student achievement is being placed on teachers because tests don’t consider factors such as if a student “pays attention in class” or “attends school regularly” (Ravitch 2010). The decrease of parental involvement results in a decrease of parent expectations of the student and allows students to matriculate through school receiving mediocre grades and their parents never know. Seeing as though the...
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...Child Rearing Practices BY Ken Robertson This paper is going to compare the practices of childrearing among two cultural groups Cuban Americans and Latin Americans. The childrearing practices of Americans have been extensively documented. The picture which comes to light in this paper is that of a permissive and affectionate parent. Who relies more on psychological techniques of discipline that, on direct methods such as corporal punishment. There are several comparisons of childrearing practices of American parents and those of parents from other cultural groups. Childrearing patterns of Hispanic and Latin American groups haven’t been extensively studied. The few studies that do exist generally portray the Hispanic family as one where warmth and affection are readily dispensed to the child, obedience is emphasized at the expense of self-reliance, and physical punishment is overtly threatened but inconsistently used. And perhaps because they constitute conveniently accessible populations, most existing cross-cultural childrearing studies have Compared Mexican-Americans and Mexicans. The absence of studies involving other Hispanic American groups make it difficult to estimate the extent to which the obtained results are descriptive of Hispanics in general or Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in particular. Second, most cross-cultural research has focused on the mother, child, and dad. Finally, there have been few efforts to systematize the use of instruments...
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...Differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement in American and Asian societies (Taiwan, China, & Japan) A lot of attention has been paid to the roles parents play in influencing adolescent academic achievement. The purpose of this project is to compare differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement between American and Asian societies. The Asian countries focus on Taiwan, China, and Japan. The project also offers some explanations for why Asian adolescent students outdistance American students in academic achievement. If we give a definition of achievement or achievement motivation, we can define it as people wanting to develop a competent self, or individuals having the motivation to succeed, to be good at something, to be independent and competitive, and to do well at whatever they may attempt. We can analyze Weinerís attribution theory of achievement into three dimensions: the locus of control, stability, and controllability. (Weiner, 1986) What students attribute their academic achievement to is a big issue. If students believe a failure is controllable - the result of low effort ñ they may be spurred on by that failure to do better next time. And a significant and important factor that affects studentsí attribution might be parental influence. In different countries, parents have totally different attitudes toward their childrenís academic performance. This article provides possible reasons for why Asian students outdistance...
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...Some parents spank their child not only to punish him or her but to change their child’s behavior. Does spanking have that effect? Dr. Kazdin: Spanking is not a very effective strategy. It does not teach children new behaviors or what to do in place of the problem behavior. It is also not useful in suppressing the problematic behavior beyond the moment. Research indicates the rate of misbehavior does not decline, in fact, the problem behavior returns, even if the parent escalates the punishment. APA: What other types of physical punishment do some parents use? Dr. Kazdin: The task is to help children change their behavior, and physical punishment is not needed to accomplish that. Developing positive opposite behaviors, i.e., the desired behaviors that the parent wants, is much more effective. Gershoff reports that Straus and Stewart (1999) found that 94% of American parents spank their children by the ages of 3 or 4. Primarily they spank children up to age 5, one to two times per month. Gershoff notes too that the US Department of Health and Human Services (2001) indicated that 13 of every 1000 children are abused or neglected. Thinking that spanking leads to abuse, Gershoff investigated the effectiveness of spanking by conducting a meta-analysis. Holden, Baumrind, and Parke respond to her article, and she replies. However, attitudes in many countries changed in the 1950s and 60s following the publication by pediatrician Benjamin McLane Spockof Baby and Child Care in 1946, which...
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...behaviour * Degree of contact w/ role model * Degree of understanding behaviour These are ways in which our social behaviour and responses could be shaped by the actions of others Bandura’s SLT: Behaviour is motivated by inherited psychological factors and socio-environmental factors Believed there were four basic processes: * Attention * Retention * Reproduction * Motivation STUDY: Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) Aim: to find out if human behaviour is shaped by sociocultural processes of social learning Process: 72 children (36 f/m) * Bench mark for comparisons= teachers rated children’s level of aggressiveness * Child and adult enter room with toys * Agg = mallet and gun * Non agg = construction set * Agg = plays aggressively with bobo doll using physical and verbal violence * Non agg = didn’t interact with doll * To create frustration child was taken to a room w/ better toys and told they couldn’t play w/ them * Then taken to a room with similar toys to first room Findings: Children who witnessed the aggressive model were more likely to act aggressively * Boys were more aggressive if their role model was same sex * Girls had similar trend but was weaker * The girls in the aggressive model condition showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female. * Opposite if they punched the bobo doll * Boys imitated more physically...
