...refrigerant process with spiral wound exchangers. To compare properly one process to another, it must be done with the same gas, with the same site conditions, with the same gas turbines and with the same cooling medium temperature (air or water). That done, to compare processes like for like is still not that easy. For instance, it seems fair to take the same efficiencies for the compressors, however, axial and centrifugal compressors do have different efficiencies. Similarly, equal basis leads to have the same temperature approach for the air-cooler (or water coolers), however between mixed refrigerant and propane, the heat exchange area will be much lower for mixed refrigerant if the approach is kept identical. The end flash vapour quantity has also a big influence on the process efficiency, but each process has a different fuel gas consumption. Those added factors may lead to wide differences. Axens has calculated the effect of all those parameters on efficiency. The equipment characteristics play also an important role in the comparison: the limitations of axial compressors, of centrifugal compressors (Mach number) and possibly spiral-wound exchangers maximum size do have to be taken into account. Even the gas turbines or alternative drivers chosen can be well adapted to one process, but not to the other. Another important parameter is the LPG recovery: a large LPG recovery will decrease the efficiency of any process, but not to the same extent. For Liquefin, the...
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...Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour Project Report Prepared by NUPUR MITTAL (WMP7106), PANKAJ GUPTA (WMP7107), PHANESH V. R. ATMURI (WMP7108), PIYUSH RAJESH GUPTA (WMP7109), POULASTYA DUTTA (WMP7110), PRAMUKH SINGH RAWAL (WMP7111)) and PRASHANT JOSHI (WMP7112) Section B, WMP 2011-14, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LUCKNOW – NOIDA CAMPUS Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour 1 Executive Summary Today most Multi National Companies that are operating globally are realizing that they have to take complete control of After-Sales-Service, in order to compete effectively and synergize their operations with profitability. Earlier days, much of the service operations were handled by third parties. Companies have identified that after-salesservice is a significant source of revenue for the organization. With this paradigm shift and change in the culture, Rolls Royce pioneered and conceptualized ‘Power by the Hour’, an after-sales-service program that helps focus customer in their core business activities & offers peace of mind. In order to achieve this, Rolls Royce had to restructure and revamp its various operations including vertical integration of various divisions. The after-sales services provided by Roll-Royce helped its customers reduce maintenance costs and downtime. The service also enabled the company to improve its aero engine designs and build good relationships with customers. Moreover, the company gained a steady long-term revenue stream from the maintenance contracts. Analysts felt...
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...winter time. These machines are bought and used when most people do not even understand the principle on which they work. The machines are expected do what they are designed to do, and when they cease to do this, they can be costly to repair. Air conditioners and heat pumps are similar in appearance and operation, but while using the same components they can perform completely different tasks. Knowing the difference between the two and the principle in which they perform their tasks will enable each person to make an informed decision when the time comes to repair or replace a piece of equipment. Air conditioners and heat pumps have several components that work in the same way. The compressor is the heart of the system. It is present in both an air conditioner and a heat pump. The compressor pumps the refrigerant throughout the system and enables the system to heat and cool. A few other components in an air conditioner and a heat pump are the metering device, the indoor coil, and the outdoor coil. These four basic components must be present for the cooling process to take place. There are a few components in heat pumps that do not show up in air conditioners. These devices are what make the air conditioner into a heat pump. The reversing valve reverses the refrigerant flow in an air conditioner to enable it to produce heat in the space where cooling is usually produced. A second metering device is present in the outdoor unit to enable the cooling effect to take place...
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...Work and Produce Thrust Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Basic Components of a Jet Engine 4 2.2 Compressor 4 2.3 Combustor 5 2.4 Turbine 5 2.5 Exhaust Duct/Nozzle 5 4.0 Creation of Thrust in a Turbojet Engine 7 5.0 Conclusion 9 6.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction According to Hunecke (1997), jet engines, also known as gas turbine engines, are the most widespread and most efficient method used for airplane propulsion currently. The Jet engine uses basic principles and concepts of motion but applying it using a combination of complex mechanical systems to achieve thrust. There are many types of jet engines; however, this paper will concentrate on the Turbojet Engine to explain the workings of the jet engine to achieve thrust and propulsion. 1.1 How the turbojet Engine Works Turbojet Engines apply Newton’s Third Law of Motion that states, “For every motion there is an equal and opposite reaction” (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4). Simply, when a burnt mixture is ejected backwards from an engine, a forward force is generated on the engine and thus on the aircraft. The bigger the backward force the bigger the forward force (reaction force). Thrust is created when the burnt mixture pushed out the back is ejected at higher velocity than that of the air being sucked in. (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4) The engine’s fans suck air in at the front. A compressor, made up of fans with many blades and attached to the shaft, elevates the pressure of the air. The compressed air...
