...Cyber-Crime Trends In the dawn of the 21st century, the evolution of new technology and science concepts have made changes to everyone’s daily life. Cyber-crimes are a creature that did not exist 15-plus years ago. Back in the day, before technology, were only the conventional crimes such as illegal behaviors people thought were criminal behaviors. However, in today’s time an individual must be extremely careful because not only are people combating traditional crimes but cyber-crimes as well. Cyber-crimes are the newest and most complicated crimes for the new century. A cyber crime is an individual conducting actions such as disrupting communications and devices, disrupting networks, Internet, and telephone; both landlines and mobile. Individuals of various ages are committing cyber crimes because these types’ crimes are easier to commit than the traditional kidnapping, murder, or human trafficking. According to Parthasarati (n. d.), cyber criminals fall into one of four categories or groups including children and adolescents between ages six to 18, organized hackers, professional hackers/crackers, and the discontent employee(s). The child or adolescent will partake in such behaviors to prove his or her self superior or outstanding over other individual in his or her age group. The organized hacker will want to fulfill objectives such as political bias and fundamentalism to name a couple. The professional hacker/cracker obtains motivation from money and are individual(s) employed...
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...Digital Computer Crime Matthew Moeller Dr. Neal Basta CIS170 April 21, 2015 Computer crimes are criminal activities that involve using a computer and a network to gain unauthorized access with the intent of deleting, altering, or damaging computer data. Due to them being extremely versatile, establishing criminal and noncriminal behavior when in use can be very difficult at times. The four most common categories of computer crimes are computer as a target, instrument of a crime, incidental to a crime, and prevalence. Computers can be the target of a criminal activity, a storage place for data about a criminal activity or the actual tool used to commit a crime. One of the most publicized crimes targeting computers involves unleashing a virus through email. A virus is a computer program that disrupts or destroys existing computer systems. A virus spreads rapidly around the world destroying computer files and costing companies and individuals millions in downtime or when the computers networks are shutdown. Most viruses are released by hackers as pranks. A hacker is someone who gains unauthorized access to a specific system. Sometimes hackers may target law enforcement or military computers and read or copy sensitive information. Some are concerned that terrorists will unleash viruses to cripple computer systems that control vital transportation networks. By using the computer as the instrument of a crime means that some other criminal objective is gained. Just like in the...
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...Running head: COMPUTER CRIME Categories of Computer Crime S.R Skolnick Strayer University In today's society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known as the world's most wanted social engineering computer hacker. From the 1970s up to his arrest in 1995, Mitnick was able to elude them bypass corporate security safeguards. Mitnick was able to get into some of the well-guarded systems in the corporate world. Some of the corporations Mitnick was able to access was companies like Sun Microsystems, Digital Equipment Corporation, Motorola, Netcom, and Nokia. He had also had a go with the wiretapping of the FBI, as well as hacking into the Department of Defense’s North American Aerospace Defense control, also known as NORAD. The definition of the computer as an instrument of crime is using the computer as the instrument of committing a crime. An example of instruments to a crime is a burglar breaking into your home with a crowbar, lock pick, and or a hammer. These tools are similar .to the cyber-criminal using computers and networks for committing crimes such as theft, theft of services, fraud, exploitation, and threats or harassment. As we all...
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...of hackers to support your response. Hackers look at their abilities as a culture; they share in the same beliefs and the same need to constantly learn and discover in the cyber world. Most Hackers don’t engage in illegal action; it is more about the skills and motivation that drives them. The normal Hackers ethic is not profiting from their hack and not purposely harming the computer system. A Hacker is usually simply a person that shows a profound interest in a computer, how it works, and the technology used to access parts of the system itself. They feel that in most cases their knowledge is actually useful and most are authorized to hack into the systems. Some Hackers believe that hacking is a learning experience; including creative problem solving and educating others about the vulnerabilities with computer security. I feel that Hackers that are trying to protect other people are the Hackers that don’t find themselves criminals; however it is hard to determine in certain cases and situations what is legal and illegal hacking. The White Hat Hacker is the Hacker that wouldn’t consider their job a crime; some have graduated from college and work for large companies testing software, testing defenses, and creating defenses. Although they use their knowledge in a legal manner there are those that use their skills in an illegal manner. The Gray and Black Hat Hackers do use their skills in an unethical manner. The Gray Hackers usually performs in an ethical manner; however in certain...
