...Comparison and Contrast between the Evolution of Democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to the Present. Name: Institution: Date: Please write on top of each of your exams its exact title as its appear below, making sure your answers are itemized (i.e., answer the points ONE BY ONE, and not combine them). ITEMIZE YOUR ANSWERS Mid Term Exam Compare and contrast the evolution of democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to present. In process of writing your exam, you must provide the following A history of democratization process in (1) Iran (two pages) Comparison and Contrast between the Evolution of Democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to the Present A History of Democratization Process in Iran Iran has had some important movements that lead towards democracy from the year 1900 to present. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Iran experienced protests and disagreements against the foreign intervention and Qajar. Patriotic opinions of the religious classes established a Constitutional Movement that took place from 1905 to 1911. An alliance consisting of ulama bazaaris and fellow thinkers forced Qajar Shah to pass a constitution to enact a parliament 1906. The introduction of the constitution limited the absolutist rule powers. After the discovery of oil in 1908 in Britain, Qajar Shah Position and military power weakened. Some artists were in Europe to study and master academic paintings and upon their return; they found fine arts academies (Arjomand, 2008). During the...
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... After the defeat of Germany and Japan the United States emerged from WWII as the world’s strongest military force. As the new military leader in the world the US began setting into motion policies for dealing with antagonistic countries which has lasted even today. The policy of democratization was instituted in Japan which led to the construction of the Japanese Constitution. Under article 9 of this constitution Japan would renounce war. "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes", and also, "land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained." (Article 9) This policy and constitutional structure would make Japanese military mainly defensive in nature. This was to ensure that democracy would take hold and imperialism and military rule would not surface again in Japanese society (Dolan and Worden, 1992). Today this constitutional directive is an active feature in the Japanese society. The majority of Japanese people do not believe in the proliferation of military strength especially that of nuclear capability. Military Force Structure As a result of the new Japanese government policies towards war, the Japanese military would become a defensive structure relying on US protection. After World War II rising tensions with China, Korea, and Russia would push the Japanese to establish Self Defense Forces (SDF) (Dolan and Worden, 1992)...
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...Habeas Corpus: Who has this Right? The term Habeas Corpus means that a prisoner has the right to question the legality of their imprisonment, not to determine the guiltiness or innocence of a prisoner. If the government is unable to prove to a court as to the reasoning behind holding in a jail, then the prisoner must be released. The term Habeas Corpus is derived from Latin meaning “You have the body.” According to the U.S. Constitution Article 1, Section 9, “The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it” (U.S. Constitution Article 1, 2015). In recent years, since the start of the United States’ “War on Terror” many prisoners have been classified as combatants and as such have been placed into incarceration at the United States military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. This has sparked many controversial cases to be directed to the U.S. District Courts of Appeal and the U.S. Supreme Court as many prisoners from Iraq and Afghanistan have been held at Guantanamo Bay without officially being charged with any crimes. In terms of habeas corpus, all combatant or illegal detainees deserve the right to have their case heard in federal court. When the colonists came over to the New World after leaving England, one of the things that they brought with them was copies of the Magna Carta. One of the activities given by King John in the Magna Carta was “‘No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned...
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...The United States Constitution says that U.S. Citizens have the right to bear arms. Even though this guarantee was written with no constraints, there are now laws that limit certain aspects of gun ownership. The reasons for gun control fall under the flag of public safety. Though there are many safety reasons why private ownership of firearms should be banned, these arguments are outweighed not only by the need for protection, but because the limitation of ownership rights could become dangerous to personal freedom. When the U.S. Constitution was written, some delegates thought Militia was military forces because the Federal Government had its own army to protect the people. The second amendment was made in response to the fear of being helpless before a standing professional army. "Aristotle said that decisions of a leader 'backed by a standing army' would be different from those made by a leader 'awed by the fear of an armed people'" (The Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, 28). Elbridge Gerry, a delagate to the Constitutional convention from Massachusetts, was an activist for the right of the Militia to bear arms. When asked what use a Militia has, he responded: "What sir, is the use of a Militia? It is to prevent the establishment of a standing army, the bane of liberty" (The Commission of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, 26). On December...
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...William and Mary Law Review Volume 49 | Issue 4 Article 16 Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview Jennifer Widner Repository Citation Jennifer Widner, Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview, 49 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1513 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol49/iss4/16 Copyright c 2008 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr CONSTITUTION WRITING IN POST-CONFLICT SETTINGS: AN OVERVIEWt JENNIFER WIDNER* During the past forty years, over 200 new constitutions have emerged in countries at risk of internal violence. Internationally brokered peace accords have entailed the development of constitutions not only in the Balkans but also in Cambodia, Lebanon, East Timor, Rwanda, Chad, Mozambique, Bougainville-Papua New Guinea, Nepal, the Comoros, and other places.' New constitutions have heralded the adoption of multiparty systems from Albania to Zambia. 2 Policymakers have started to ask what we have learned and specifically whether some constitutional reform processes are more likely than others to deliver a reduction in violence or more rights-respecting fundamental documents. For example, over the past decade, the Commonwealth, the U.S. Institute of Peace, and t This Article draws in part on WIDER Research Paper 2005/51 and is published with the kind permission of the UNU-WIDER. * Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton...