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...What is RPE? (Convey as rhetorical) The two main types of RPE are respirators and breathing apparatus. Respirators Use filters to remove contaminants from the air being breathed in. They can be either: NPR – relying on the wearer’s breathing to draw air through the filter; or PR – using a motor to pass air through the filter to give a supply of clean air. Breathing apparatus Needs a supply of breathing-quality air from an independent source such as an air cylinder or air compressor. Masks rely on having a good seal with the wearer’s face. These are available as both NPR and BA. Loose face pieces rely on enough clean air being provided to the wearer to prevent contaminant leaking in. E.g. hoods, helmets, visors, blouses and full suits. When...
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...AIR COMPRESSOR Compressors are power consuming thermodynamic device which convert mechanical energy into head or pressure energy. An air compressor, as the name indicates, is a machine to compress the air and to raise its pressure. The air compressor sucks air from the atmosphere, compresses it and then deliverers the same under a high press ore to a storage vessel. From the storage vessel, it may be conveyed by the pipeline to a place where the supply of compressed air is required. Since the compression of air requires some work to be done on it, there a compressor must be driven by some prime mover. Fig-1.1 Air Compressor 1.2 Classification of Air Compressor The air compressor may be classified in many ways, but the following are importance from the subject point of view. 1. According to working a. Reciprocating compressor b. Rotary compressor 2. According to action a. Single acting compressor b. Double acting compressor 3. According to number of stage c. Single stage compressor d. Multistage compressor 4. According pressure e. Low pressure whose final pressure does not exceed 10 bar f. Medium pressure with range of 10 bar to 80 bar g. High pressure with range 80 bar to 1000 bar. 5. According capacity h. Small compressor handling up to 9m3/min i. Medium compressor handling...
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...Auto Body Auto Repairs and Engineering Technology Name: Oran Guthrie Course: Auto Repairs & Engineering Technology Date: October 25, 2015 Air Compressor Auto body shops utilize compressed air for fast tire inflation and finishing services, such as painting. The compressed air is capable of vaporizing, and then propelling paint through paint guns or automated sprayers. Using this method, vehicles are given precision paint jobs in shorter amounts of time—without exposing workers to potentially hazardous materials. Additionally, most of the hand tools found in auto body shops run on compressed air. Air compressors are also very useful for handless tools; compressed air is used to power air-operated robots to assist in automated tasks, such as assembly, painting, structural repairing, and others. In vehicle repair facilities, air compressors heighten the rapidity and reliability of plasma cutting and welding operations. Air compressors are also utilized to power tools including drills, screwdrivers, nut runner sockets, fasteners, and sanders. Disk Sander Any hot rodder worth his salt will consider a disc sander an invaluable part of the toolbox. This is one of the most versatile of power tools, and fills the need for a lightweight, heavy-duty grinder on the toughest of jobs. Good used sanders can often be purchased at very low prices from a body shop with newer equipment. Often, broken sanders require only minor repairs, and can be bought at bargain prices. ...
