...Tecnologia/Technology THE USE OF HYBRID VEHICLES AS A PROPOSAL FOR REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS C. A. R. de Carvalho, and W. Q. Lamas University of Taubate Postgraduate Programme in Mechanical Engineering Rua Daniel Danelli, s/n – Jd. Morumbi 12060-440, Taubate, SP, Brazil carlosalfredo.carvalho@hotmail.com, wendell@unitau.br ABSTRACT The problems related to energy consumption and pollutant emissions for the transport sector represent a major global concern regarding climate changes caused by greenhouse gases, directly related to the increased level of gas emissions from fossil fuels , the main one being carbon dioxide. One way to minimize this problem is through the introduction of new technologies. Hybrid cars are one of the new technology options that has the main advantage of reducing fuel consumption and therefore reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. This paper gives an introduction to hybrid vehicles, with the aim of presenting their main advantages and evaluate their impact on emissions of CO2 in the Brazilian fleet, compared to conventional vehicles. Keywords: CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles. NOMENCLATURE AR ER PEF N average round by a vehicle, km/year emission rate of CO2 per vehicle, t/year pollutant emission factor, g/km number of vehicles in the year INTRODUCTION Climate change and the increase in greenhouse gases are the main topics of discussion today in global discussions...
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...POLITECNICO DI TORINO I FACOLTÀ DI INGEGNERIA INGEGNERIA DELL’AUTOVEICOLO (AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING) Thesis for degree of Bachelor of Science Electric City Car – Energy consumption analysis Supervisor: Prof. Giuliano Cozzari, Prof. Andrea Festini Applicant: Zheng Hang 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. General introduction about EV and the team project Speed and acceleration, all about an EV Basic concept in calculation 2. Energy consumption calculation in design phase 2.1. Weight and distribution effect 2.1.1. Weight and climbing 2.1.2. Weight and speed 2.1.3. Weight affect range, Balance and other important facts 2.2. Aerodynamic effect 2.2.1. Define of aerodynamic drag force 2.2.2. Other aerodynamic contributes 2.2.3. Effective of frontal area and coefficient of drag 2.3. Rolling resistance 2.3.1. Definition of rolling resistance 2.3.2. Combined analysis of aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance 2.3.3. Maximum power that can be transferred by the tires to the road 2.4. Transmission efficiency analysis 2.4.1. Structures about the transmission system available 2.4.2. Efficiency of the transmission system 3. Energy consumption calculation of EV 1 3.1. Calculation methodology overview and Target specification of our EV 3.2. Calculation and evaluation of the energy consumption 3.2.1. Required and available power 3.2.2. Motor output and acceleration 3.2.3. Acceleration time evaluation of our EV ...
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...To: From: Subject: Proposal to Research Alternative Energy in Vehicles I have received your RFP and have written up a proposal based on the requirements you have listed. This proposal outlines the research I would like to continue regarding the feasibility of alternative energy sources in vehicles, particularly in hybrid vehicles. I have included a summary of the topic, a description of the graphics I plan to use, deadlines that will be met, costs involved, and an outline for the report. I am quite eager to research this topic more and appreciate you taking the time to read through this proposal. If you need to get a hold of me, you can reach me at bpryan@ualberta.ca. Attached: “Proposal: Are Hybrids Really That Good?” Proposal: Are Hybrids Really That Good? Introduction The following is a proposal to write a research report analysing the efficiency and environmental sustainability of switching from a traditional fuel burning vehicle to a hybrid. This proposal will contain some information on the contents of the research paper, a presumed audience level, a schedule and outline for the areas I will address in the paper, as well as my qualifications for researching this topic. A budget as well as a list of project deadlines will also be added to the end of this proposal. With regards to my topic, it will focus on the most common type of hybrid: the electric hybrid. This vehicle combines an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors to decrease...
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...11 2.1.2Compression stroke 11 2.1.3 Power stroke: 11 2.1.4 Exhaust stroke: 12 2.2 Types of engines: 14 3. The Hybrid Car Concept 15 3.1 Why Hybrid cars? 15 3.2 The Cost of transportation: 16 3.3 The rate of fossil fuel depletion: 17 3.4 Reduction of pollutants, greenhouse gases: 17 3.5 Regenerative Breaking: 18 3.6 Engine size reduction: 19 3.7 Constant loading in acceleration and deceleration: 19 3.8 Benefits in urban area (even lesser fuel consumption) 21 4. Emissions 21 4.1 Oxides of Nitrogen 22 4.2 Carbon Monoxide 23 4.3 Carbon Dioxide 24 4.4 Unburned Hydrocarbon & Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 25 5. Alternatives 26 5.1 HYBRID CARS 26 5.2 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS 27 6. Battery Technology 28 6.1 Batteries used in Hybrid Cars 28 6.1.1 Lead-acid battery 29 6.1.2 Nickel-metal hydride 30 6.1.3 Lithium-ion battery 31 6.1.4 Zebra battery 32 6.2 Comparison between other batteries 33 6.3 Findings and Development 35 6.3.1 Fully- Electric cars 35 7. Conclusion 36 8. References 37 9. Appendices 38 9.1 Appendix I (Emails) 38 9.2 Appendix II (agendas and...
