...Competition Between Elimination and Substitution in Haloalkane 1.0 ABSTRACT The main focus of this study is to study the competition between substitution and elimination of haloalkanes. Substitution of haloalkanes This report will explain the two types of SN1 and SN2 reactions. Later, the factors which influence both SN1 and SN2 reactions will be explained and competition between the two different types of substitutions will be further elaborated to see which conditions favour each type of reactions. Next, the elimination process of haloalkanes will be discussed and similar to the substitution reaction, the elimination process is also comprised of two types, namely the E1 and E2 reactions. The factors that influence E1 and E1 reactions will be listed and competition between the two types of reactions will be discussed to see which conditions favour which type of elimination reaction. Later on, to ease the process of determining which reaction is favoured on the haloalkane, we will divide the process to see if the reaction is favoured on SN1/E1 or SN2/E2 reaction as each pairs of reactions are favoured by the same conditions. Then, the primary, secondary or tertiary structure of the haloalkane will further determine whether the major product of each reaction is a substitution product, elimination product or both. As a conclusion, the details of each reaction need to be taken into account to determine the product of the reaction of haloalkanes. Many factors are taken into...
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...Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam__________________________________________________________ َﺎ ﹶﺍ َﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻨﺘ َﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻺﺴ ﹶﻡ؟ ﻼ ِﻤ ﻤﺫ ﻴ Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam Fathi Yakan 1 Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam__________________________________________________________ BAHAGIAN PERTAMA Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam 1. Saya Mestilah Muslim Di Sudut Akidah. 2. Saya Mestilah Muslim Di Sudut Ibadat. 3. Saya Mestilah Muslim Di Sudut Akhlak. 4. Saya Mestilah Muslim Di Sudut Berkeluarga. 5. Saya Mestilah Mampu Mengawal Diri. 6. Saya Mestilah Yakin Bahawa Masa Depan Di Tangan Islam. 2 Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam__________________________________________________________ Mukadimah Bahagian Pertama Bahagian pertama buku ini bertajuk "Apa Ertinya Saya Menganut Islam" membentangkan sifat-sifat penting yang wajib ada pada seseorang bagi membolehkan ia menjadi seorang Muslim dalam erti kata yang sebenarnya. Penggabungan diri dengan agama Islam bukanlah secara warisan, bukan secara hobi malah ia juga bukan penggabungan secara zahir sahaja. Sebenarnya penggabungan yang dimaksudkan ialah penggabungan dengan ajaran Islam itu sendiri dengan cara berpegang teguh dengan seluruh ajaran Islam serta menyesuaikan diri dengan Islam di segenap bidang kehidupan dengan penuh kerelaan. Seterusnya kami akan menerangkan secara ringkas sifat-sifat yang wajib dimiliki oleh setiap muslim untuk memastikan penggabungan dengan agama ini merupakan penggabungan yang sah dan benar. Firman Allah Subhanahu...
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...INTRODUCTION Haloalkanes or also known as alkyl halides or halogenoalkanes are organic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane have been subtitued by halogen atoms (F,Cl, Br, I) We can also assume that haloalkanes as halogen derivative of alkanes. Monohalo derivatives have the general formula, C_n H_(2n+1) X, or RX where R represents the alkyl group and X represents the halogen atom. Members of the haloalkane homologous series have the functional group C ---- R They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Haloalkanes can be produce from alkanes, alcohols. Alkenes and carboxylic acids. Haloalkanes are reactive towards nucleophiles. They are polar molecules, the carbon to which the halogen is attached is slightly electropositive where the halogen is slightly electronegative. This results in an electron deficient (electrophilic) carbon which, inevitably, attracts nucleophiles. Nucleophiles are Lewis bases where it is electron donor. Nucleophiles are negative ions or molecules that have lone pair...
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...Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons Environmental Chemistry CLASS XII Solid State Solutions Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics Surface Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements p- Block Elements d and f Block Elements Coordination Compounds Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Biomolecules Polymers...
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...Table of Contents Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms...
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