...COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF TRAIT-BASED, SITUATIONAL, AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORIES 1 Comparison and Contrast of Trait-Based, Situational, and Transformational Leadership Theories Ciprian Patrulescu Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2132126 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF TRAIT-BASED, SITUATIONAL, AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORIES 2 Abstract This research paper compares and contrasts several leadership theories, the evolution of the theories, and future research implications. The leadership theories discussed in the paper include the trait-based, situational, and transformational leadership theories. Trait-based theories represented the earliest attempts to quantitatively study leaders and leadership effectiveness by focusing on the innate skills and traits of the person. Situational theories expanded to explore the influence of different situations on leadership. Lastly, transformational leadership theories further expanded on the role of the leader in motivating followers through inspiration. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2132126 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF TRAIT-BASED, SITUATIONAL, AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORIES 3 Comparison and Contrast of Trait-based, Situational, and Transformational Leadership Theories There are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have tried to define leadership (Stogdill, 1974). The definition of leadership by Weathersby (1999...
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...success is often assumed to be about profit or Total Shareholder Return. It’s neither. For leaders wanting to measure their own success, for those who appoint leaders to know what they are aiming at and for outsiders assessing the quality of leadership, Andrew Likierman shows how to do it. Thinking W as Julius Caesar a successful leader? What about Ghenghis Khan? Simon Bolivar? Or Napoleon? Because we tend to think of these as military leaders, the answers look pretty straightforward. Each achieved major military successes. But then Napoleon was ultimately defeated – does that make him a failure? After all, he won a lot of battles before Waterloo, and his sweeping political and legal reforms have been the basis of French administrative life for nearly 200 years. Now let’s move to the politicians. How do you feel about describing Bill Clinton as a successful leader? George W. Bush? Tony Blair? Vladimir Putin? This is altogether more difficult ground. Some of you will have already decided; those of you who have not made up your minds could argue that it is too early to say. The historic verdict on Bush and Blair will probably depend on what happens to Iraq over the next 20 years. Those better informed about Russia than I am can make up their own minds about Putin. Moving next to business territory, with a few exceptions – say Bill Gates, Herb Kelleher (Southwest Airlines) and Jack Welch – leaders generally have to be dead to be considered successful. No problems with Henry Ford...
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...How To: Use Comparing Strategies DQ3: HELPING STUDENTS PRACTICE AND DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF NEW KNOWLEDGE Element 17 Examining Similarities and Differences Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between ideas or things. A variety of strategies can be used when designing comparison activities. We will discuss sentence stems, Venn diagrams, double bubble diagrams and comparison matrices. Sentence Stem Comparisons This strategy can be used to have the students compare and contrast people, characters, places, events, concepts or processes. The comparisons can be general or specific. Marzano’s Becoming a Reflective Teacher, gives the following examples: General – House cats are similar to lions because ____________________. House cats are different than lions because _______________________. Specific – Sherlock Holmes and Gandalf are both characters who enjoy solving mysteries, but they are different because ____________________________. After a gym teacher has provided a series of critical-input experiences on baseball and fast pitch softball, he might assign a sentence stem assignment comparing and contrasting the two sports. A completed example can be found in Marzano’s A Handbook for the Art and Science of Teaching and looks something like this. Baseball and fast pitch softball are similar because they both… • Have 4 bases in a diamond shape • Have 9 defensive players. • Have the same ball/strike counts: 4 balls = walk & 3 strikes = out ...
