...Compressed Natural Gas more commonly known as CNG is as form of Natural Gas which is used in the transport sector. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly methane (CH4) and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Due to its low energy density for use as a vehicular fuel, it is compressed to a pressure of 200 - 250 bars to facilitate storage in cylinders mounted in vehicle and so it is called compressed natural gas (CNG). There are abundant supplies of natural gas in the world and most of these supplies can be developed and produced at a low cost as compared to other natural resources. Natural gas is one of the most cost effective means by which we can maintain the energy supplies but also reduce CO2 emissions. Natural gas is important in many sectors of the economy. It can be used for varied purposes such as electricity generation, an industrial heat source and can also we used for water and space heating in residential or commercial buildings. It can use to substitute petrol or diesel in the transportation sector. Among the fossil fuels natural gas has the lowest carbon intensity, hence emitting the least amount of co2 per unit of energy generated compared to other fossil fuels. It burns cleanly and efficiently with very few non carbon emissions. It requires limiting processing unlike oil. CNG is a clean burning fuel. Since it is mainly composed of methane, when burnt is produces carbon dioxide and water vapor which are the...
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...Alternative Fuel Company Case Cristin Johnson BUS632: Advanced Logistics Ashford University Instructor: Matthew Keogh July 12, 2016 Alternative Fuel Company Case For this assignment I will refer to the Barwood Cab Fleet Study of alternative fuel. Barwood based in Kensington, Maryland incorporated the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles with a limited number in 1996. As one of the reasons to use the CNG vehicles was incentives which the local gas utility offered. This company has been in operation for over 30 years, being a family owned business with a fleet of some 400 vehicles which serves more than 5,000 customers on a daily basis. Like most cab companies the cabs are assigned to individual drivers as independent contractors, paying a daily rent in order to use Barwoods vehicles. “Of course, cost is still an issue with many alternative sources of fuel, according to Chuck Combs, who is the program lead for alternative energy at China Lake and provides the Navy and Marine Corps with technical expertise in solar and fuel cell efforts”. (Hillburn, 2007) Here will be discussed how the alternative fuel automobile company has a first year market forecast of 1000 units by identifying the forecasting model with an explanation of why it is the obvious choice, while during the first three years of operation the automobile company had actual sales of: year one 800 units, year two 1200 units, year three 2000 units and by using...
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...1 PETROL PUMPS (RETAIL OUTLETS) • What are Retail Outlets / Petrol Pumps ? • What is available at Retail Outlets ? • What are Petrol / Diesel / CNG / Branded Fuels ? • What are the mandatory facilities / services available at Retail Outlets ? • How Quality / Quantity are maintained at Retail Outlets ? • How to lodge a complaint ? The answers to the above queries are given below : 1. What is Petrol Pump ? • The most common point of contact of customers with Oil Industry is the Petrol Pump. In Oil Industry parlance, Petrol Pumps are referred to as Retail Outlets (ROs). • As per the existing Government policy, Petrol Pumps can be set up by Public Sector Oil Companies as well as Private Sector Oil Companies dealing in storage and distribution of petroleum products as per guidelines. Presently, the Oil Companies engaged in retail business of automotive fuels are IOC, HPC, BPC, NRL, MRPL, ONGC, RIL, Essar and Shell. 2. Products Marketed at Retail Outlets : • Petrol, in technical language is called “Motor Spirit” (MS). It is mainly used in passenger vehicles such as 2 / 3 wheelers and cars. At present, HPCL markets two types of Petrol across the country, i.e. normal Petrol and branded Petrol. 9 ú Normal Petrol: Normally used as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines such as passenger cars, two wheelers, three wheelers, etc. ú Branded Petrol: This is preferred...
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...DESCRIPTION- GAS SERVICE DELIVERY We are providing durable, reliable and affordable to users of gas. Our service delivery would want to make gas readily available to these users for domestic, transport (like some taxi drivers) and commercial activities. This service creates an environment for taxi drivers to switch to gas instead of relying on petrol, hence, bringing change to the transport system. Product concept Concept A We provide the fastest –gas delivery service to your door step. You make the call, we get to you door step in seconds. You are concern about time; we make way for you to focus on your most pressing needs while we focus on providing clean and long lasting gas supply to you for various activities. Our 24/7 guaranteed services (with holiday inclusive) will lead to readily available service to customers, thus, constant supply of gas. We exchange our fully filled gas for your unfilled gas cylinder, so that there’ll be gas always available to use at the workplace, homes and other places. Concept B We provide the fastest –gas delivery service to your door step. You make the call, we get to you door step in seconds. We fill your gas cylinders to the brim and have a long last usage of the gas, all at an affordable price. Taxi drivers using gas are no exceptions. Our 24/7 guaranteed services (with holiday inclusive) will lead to readily available service to customers, thus, constant supply of gas. We exchange our fully filled gas for your unfilled gas cylinder...