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...M.T SUNLIGHT VENTURE MAJURO HAND OVER NOTES: DAILY: * Drain F.O service and Settling tank. * Drain Main Air 1&2 Reservoir Tank. * Checked Main Air Compressor 1&2 crankcase oil level. * Check oil level of all purifier,filled up if necessary. * Blow water gauges of Auxiliary boiler. * Check and top up Aux.Boiler feed water filter tank. * Daily chemically dose of oxygen control 1.0 liter and condensate control 0.6 liter to hot well chemical dose tank. * Check fresh water tanks portside and stardboard side tank and distillate tank maintain at max.level. * Conduct Boiler water treatment analysis every three days then log on into waterproof in ecr computer. * Add chemical vaptreat for dosage unit of F.W Generator. * Every maintenance work done must be log on into shipsure in ecr computer. Weekly: * Chemical treatment dosing 0.25kg gamazyme 700 FN direct to sewage tank. * Took sounding of all F.O & D.O tanks as per c/e adviced. END OF THE MONTH ( MONHTLY REPORT) * Monthly Running hrs.of Auxilliary engine. * Boiler Water treatment test result. * Auxilliary Engine 1,2 &3 performance data P-max.(Tec.13) * C.O.P.T and Stripping pump running hours. MONTHLY MAINTENANCE ( 3/E responsibility) * Auxilliary Engine 1,2,3 with all system. * Auxilliary Boiler with its system and pumps. * F.O Purifier 1,2 Fuel...
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...History Of Air Conditioner The history of air conditioner started in the early days with the need to preserve foods. Foods that are kept at room temperature spoil easily due to the growth of bacteria. At temperature below 4° C (40° F), the growth of bacteria is reduced rapidly. As a result of the development in food refrigeration, other applications that follows include air conditioning, humidity control and manufacturing processes. The discovery of the principles of the absorption type of refrigeration in 1824 showed that liquefied ammonia could chill air when it is allowed to evaporate. Ice was created using compressor technology in the year 1842 by a physician named John Gorrie. The commercially available of air conditioning applications started based on the need to cool air for industrial processes than for personal comfort. The first electrical air conditioning was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in the year 1902. He was also known as the Father of Modern Air Conditioning. His invention was designed to improve the manufacturing process of a printing plant. By controlling the temperature and humidity of the plant, the processes were made more efficient as the paper size and the ink alignment were consistently maintained. The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was established by him to meet the demand of better productivity in the workplace. Today, Carrier Corporation is the biggest air conditioner manufacturer and marketing corporation in the world...
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...of a piston engine, such as the engine in a car or reciprocating airplane engine, the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust steps occur in the same place (cylinder head) at different times as the piston goes up and down. In the turbine engine, however, these same four steps occur at the same time but in different places. As a result of this fundamental difference, the turbine has engine sections called: 1. 2. 3. 4. The inlet section The compressor section The combustion section (the combustor) The turbine (and exhaust) section. The turbine section of the gas turbine engine has the task of producing usable output shaft power to drive the propeller. In addition, it must also provide power to drive the compressor and all engine accessories. It does this by expanding the high temperature, pressure, and velocity gas and converting the gaseous energy to mechanical energy in the form of shaft power. A large mass of air must be supplied to the turbine in order to produce the necessary power. This mass of air is supplied by the compressor,...
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...Hyperloop Alpha Intro The first several pages will attempt to describe the design in everyday language, keeping numbers to a minimum and avoiding formulas and jargon. I apologize in advance for my loose use of language and imperfect analogies. The second section is for those with a technical background. There are no doubt errors of various kinds and superior optimizations for elements of the system. Feedback would be most welcome – please send to hyperloop@spacex.com or hyperloop@teslamotors.com. I would like to thank my excellent compadres at both companies for their help in putting this together. Background When the California “high speed” rail was approved, I was quite disappointed, as I know many others were too. How could it be that the home of Silicon Valley and JPL – doing incredible things like indexing all the world’s knowledge and putting rovers on Mars – would build a bullet train that is both one of the most expensive per mile and one of the slowest in the world? Note, I am hedging my statement slightly by saying “one of”. The head of the California high speed rail project called me to complain that it wasn’t the very slowest bullet train nor the very most expensive per mile. The underlying motive for a statewide mass transit system is a good one. It would be great to have an alternative to flying or driving, but obviously only if it is actually better than flying or driving. The train in question would be both slower, more expensive to...