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...attributes required for, and responsibilities of sports leadership. P2: Describe the attributes of two selected successful sports leaders. M2: Evaluate the attributes of two successful sports leaders. D1: Compare and contrast the attributes of two successful sports leaders. Marking Criteria: P1: Describe, using relevant examples, the attributes required for, and responsibilities of sports leadership. M1: Explain the attributes required for, and responsibilities of sports leadership. P2: Describe the attributes of two selected successful sports leaders. M2: Evaluate the attributes of two successful sports leaders. D1: Compare and contrast the attributes of two successful sports leaders. Coursework: Presentation Coursework: Presentation Coursework: Reporter columnist Coursework: Reporter columnist [P1& M1: Describe and explain attributes & responsibilities] Create a PowerPoint presentation (max 10slides) to describe and explain the attributes & responsibilities of sports leaders. Produce flashcards/cue cards to help prompt you during your presentation. [P2, M2 & D1: comparing & contrasting] Write a newspaper report/column describing and evaluating two successful sports leaders. To get a distinction, comparing your two leaders, saying how effective they are, and conclude who you think is the better leader and why. [P1& M1: Describe and explain attributes & responsibilities] Create a PowerPoint presentation (max 10slides)...
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...following section headings: • Public Leader Overview (Question 1) • Public Leader Comparison and Contrast (Question 2) • Public Leader Evaluation & Analysis (Question 3) • Public Leader Influence (Question 4) • Conclusion Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment. Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you: 1. Based on your response to Question 3 in Assignment 1, use the Internet to research two (2) renowned public leaders—one (1) male and one (1) female—that embody your selected theory(ies) and styles. Develop a brief overview (i.e., no more than one [1] paragraph for each leader) of the selected leaders and the leadership theory that defines each as a public administrator. …… Further details are hidden… PAD 515 WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT 2 LATEST STR Use the basic outline below to draft your paper. Organize your responses to each question (except Question 5) under the following section headings: • Public Leader Overview (Question 1) • Public Leader Comparison and Contrast (Question 2) • Public Leader Evaluation & Analysis (Question 3) • Public Leader Influence (Question 4) • Conclusion Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment. Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you: 1. Based on your response to Question 3 in Assignment 1, use the Internet to research two (2) renowned public leaders—one (1) male and one (1) female—that...
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...But CEO he was, and CEO he remained for 20 years. What a 20 years it was. In that period, Smith created a stunning transformation at Kimberly-Clark, turning it into the leading consumer paper products company in the world. Under his stewardship, the company beat its rivals Scott Paper and Procter & Gamble. And in doing so, Kimberly-Clark generated cumulative stock returns that were 4.1 times greater than those of the general market, outperforming venerable companies such as Hewlett-Packard, 3M, Coca-Cola, and General Electric. Smith's turnaround of Kimberly-Clark is one the best examples in the twentieth century of a leader taking a company from merely good to truly great. And yet few people -- even ardent students of business history -- have heard of Darwin Smith. He probably would have liked it that way. Smith is a classic example of a Level 5 leader -- an individual who blends extreme...
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...1 Stylistic Techniques from Read, Reason, Write by Dorothy Seyler WORD CHOICE In addition to responding to a writer's choice of connotative language, observe the kinds of words that are chosen, the level of diction used. Are the writer's words primarily typical of conversational language (that is, colloquial) or of a more formal style? Does the writer use slang words or technical words? Is the word choice concrete and vivid or abstract and intellectual? These differences help to shape tone and affect our response to what we read. For example, [. . .] Lincoln's word choice in "The Gettysburg Address" is formal and abstract. Lincoln writes: "on this continent" rather than "in this land," "we take increased devotion" rather than "we become more committed." The technical style is inherent to disciplines and fields of study. For example, nonscientists might not understand words related to experimentation. Or in English, we discuss metacognition, biases, marginalized communities, etc. Oftentimes, words are used to separate members of a community from non-members. Consider: What kind of effect can word choice have on your audience? What are some other examples of “words…used to separate members of a community from non-members”? One way to produce an informal style is to choose simple words: "use" instead of "exercise." To create greater informality (a colloquial style), a writer can use contractions: "can't" for "cannot," "we're" for "we are." [. . .] There are no...