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...Will CNG Power Your Next Car? The natural gas market will go down because there are not to many cars made that can handle CNG and also there are almost know CNG gas stations when they start to rise because gas prices sky rocket. You will only see the supply curve increase when gas stations start to build CNG tanks. The effects of increased alternative fuel will shift the demand curve because more people will be buying cars and using CNG this will make the gas more conventional and the supply will go up because the consumers will need it. Conventional gas demand will go down because less people will have cars that still run on gas it will be too expensive so you will start to see that people supply and demand will go down. The long-term effectives of CNG will be very successful but I think it will eventually even out. It will be effective at first due to everyone getting into the craze making new tankers to contain the CNG new cars Etc. But it will even out because just like gas it starts out cheap but eventually rises and gets taxed. Short term effectiveness will not be too effective because CNG will be on the beginning stages of growth there are not enough CNG cars out yet so if this idea was introduces to Boston Ma gas stations they would not even entertain the idea. I believe that CNG is up and coming but we need to start with the smaller cities to show that it can happen to the larger ones once this happens you will see a positive reaction to the cities around it...
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...Social Marketing was officially born as phenomena in 1971 with an article in the “Journal of Marketing” by Kotler and Zaltman, where they discussed the use of commercial marketing methods for social issues. Kotler et al (2002) defined Social Marketing as “Social Marketing is the use of marketing principles and techniques to influence a target audience to voluntarily accept, modify, or abandon a behavior for the benefit of individuals, groups, or society as a whole.” Social Marketing in a developing country context has been widely used to promote social changes in for example family planning, public health and HIV/AIDS. Some of the programs have been very successful such as The Brazilian Breast feeding program. Organizations like UNICEF, The World Bank, USAid and governments have used Social Marketing methods for different purposes with varied success rates all over the world. The main areas that are challenging for Social Marketing are organizational issues, sustainability of the programs and lack of marketing skills in organization. The biggest benefits that aid programs in a developing country context could gain from social marketing are a tool to set SMART objectives and also as a strategic tool to analyze, plan and implement successful social change project. The conclusion is that the hypothesis is true “Social Marketing is a useful tool for social change in aid programs in developing countries.” With the conditions that they are given the appropriate resources...
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...Abstract Most vehicles that use gas function using compressed natural gas (CNG). The safe nature of natural gas has given it preference over other engine driven fuel. One very important factor of following alternative fuel vehicle technology is to control the effect of emission on the environment. Natural gas vehicles do not emit toxic gases like other fueled engines. Natural gas vehicles emit clean gas, have a very clean internal combustion, and emit very few pollutants. The gas emitted by vehicles using natural gas constitute clean air to the environment and clean air standards in most big initialized cities like the United States. Natural gas vehicles burn cleaner than traditionally fuelled vehicles because of the compound composition of natural gas. Natural gas does not emit much of toxic gas; it releases little amounts of propane, ethane, and butane when used in vehicles. The environmental hazards caused by natural gas vehicles are a lot less than those running on traditional fuel vehicles. Table of Contents List of Tables 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 5 Problem and Opportunity 5 Purpose 5 Background 6 Sources 6 Scope 7 Structure 8 Key Terms 9 Methods 9 Results 10 Conclusion...
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...Compressed natural gas(CNG) (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel, and propane/LPG. Although CNG's combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is widely considered a more environmentally "clean" alternative to conventional fuels; plus, it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas (produced from landfills orwastewater), resulting in a fuel that does not increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane, CH4), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar (2,900–3,600 psi), usually incylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in traditional gasoline/internal combustion engine automobiles that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used inIran, the Asia-Pacific region (especially Pakistan[1] and the Indian capital of Delhi, and other large cities like Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. ), Latin America, Europe, andNorth America due to rising gasoline prices.[2] In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-tuks and pickup trucks,transit and school buses, and trains. The cost of conversion is a barrier to wider/quicker adoption...
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...Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. Liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. A typical LNG process. The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other gases such as CO2 and H2S. An LNG process train will also typically be designed to remove trace amounts of mercury from the gas stream to prevent mercury amalgamizing with aluminium in the cryogenic heat exchangers. The gas is then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage tanks and can be loaded and shipped. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa (3.6 psi)) by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F). LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60% of that of diesel fuel.[1] This makes LNG cost efficient to...
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...financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures: Profitability, Asset Utilization, Capital Structure on a specific tab, Financial Ratios. Financial analysis allows for comparisons between companies, between industries and also between a single company and its industry average or peer group average. My work concentrates on financial and physical result of the company for a decade. They have been analyze to review its performance over the years and to find the areas in which it is lacking in comparison to other major players in same field. Gail (India) Ltd. Is best positioned to benefit from the activities in gas sector, and is likely to grow symbiotically over next 3-5 years Gail (India) Ltd. Planning to spend Rs. 300 billions to double its gas transportation capacity by adding five new approved pipelines. Gail’s Major revenue comes from Natural Gas transmission of which revenues HVJ pipelines form a major chunk. As per new regulation there would be...