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...CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS LAW Session 1 – Introduction to Law/Australian Legal System _______________________________________________________________________________ 1. WHAT IS LAW? 1.1 Legal Terms A Law - A particular legal rule. The Law - A declaration of behaviour in our society. - A comprehensive and changing set of rules. Jurisprudence - The general principles underlying the law: the foundation for the making of the law. Natural Law - The principles of reason and justice which flow from the law of nature (or the law of God) and which form the foundation of our legal system. Religious Law - What is right and wrong? Rationalist Law - What is reason? 1.2 Foundation for Democratic Law Natural law is based on the notions of the laws of God and reason/common sense – ie, a combination of Religious and Rationalist law. We see direct examples of Christian teachings in our law. A notable example is the case of Donoghue v Stevenson which is a major case in the law of tort. John Locke explained that natural law involved a fundamental belief that all men are equal and will, therefore, equally respect and not harm each other. His view inspired the core principle of the American Declaration of Independence and, as a result, two of the most impacting speeches: American Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be...
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...Edexcel AS Politics Edexcel AS Politics ExamBuster 2009 Introduction to Unit 1- People and Politics Understanding the Examination and Exam Technique Choosing your questions In this unit you are presented with four questions. They are of equal value and each question covers one of the four sections of the specification. These are: Democracy and political participation Party policies and ideas Elections Pressure groups There is no significance to the order in which questions appear. Each question is divided into three sections (a), (b) and (c). When choosing which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections,...
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...categories over the next decade. Industry executives estimate that the number of private guards will surge to 2 million by the year 2000 It could be said that private security has been around since the beginning of time. The king’s personal guard would be a great example. For today’s purposes we will be looking at companies such as Wackenhut and Blackwater. These companies are responsible for a large range of private policing. Blackwater is most notable for its protection of high level CEOs and their work within the combat theater of Iraq and Afghanistan. Wackenhut is more responsible for places like court houses and construction sites. Business should and have the right to hire their private security to ensure that their property is not damaged or stolen. The problem comes in when these private companies are given more than just security rights and they proceeded into the realm of the law. One great example is the recent Blackwater scandal in Iraq. Basically, Blackwater employees were on assignment to protect high level security personnel. The BlackWater soldiers thought they were under threat and began to open fire, killing innocent civilians....
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...GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS LEVEL UNIT TWO GOVERNING THE UK “Never, never, never give up” Winston S Churchill 1874-1965 1 GOVERNING THE UK 50% of AS [25% of A2] UNIT TWO SAMPLE QUESTION Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B in 80 minutes. Spend 40 minutes on Section A and 40 minutes on Section B SECTION A QUESTION ONE PRIME MINISTERIAL POWER “For too long the big political decisions in this country have been made in the wrong place. They are not made around the Cabinet table where they should be, but they are taken on the sofa in Tony Blair’s office. No notes are kept and no one takes the blame when things go wrong. That arrogant style of government must come to an end. I will restore the proper process of government. I want to be Prime Minister of this country not a President (Source: David Cameron, The Times, 5th October 2006) “The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system. Every Thursday during Parliament, Secretaries of State from all departments as well as other ministers meet in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street to discuss the big issues of the day. The Prime Minister chairs the meeting, selects its members and also recommends their appointment as ministers to the monarch. The present Cabinet has 23 members (21 MPs and two peers). The secretary of the Cabinet is responsible for preparing records of its discussions and decisions”. (Source: From a modern textbook) (a) What...
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...Abstract India is a complex nation with a rich history and years of diversity. With the rise of the global economy over the last century, it is safe to say that the country has become a major multi-national player. Although outsourcing to India has been a trend since the early 90’s, the country also has a growing local economy that is primed for investment should the right opportunity arise. However, not just any company can invest in or partner with India. Because India is rich in tradition and very slow to change its views, it will take a savvy, experienced investor with a team of managers willing to take on the task of creating a successful partnership with a country whose past has been riveted with corruption and a caste system that tends to hold its citizens back from improvement. A Multi National Corporation (MNC), with the right resources, will be able to benefit from the positive attributes of the developing country while at the same time contributing to the reduction of poverty and improved lifestyle of local citizens. Q#1. What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in this region? Communication The dimensions of culture can be summed up in a few points: communication, religion, ethics, values and attitudes, manners, customs, social structures and organizations, and education. Beginning with communication is perhaps the most important aspect of culture for a business manager to address. In Cross Border Commerce, author Brian Satterlee quotes John...