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...Auxiliary Power Units Auxiliary Power Units 1 On July 22, 2008, Honeywell announced that for the next 10 years, it will provide maintenance services for Honeywell avionics and mechanical products to Southwest's entire fleet of Boeing 737s ("Honeywell Signs Extension…,”2008). Honeywell reports that its maintenance program for avionics and mechanical equipment has saved Southwest money and time over the past years. Under the extended agreement signed on July 22, 2008, Honeywell confirmed its agreement to “provide aftermarket repair and overhaul services for Honeywell equipment on Southwest's entire fleet”. This contract includes work on up to 520 aircraft, and will include future aircraft deliveries. Maintenance/repairs will include Honeywell's hydro mechanical units (HMU), avionics, lighting, mechanical components, as well as wheels and brakes, and – it’s Auxiliary Power Units (APU). Aircraft power systems generate, regulate and distribute power throughout an aircraft. These solutions can range from auxiliary power units that provide power when main engines are not running to complete electrical power generation and conversion systems that provide essential power for safe aircraft operation. Honeywell’s robust family of power systems led the industry by lowering cost of operations and increasing reliability. In Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins, Niren Laxmich and Nagda defines an auxiliary power unit (APU). An APU constitutes: “an engine used to provide...
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...hyperbolic spiral, parabolic spiral, logarithmic spiral and involute spiral. If we add a third dimension to a simple spiral, the result is a coiled plane similar in appearance to arolled strip of paper. Ancient scribes rolled written parchments onto wooden spools for storage and safekeeping, which is where we derive the term scroll. Of particular interest to scroll compressor design is the involute spiral, shown in Figure 2. An involute spiral is a spiral with a continuously variable radius measured from the circumference of a base circle centered on a fixed axis. The curve can be visualized as the end point of a tightly pulled cord unwinding from a cylinder. The shape of an involute permits opposing machine elements to mesh so that the bearing faces roll against one another rather than slide (e.g., gear teeth). This reduces friction and wear, and produces a constant angular-velocity ratio during meshing. The involute geometry of identical meshing scroll vanes creates a rolling action at tangential points and minimizes sliding. The Scroll Set The scroll is the fundamental compressing element in a scroll compressor. Conceptually, it is a freestanding strip of metal machined into the form of an involute spiral, and bound on one edge by a solid...
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...aircraft, the inlet is a duct which is required to ensure smooth airflow into the engine despite air approaching the inlet from directions other than straight ahead. This occurs on the ground from cross winds and in flight with aircraft pitch and yaw motions. The duct length is minimized to reduce drag and weight.[1] Air enters the compressor at about half the speed of sound so at flight speeds lower than this the flow will accelerate along the inlet and at higher flight speeds it will slow down. Thus the internal profile of the inlet has to accommodate both accelerating and diffusing flow without undue losses. For supersonic aircraft, the inlet has features such as cones and ramps to produce the most efficient series of shockwaves which form when supersonic flow slows down. The air slows down from the flight speed to subsonic velocity through the shockwaves, then to about half the speed of sound at the compressor through the subsonic part of the inlet. The particular system of shockwaves is chosen, with regard to many constraints such as cost and operational needs, to minimize losses which in turn maximizes the pressure recovery at the compressor. An intake, or especially for aircraft inlet, is an air intake for an engine. Because the modern internal combustion engine is in essence a powerful air pump, like the exhaust system on an engine, the intake must be carefully engineered and tuned to provide the greatest efficiency and power. An ideal intake system should increase...
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...Professional English Engineering Cambridge English for UNIT 1 CASE STUDY Capsule pipelines Capsule Pipelines – Essential Facts Capsule pipelines are underground pipes designed to transport hollow cylindrical containers (capsules). The function of the capsules is to transport things from A to B. Potential applications include carrying items such as mail (letters and parcels), minerals, for example coal, agricultural products, for example wheat, packaged products (in boxes or bags), and waste (household garbage or industrial waste). There are two main types of system: pneumatic capsule pipelines (PCPs) and hydraulic capsule pipelines (HCPs). In PCPs, the capsules are propelled by air, which is blown into the pipeline at one end and flows along it, driving the capsule forward. In order to limit friction between the outside of the capsule and the inside of the pipeline, capsules can be fitted with wheels (see the picture). In HCPs the pipeline is filled with water which is pumped along the pipeline. The capsules are watertight and are immersed in the water. They are driven along the pipeline by the flow of water. Small-diameter PCPs were popular in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, for carrying documents – used mainly by government departments and postal authorities in large cities. Such systems were used in Berlin, Hamburg, London and Paris. A network in Prague is still in use today. A largediameter PCP was built...
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