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...marketing various linear and mixed-signal integrated circuits worldwide. The company also provides various high-frequency process technologies and capabilities for use in custom designs. It primarily serves industrial, communications, consumer, and computing markets. The company markets its products through a direct-sales and applications organization, as well as through its own and other unaffiliated distribution channels. Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. was founded in 1983 and is headquartered in San Jose, California. 3. Clean Energy Fuels Corp. (CLNE): Clean Energy Fuels Corp., together with its subsidiaries, provides natural gas as an alternative fuel for vehicle fleets in the United States and Canada. The company designs, builds, operates, and maintains fueling stations, as well as supplies compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel for medium and heavy-duty vehicles. Its CNG is used in automobiles, light to medium-duty vehicles, refuse trucks,...
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...SERRES CASSANDRA ANGLAIS ACG ALTERNANCE GDF SUEZ is a multinational company, located in Paris and which operates in the fields of electricity generation and distribution, natural gas and renewable energy. The company was created in 2008 by the merger of Gaz de France and Suez. It takes its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal. GDF SUEZ employs 236,000 people worldwide, including 1,200 researchers and experts at 9 Research & Development centers. GDF SUEZ is organized in six business departments: * Energy France which supplies natural gas and electricity throughout France. * Energy Europe and International, engaged in the production of electricity and distribution and supplying of gas through the world. * Global Gas and Liquid Natural Gas, which includes production, supply and sales of liquid & natural gas. * Infrastructures which operates the transport, supply and storage of natural gas. * Energy Services, which provides consulting services for the construction of electrical, nuclear, gas and industrial facilities. I started my job at GDF in September 2013 and I joined the “Partners Department”. There are 170 people who are working in this department. Most of them are salesmen and they are in charge of selling Gas or Electric contracts thanks to our partners. The partners can be famous stores like Darty or Internity or little independent plumbers. When a partner sells a contract, he gets...
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...Natural gas is a vital energy source for Pakistan. In FY2010, Pakistan consumed about 1.3 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas,all domestically produced and representing about half of primary energy consumption. Natural gas is transmitted and distributed by two companies: Sui Southern Gas Company Ltd. (SSGC) the sub borrower in this Project supplying Sindh and Balochistan, Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd.(SNGPL) supplying Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Many large gas fields are in decline, and at current production forecasts, the country is at or near its peak production. Proven remaining reserves were estimated at 27.6 tcf in 2010. By international standards, and compared to oil products, natural gas is inexpensive in Pakistan, which lead to inefficient use. A critical challenge is The high level of unaccounted for gas (UFG). Pakistan has UFG in the gas pipeline system of more than 9 percent in SSGC's network and more than 11 percent in SNGPL's system. This compares to 1 2 percent in well run gas networks. Most of the UFG is caused by leakages from a corroded and under ‐ maintained pipeline system, but a significant part also stems from gas theft Fertilizer industry uses around 17% (which is equal to total household consumption in Pakistan so if they stop giving gas to these industries, household gas problem will be solved) of gas in Pakistan and Government has written agreement with them that no gas will be provided to them during three months i.e. Dec...
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...PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS REGULATORY BOARD NOTIFICATION New Delhi, 1st September, 2010 G.S.R. 720:- In exercise of the powers conferred by section 61 of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 (19 of 2006), the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board hereby makes the following regulations, namely:1. Short title and commencement. (1) These regulations may be called the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (Code of Practice for Quality of Service for City or Local Natural Gas Distribution Networks) Regulations, 2010. (2) These shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. 2. Definitions. (1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires,(a) “Act” means the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006; (b) “Board” means the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board established under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Act; (c) (d) “CGD network” means city or local natural gas distribution network “domestic consumer” means a consumer who is provided PNG connection for the purpose of cooking or for other own domestic use and not for commercial use; (e) “commercial consumer” means a consumer who is provided PNG connection for commercial purpose; (f) “industrial consumer” means an industrial establishment which is provided PNG connection within the authorized CGD network; (g) “CNG consumer” means consumer who is supplied CNG for use as fuel for vehicle through CNG station. (2) All other words...
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...of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Gas to Liquids (GTL), and LNG as an option for offshore gas transport [Author Name] [Institute Name] Abstract The main idea behind this paper is to understand the environmental impact by comparing compressed natural gas, gas-to-liquid, and liquefied natural gas as an option for offshore has transport. As, this study will give information about the environmental impacts related to natural gas and its major forms, which are assumed as an option for gas transport. The paper has explained the ways through which each gas is abusing environment in terms of mistreatment since massive excretion of gases have impacted on health ofenvironment as at times because of toxic gases marine life got disturbed, at times the specific region also experience acid rain and many other harmful effects that also destroys human’s health. Contents Abstract 2 List of figures 3 List of symbols 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Literature review 8 2.1. CNG 8 2.2. GTL 10 2.2.1. The GTL technology benefits environment 10 2.3. LNG 11 3. Discussion (comparison) 13 4. Conclusion 19 References 20 List of figures Figure 1: Forecast of world energy consumption Figure 2: Air pollutant emission by fuel type Figure 3: Environmental impacts of natural gas production, transportation and distribution Figure 4: Energy losses List of symbols CNG Compressed Natural...
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