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...Key figures 2014. 01 Financial year 2014 Unit 2012 2013 2014 Corporate profile Revenue1 Editing and design SLau Konzepte & Kommunikation (consulting/editing) TEAMKOM Kommunikation&Design (design) Netfederation GmbH (interactive online report) Photography Bildarchiv Daimler AG, Fotolia (icons p. 18/19) Production l in millions of € 8,116 10,139 10,179 j in millions of € 6,830 8,720 7,290 l Total vehicle sales in millions 2.2 2.35 2.55 j 1,451,569 1,565,563 1,722,561 j Unit sales of Daimler Trucks 461,954 484,211 495,668 j Unit sales of Mercedes-Benz Vans 252,418 270,144 294,594 j 32,088 33,705 33,162 l in millions of € 79,986 83,538 98,967 j in millions of € 2,369 2,471 2,383 l in g CO2/km 140 134 129 l Unit sales of Mercedes-Benz Cars Unit sales of Daimler Buses Contract volume of Daimler Financial Services Product responsibility Dr. Cantz’sche Druckerei Medien GmbH (reprography) Bechtle Druck + Service GmbH und Co. KG (printing) Contact j 10,752 CO2 emissions of the European fleet (vehicles from Mercedes-Benz Cars) Mirjam Bendak 129,872 10,815 Group net income Daimler Sustainability Report 2014. Publications Manager Thomas Fröhlich 117,982 8,820 Research and development expenditure on environmental protection For the publisher Daimler AG, Mercedesstraße 137, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany 114,297 in millions of € Profit before taxes on income1 Publisher in millions of € Operating profit/EBIT1 Operations-related...
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...Sunderland to increase production capacity in their UK plant. | -It’s sold in: Japan, Middle east, North America, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, Russia-Uses both direct and indirect distribution channels. i.e they have showrooms in major divisional headquarters which they use as direct distribution channels and in places where they don’t have showrooms, it uses its chain of authorized dealers to sell its cars (indirect distribution channel). | -Has over 5000 suppliers | NISSAN’s STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Strengths * Global brand * High global financial position * Innovative culture Weaknesses * Overdependence in overseas market * Product recalls In the electric car market, our major competitor would have been the Toyota Rav4 EV as it’s the only purely electric crossover car in the market at the moment, but seeing as they are only sold in California and are being phased out because their battery deal with Tesla Motors will soon come to an end therefore shifting focus and resources to their upcoming hydrogen fuel cell car. Also Toyota’s...
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...(Agri) Executive Summary From a humble origin as a ‘horseless carriage’ manufacturing industry dating back to 1890s, the global automobile industry of 2006 has come a long way emerging as market leader in manufacturing activity, providing employment to one in seven people, either directly or indirectly. Hailed as the ‘industry of industries’ by the Management Specialist, Peter Drucker, the automobile industry (US) set standards in manufacturing activity by contributing mass production techniques during early 1910s. The Japanese soon followed by offering lean production techniques in the 1970s. Riding high on economical revival in many developing countries in Asia and Europe, the industry’s global output touched 64.6 million vehicles in 2005. But with a downward slide in market share, the Big Three was fast losing their dominant position to Toyota, Honda, and Nissan, thereby setting the ground for the emergence of New Six. Meanwhile UK, served as the single largest customer for European auto-makers. Japanese players were the leaders in the light vehicle market and hybrid market. China and India attracted the attention of global auto-makers, vying for setting up a cost-effective export base for meeting the demand from Asian markets. Despite government controls, Chinese market boasted of sales of more than 2.7 million commercial vehicles in 2004. With reports of highest growth in mobility in the world at 3% per annum, further surge in demand was anticipated from Chinese market. A booming...
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...specific geographic regions of the world. Cars being mass produced on the assembly line will be a thing of the past. The commercials today for Buick of not ‘driving your father’s Buick’ will even be more pronounced in 2025. In fact, my father would have thought he was living in a science fiction movie! The mantra of ‘have it your way’ will become the mission statement of the automobile industry – both from a consumer and an employee perspective…if they want to remain successful in the industry. Our results? The automobile industry will remain a capital-intensive business model and thus limited in terms of its margin growth. However, over the next fifteen years the automobile industry will remain an exciting place. The industry’s center of gravity will change, core technologies will change, new forms of organizational setup will emerge, employees will have to meet new requirements and new business models will develop. Fasten your seatbelts for an exhilarating ride as we fast forward you to the year 2025! Global vs. Local Scope This report will look at the automobile industry from a global perspective. Although in 2025 the...
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................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1 Environmental Effects ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Emissions ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Production of Cars ............................................................................................................................ 16 . 2.3.1 Production Emissions ....................................................................................................................