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...Historical and political thinkers have pondered the question, whether it is better for a leader to be feared or to be loved, for centuries. Two writers, ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu and Italian Renaissance writer Niccolo Machiavelli, have presented considerably different opinions on how a ruler should run his, or her, country. In the "Tao the Ching", Lao-Tzu believes it is better for a leader to be loved, however in Machiavelli's "The Qualities of the Prince", he believes it is better for a ruler to be feared, without being hated. While contemplating the question, whether it is better for a leader to be feared or to be loved, there are several bases of comparison to analyze when arriving at a conclusion. One of the bases of comparison...
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...choose your language, consider your environment, rehearse, know your spoken and unspoken message, role play, feedback, hypocrisy, don’t over communicate and listen (p. 99). All of the were used by President Lincoln (Phillips 1993). A leader must be able to use all of the above steps in order to communicate an effective message and get the end results he or she wants. President Lincoln was a very effective communicator and felt that his communication style was key to his successes. Lincoln could talk to anyone using humor and witty stories, which he used as persuasive tools (p. 399). In comparison to Mandela in the movie Invictus (2009), Lincoln used his persuasive, yet honest communication style to win the election in 1860. Mandela was elected as President in 1990 after being incarcerated for 26 years and pledged an oath to unite the people of South Africa. Lincoln’s style was a bit different during the time he ran for president as he was told to remain silent (p. 386) and he only spoke when it was needed in order to alienate few people. Mandela became President of South Africa during a time of turmoil, as did Lincoln. Lincoln battled the ramifications of the Civil War while Mandela was battling the ramifications of apartheid. In comparison, both conflicts involved race and civil...
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...Theory: A Doctoral Learner Comparison Approach in Understanding Leadership Traits and Skills Patricia Faison Grand Canyon University LDR 802 August 21, 2013 Traits and Skills Theory: A Doctoral Learner Comparison Approach in Understanding Leadership Traits and Skills Two empirical research studies were compared in the comparison matrix. The articles were located in the Grand Canyon University library. Article one written by Connelly, et al. (2000), is entitled: “Exploring the Relationship of Leadership Skills and Knowledge to Leader Performance.” Article two written by Baum and Locke (2004) is entitled:” The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Traits, Skill, and Motivation to Subsequent Venture Growth.” Article one examines leadership characteristics and capabilities. Article two contributes to the understanding of personal characteristic and the effects they may have on entrepreneur, was to examine military leaders, and civilian leadership skills which are critical in being a successful leader. Connelly, et al (2000) argues that, “the nature of the leader capacities impact leader behavior and performance.” Baum and Locke (2004) study “contributes to the revival of interest in understanding the effects of entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics importance between relationship of traits and subsequent venture growth among entrepreneurs.” Connelly, et al (2000) calculated the impacts of leadership skills, and knowledge in addition to the relationship of leader performance. The subsequent...
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...Running head: Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Relationship Theory and Management Theories Comparison and Contrast of Leadership Theories Bobbi Warford University of Phoenix Table of Contents 1. Title Page………………………………………………………………….1 2. Table of Contents………………………………………………………….2 3.0 Abstract……………………………………………………………………3 4.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 4 5.0 Comparisons and Contrast………………………………………………5-6 6.0 Similarities and Differences……………………………………………..6-7 7.0 Conclusions……………………………………………………………...7-8 Abstract This paper discusses the comparisons, contrast, similarities and differences of the “Great Man” theory, Trait theory, Relationship theory, and Management theory. Great man theories and Trait theories were similar more than different. Transformational is more similar to charismatic leadership than transactional. 4.0 Introduction Great Man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent that great leaders are born, not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic, and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term “Great Man” was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership (About, Inc., 2007). Trait theories similar in some ways to “ Great Man” theories, trait theories assumes that people inherit certain...