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...Arrangements: Questions of Independence” was a fascinating article which introduced the differences and similarities of caretaking for infants among two cultures. The report specifically looked at personal and cultural child raising practices between Mayan mothers from Guatemala and Caucasian mothers from the states. They were interviewed about their infants sleeping arrangements and locations, bedtime routines, and night time feeding practices. Once recognizing the differences that were presented, the subject was interviewed for comparison to the two cultures described in the article. The subject interviewed for this project is named Molly. She is thirty-seven years old. Molly is Caucasian and African American. Her parents were upper-middle class, both born and raised in Michigan. Molly described her childhood as traditional but yet feeling out of place being bi-racial. She was her mother's only child but the youngest of five out of her father’s children. After graduating from high school,...
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...Abstract Various components influence the overall development of children. It is not simply the society in which each child is born and lives but certain and identifiable parts of the society. Although every aspect of child development involves genetics, environmental factors contribute significantly in the personality development of children. Subcultures of race/ethnicity, economic status, faiths/religion, and locality/region, in addition to particular groups such as friends and family distinctly affect each child. Throughout the lifespan, people constantly confront new or varying situations—both individual and societal—and need to understand how to adjust to these conditions. The most significant time of acculturation occurs during infancy and childhood, which establishes the foundation of every child’s future personality. However, whether one becomes an extrovert or introvert, a genius or average, enthusiastic or passive is contingent upon many unique effects and is not easy to foresee when a child is first born. Familial, associative, academic, and communal influence impacts one’s worldview—how one reasons, socializes and develops a sense of self. This research examines environmental influences—such as parenting styles and attachment; social economic status and parent stability; sibling positions and relations; neighborhood and peer groups, including school and mass media—on the personality development of children. The Role of the Environment in Personality Development...
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...Comparing and Contrasting France Verses Kenya awd Introduction Kenya is located approximately on the map as 2N, 38E. (Latitude, Longitude.) Kenya became independent in 1963, and only had three presidents since. The current population is estimated as 30, 339,770. The official language is Swahili. It has a host of cultural practices and beliefs. France is a country in Western Europe. It is famous for its wine and cheese. People in France also enjoy croissants and different kinds of bread but baguette is the most popular. They also like truffles; a black, warty fungus that grow in the roots of oak and hazelnut trees. Truffles are really expensive and they use trained pigs to find them. The study compares these two countries France and Kenya within the setting of International Management practices. Comparing and Contrasting France Verses Kenya Kenya is located in East Africa and borders Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the east. The country straddles the equator, covering a total of 224,961 square miles (582,600 square kilometers; roughly twice the size of the state of Nevada). Kenya has wide white-sand beaches on the coast. Inland plains cover three-quarters of the country; they are mostly bush, covered in underbrush. In the west are the highlands where the altitude rises from three thousand to ten thousand feet. Nairobi, Kenya's largest city and capital, is...
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...| Introduction The term polygamy, meaning "the practice of multiple marriages", is used in related ways in social anthropology, sociobiology, and sociology. Polygamy can be defined as any form of marriage in which a person has more than one spouse. In social anthropology, polygamy is the practice of marriage to more than one spouse simultaneously. Historically, polygamy has been practiced as polygyny, meaning one man having more than one wife; or as polyandry, meaning one woman having more than one husband. In sociobiology, polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. In a narrower sense, used by zoologists, polygamy includes a pair bond, perhaps temporary. Polygamy as stated earlier is the situation in which one man is either married to or involved in sexual relationships with a number of different women at one time (Magubane, 2003). This was the most common form of polygamy practiced by Mormons in the 19th century, and practiced today by self-identified fundamentalist offshoots (West and Jean, 2002). Polygamy existed all over Africa as an aspect of culture or religion. Plural marriages have been more common than not in the history of Africa. Many African societies saw children as a form of wealth thus the more children a family had the more powerful it was. Polygamy was and still is thought of as a part of empire building. It was only during the colonial era that plural marriage was perceived as taboo. Esther Stanford, an African...
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