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...available from a given quantity of an energy resource is its net energy yield: the total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource minus the energy needed to make it available to consumers. • We can express net energy as the ratio of energy produced to the energy used to produce it. As the ratio increases, the net energy also rises. When the ratio is less than 1, there is a net energy loss. Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely Fig. 13-2a, p. 301 Fig. 13-2b, p. 301 Fig. 13-2c, p. 301 Fig. 13-2d, p. 301 Energy resources with low or negative net energy need help to compete in the marketplace • Any energy resource with a low or negative net energy ratio cannot compete in the open marketplace with other energy alternatives with higher net energy ratios unless it receives financial support from the government (taxpayers) or other outside sources of funding. – For example, the low net energy yield for the nuclear power fuel cycle is one reason why many governments throughout the world must heavily support nuclear power financially to make it available to consumers at an affordable price. Section 13-2 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS? Fossil fuels supply most of our commercial energy • The direct input of solar energy produces several other forms of renewable energy resources that: wind, flowing water, and biomass. • Most commercial energy comes from extracting...
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...youth needs to play an important role in promoting oil conservation. India is country of rich cultural heritage as well as it is rich in resources essential for a comfortable living. Such resources also include the oil resources such as petroleum and diesel which are essential resources for transportation but these resources are exploited today to extreme. Conservation of these resources is necessary so as to enjoy and live life comfortably. As Mahatma Gandhi said “the earth has enough to fulfill the need of everyone but not enough to fulfill the greed of anyone” Following the agenda of sustainable development , youth can take many steps like carpooling that is 3-4 people travel together to same place in the same vehicle instead of going in different vehicles also we can travel to places through public transport and also we can sometimes travel to places through cycles or just walk...
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...hybrid vehicle Abstract The topic of this research paper is the impact of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the environment and society. The methodologies used to carry out research on this topic include collecting information on HEVs, their components, pollution caused by the manufacturing of their batteries, their economics, and their safety. The conclusions of the report are that HEVs adversely impact the environment and society. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Definition of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Fossil Fuels ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Air Pollution .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1...
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...Ford Report on the BUSINESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE FORD REPORT ON THE BUSINESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Table of Contents Foreword 1 Introduction Implications Actions Challenges Convergent Issues Commitment 2 2 3 3 3 Background The climate issue Business Drivers Market Share Regulatory compliance Shareholder value Industry Considerations 4 4 4 4 5 5 Strategic Roadmap Strategic principles Strategic actions Product Policy Plants People Partnerships 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 Conclusion 10 Appendix 1 Excerpt from 2004-2005 Sustainability Report 11-20 Appendix 2 California GHG regulations 21 Foreword In November 2004, Ford Motor Company received a shareholder resolution from the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) and the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (Ceres) and others requesting we release information specific to our greenhouse gas emissions strategy. Much of the information requested is reported annually in our Sustainability Report (formerly called the Corporate Citizenship Report), and we have excerpted the most recent Sustainability Report as an appendix to this report. However, we agreed to publish the industry's first report dedicated to the issue of climate change and its effect on our business as well as the automotive industry as a whole. While we have worked closely with ICCR, Ceres and other stakeholders throughout the writing of this report, the material contained here is is our view of this...
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...(EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, (3) Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof, Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (1), and in particular Articles 4(4), 5(3) and 8 thereof Whereas: (5) (1) Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 provides for specific technical requirements relating to the control of emissions from vehicles to be set in its implementing legislation. Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt such requirements. (4) Following the adoption of the main requirements for type approval in Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, it is necessary to establish administrative provisions for EC type-approval of light duty vehicles. These administrative requirements include provisions for conformity of production and in-service conformity to ensure continued good performance of production vehicles. Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 is one of the separate regulatory acts under the type-approval...
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...Toyota is a well-known brand, especially to me because I have a Toyota Camry that I love. I wanted to learn more about the green marketing strategy, and I decided to focus mostly on the Prius marketing strategies, as it is a “green” vehicle and becoming very popular. The Toyota Prius provides a concrete case study of this truth. While the biggest product differentiation of the Prius is a fuel efficient, hybrid engine, most people do not buy it because it is eco-friendly. We assert that Toyota succeeded by marketing the Prius on multiple factors including the potential for gas savings, appeal to those who desire the latest technology, crossing into multiple market segments, and keeping the car practical, attractive, and functional. If they had appealed solely on impact to the environment, they would have failed to generate significant market penetration. Toyota did not set out to create a hybrid car. Rather, the Chairman Eiji Toyoda was concerned about the increasing popularity of larger cars and of the effect it would have on pollution levels in increasingly congested cities. He was concerned about the threat of peak oil looming and believed that the traditional internal combustion engine would not successfully carry Toyota into the next century. It was a year into that effort that Toyota decided to adapt a hybrid approach to creating a car with a lower impact on the environment. Toyota was cautious in entering the American market (Itazaki, 1999). Toyota's first step was...
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