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...» THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE ORGANIZATION BEST OF HBR 2001 If there's one management expert who is synonymous with the term "highperformance organization," it is Jim Collins, who has spent the past 20 years trying to understand how some companies are able to sustain superlative performance. It may seem surprising that of the seven factors Collins identified as essential to take a company from good to great, he chose to focus on leadership in this 2O01 piece. However, even a casual rereading of the article will convince you that he was right to do so. Collins argues that the key ingredient that allows a company to become great is having a Level 5 leader: an executive in whom genuine personal humility blends with intense professional will. To learn that such CEOs exist still comes as a pleasant shock. But while the idea may sound counterintuitive today, it was downright heretical when Collins first wrote about it-the corporate scandals in the United States hadn't broken out, and almost everyone believed that CEOs should be charismatic, larger-than-life figures. Collins was the first to blow that belief out of the water. Level 5 Leadership TheTriumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve by Jim Collins What catapults a company from merely good to truly great? A five-year research project searched for the answer to that question, and its discoveries ought to change the v^ay we think about leadership. I n 1971, a seemingly ordinary man med Darwin E. Smith was named...
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...that there are many different philosophies, theories and leadership models or styles that you should follow to be a great leader. So I thought that this was another motivational speech that would rally your thoughts and give you the drive or foresight to be the best leader. Instead he made me think and I answered the simple basic questions he posed. When Porras talked about leadership, he asked simple questions, as a leader where do you see yourself or the world in the future, and how does it affect the way you lead? Porras’ co-wrote a book called “Built to Last” which studied the fundamental differences about visionary companies and how they differ from other companies. A visionary company is a company that had or has a significant impact on the world. It is also a company that is widely admired by its peers and that it has a long track record of success. It also has multiple generations of leaders, product growth and a successful industry cycle. An enduring company is defined as a company that is thriving and doing well for at least a period of ten years. Porras talked about companies who in the beginning where small, then grew to medium and continued to grow. These companies had to endure the pain of ups and downs and turbulent times but in the long run they remained viable. With the market, comparison and visionary companies; the comparison companies out preformed the market company four to one, and the visionary companies out performed sixteen to one. Companies...
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...theFrumiGroup Great by Choice Notes by Frumi Rachel Barr, MBA, PhD. Authors: Jim Collins and Morten T. Hansen Publisher: Harper Business Copyright year: 2011 ISBN: 978-0-06-212099-1 Authors’ Bios: Jim Collins studies and teaches how great companies endure, specifically – how they grow, how they attain superior performance, and how good companies can become great companies. Having invested nearly a quarter of a century of research into the topic, Jim has authored and co-authored six books that have sold more than ten million copies worldwide. The books include: the classic Built to Last, a fixture on the Business Week bestseller list for more than six years; the international bestseller Good to Great, translated into 35 languages; and How the Mighty Fall, a New York Times bestseller that examines how some great companies destroyed themselves. Morton T. Hansen is a management professor at the University of California, Berkeley (School of Information), and at INSEAD. Formerly a professor at Harvard Business School, Morten holds a PhD. from Stanford Graduate School of Business where he was a Fulbright scholar. He is the author of Collaboration and the winner of the Administrative Science Quarterly Award for exceptional contributions to the field of organization studies. Previously a manager with the Boston Consulting Group, Morten consults and gives talks for companies worldwide. Authors’ Big Thought: Ten years after the worldwide bestseller Good to Great, Jim Collins returns with...
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...implementing a selected strategy from several alternatives, we should carefully analyze and consider the selected strategy. Strategy analysis can take a longer time before coming to the decision-making process. The intention is that an organization will be on the effective condition and position in attempting created goals and objectives in various influences from internal as well as external factors. Sometimes internal and external factors change the level of intensity and urgency in conducting certain kinds of strategic decisions completely. The orientation of such specific strategies based on various assumptions is related to the assumption which has been used by the planner, in this case, a manager or leader in an organization to produce a decisive strategy. Managers or leaders have to fully aware that all consequences from the implementation of the strategy are being measured and estimated appropriately. After an organization formulating their strategy, then the working units in the organization can set some technical ways in conducting the strategy. The next step is an organization needs to implement their created strategies to gain the best results. Implementation of the strategy, which has been made and written, has aimed to reach a direction has been determined. People, who have also embodied the strategy, will be able to benefit and work successfully. The discussion in the strategic management includes how to manage the organization during the...
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