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...and financial stability for the country. Simultaneously bringing in special skills workers such as engineers, doctors, and the like to aid in reworking Niger’s infrastructure from the most basic crisis on up. All funded by Niger’s own natural resources. To better understand if such an agreement between the U.S. and Niger would even be a viable option; there are a few variables to consider about the country of Niger that include: Niger’s geography, history and politics, military, transport and economy, demographics and religion. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa and located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. Niger’s area is 1,267,000 square kilometers of which 300 square kilometers is water. In comparison, this would make it slightly less than twice the size of Texas and the world’s twenty-second largest country. Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697 kilometers. The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of 200 meters. The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghes in the Air Mountains at 2,022 meters. Niger’s subtropical climate is mainly very...
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...Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Scott Bain SOC120: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Instructor: Steven Smith 7/29/2013 Ethical Treatment of Prisoners The word prisoner, or as the correctional institutions refer to their population, inmates, is defined as a person who is deprived of liberty and kept under involuntary restraint, confinement, or custody (na, 2013, Merriam Webster Dictionary). If convicted by a jury of your peers of a crime in the United States you automatically forfeit certain privileges guaranteed to all citizens. The constitution however does assure that prisoners have basic rights and protections which must be observed. We are all members of the human race and the ethical treatment of everyone, incrassated or free, must continue in order to maintain balance and order in a free democratic society. Incrassation as punishment for committing a crime was rarely used up until the 18 century; instead sentences were normally decided on the spot, usually the accused was either sent to the gallows or set free from lack of evidence. Capital punishment was used regularly and was thought to be a justifiable deterrent to violent crimes in the early years of the United States. Although prisons were some of the first structures built by the early Americans, they were not built as a place intended for punishment of the general population, instead they were reserved for high ranking political figures convicted of crimes, or for individuals in...
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...In 1997, the British airline brought in a total of 130 million passengers and 17.9 million tons of cargo. By 2015, that total is expected to surpass over 300 million passengers. Great Britain is a legitimate kingdom. The constitution does not exist on paper but a centuries-old gathering of statutes, judicial decisions, usage, and tradition. The inherited monarch, who belongs totally to the Church of England according to the Act of Settlement of 1701, is completely limited to the following of ceremonial functions as the head of state. The two main parties are the Conservative party, came from the old Tory party, and the Labour party, which was established in 1906 and is very socialist. The Liberal Democrats, formed by the union of the Liberal and the Social Democratic parties is a less powerfull third party. Both Scotland and Wales have nationalist parties whose purpose in life is the to reach the independence from...
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...Text and Context in Russian Legislation With Specific Reference To The Russian Constitution Nigel J. Jamieson* ABSTRACT Law and politics have a closer inter-textual relationship in Russian jurisprudence than would be understood generally of any European legal system. The closeness of this inter-textual relationship can be partly explained by history, culture, and language, as also by dialectics, ideologies, and literature. Concepts of law, government, and the state, together with concepts of federalism, democracy, and the rule of law, can vary so markedly from their apparently translatable equivalents that, even when recognising the formal concept of a codified Constitution, the inter-textual relationship between the enacted law and politics remains so dynamic as to be impossible to tell which it is, of law or of politics, that is the text, and which the context. This inter-textual relationship remains so strongly and continuously dynamic at the level of public and international law that the customary division by which lawyers, and common lawyers especially, assume law to be the text and politics to be the context carries a critical risk. This paper identifies that risk in terms of law, literature, and logic, as well as in terms of history, politics, and dialectics. To focus solely on law as a specialism without any more syncretic and synergic account of the other contributing disciplines, is to make the textual tail of the law wag the contextual dogsbody...
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...Rodríguez Cuervo D. Cesar González Soto D. Damián Rodriguez Estévez 2012 GAS WORLWIDE ENVIRONMET 10/02/2012 INDEX. 1. Introduction. 2 2. Major world producers, exporters, importers and reserve holders. 3 * Producing Countries. * Exporting Countries. * Proved Reserves. * Importing Countries. 3. Leading players at “gas game”. 6 * Russia. * Qatar. * Saudi Arabia. * USA. * Turkmenistan. * China. * Canada. * Spain. 4. Largest companies. 8 * National Iranian Oil. * Saudi Arabian Oil. * Qatar General Petroleum Corporation. * Iraq National Oil Company. * Petroleos de Venezuela SA. * Gazprom Group. 5. Main pipelines. 11 6. Conclusion. 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 14 1. INTRODUCTION. Petrol is currently the “star” resource when analyzing world energy resources according to their relative weigh and its price’s impact on world economy. On the other hand, renewable energies tend to focus attention when innovation or sustainability is the main analysis factor. Maybe because these are most common approaches, we have consider that focusing on gas might be a pretty original one, once it was the third main world energy source in 2010, while the second source of primary energy in Spain. This figure was a mere 2% in 1985, giving an idea...
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