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...Digital Computer Crimes Byron Hill Information Technology in Criminal Justice CIS 170 Professor Basta April 20, 2016 Computer crime is usually a term referring to fraud, embezzlement, and manipulation. According to the Department of Justice’s Criminal Justice Resource Manual, computer crime is “any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is essential for successful prosecution” (Computer Crimes, 2015). There are many types of computer crimes but the four main ones consist of: Internal computer crimes (viruses), telecommunications crimes (hacking), computer manipulation crimes (embezzlement & fraud), and traditional theft of hardware and software. The most common forms of digital crime are theft, identity theft, hacking, stalking, and malicious files and software (Laura, 2015). These crimes are called Cyber Crimes. They are on the rise due to the fact that people today take care of all their business online. Individuals are always on the go so using their smart devices is a normal for handling personal, financial, and other business. Theft occurs a lot online when individuals infringe upon another’s person copyrighted materials. Individuals steal the material and sell it as their own without the permission of the owner (Laura, 2015). Identity theft is one of the most horrific types of Cyber Crimes. Through identity theft, victims face financial losses and gain a ruined reputation. If the criminal is good, they are able to access an individual’s...
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...Computer Crimes Andy Berg Professor Gregorio Chavarria CIS Information Technology and Crime 15 January 2012 Defining computer crime effectively is a daunting and difficult task. Nevertheless there are four general categories of criminal crime, including (1) the computer as an instrument of crime, (2) the computer as a target, (3) the computer as incidental to crime, and (4) crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. (Taylor, & Fritsch, 2011) The first category, the computer as an instrument of crime is basically using the computer to facilitate the crime. The criminal introduces a program to manipulate the computer's analytical processes, thereby facilitating the crime. The computer is used to connect to networks so the criminal can do such crimes as fraud, theft of service, theft, threats and even harassment. Another method involves converting legitimate computer processes for illegitimate purposes. Crimes in this category include fraudulent use of automated teller machine (ATM) cards and accounts; theft of money from accrual, conversion, or transfer accounts; credit card fraud; fraud from computer transactions (stock transfers, sales, or billings); and telecommunications fraud. Crimes in which the computer is the target include such offenses as theft of intellectual property, theft of marketing information (e.g., customer lists, pricing data, or marketing plans), or blackmail based on information gained from computerized files (e.g., medical information...
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...COMPUTER CRIME OUTLINE SUBSTANTIVE COMPUTER CRIMES I. Intro A. Categories of Substantive Computer Crime Law 1. computer misuse crimes = intentional interference w/proper functioning of computers (hackers, viruses) 2. traditional crimes = traditional criminal offenses facilitated by computers (gambling, pornography) B. Computer Crime v. Traditional 1. computer crime usually threatens economic interests more than physical 2. computer crime much more likely to cross state boundaries; most traditional crime is dealt with by the states II. COMPUTER MISUSE CRIMES A. 2 ways they can occur 1. user exceeds his own privileges a. “insider”: has some privileges/rights 2. user denies privileges to others b. may be an “outsider”: no access rights B. Most Common Statutes 1. unauthorized access statutes 2. computer fraud statutes 3. computer damage statutes C. Why Punish? 1. utilitarian: deterrence of harmful conduct, incapacitation, rehabilitation (looks forward) 2. retribution: just deserts; restore moral order (looks back) D. The Hacker Ethic: an open and free approach to using and exploring computers; any computer user has the right to tinker with and improve any computer; rules governing access should NOT be followed 1. misuse can improve security E. How or When to Punish 1. Property-based view: the computer is not yours, so if you break in you should be...
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...Computers and Crime Faculty of Arts Assignment One Author Question: The Australian Centre for Policing Research Minimum provisions for the investigation of computer based offences (Reading 3) sets out the following items that should be considered for computer crime related legislation: 1. Unauthorised use 2. Computer related fraud 3. Computer forgery 4. Damage to computers 5. Unauthorised interception 6. Unauthorised reproduction of a protected computer program 7. Data misappropriation 8. Unauthorised access devices 9. Impersonation 10. Objectionable material and child pornography Compare the legislation available in your jurisdiction to each of the above items. The legislation can be shown in table form if convenient. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the legislation in your jurisdiction against the ACPR ‘ Minimum Provision.’ The Queensland Police Service has a dedicated computer investigation Section that investigates all computer related offences. To facilitate this, the following State legislation are used: Criminal Code Act 1899 Classification of Computer Games and Images Act 1995 Evidence Act 1977 Criminal Proceeds Confiscations Act 2002 Table demonstrating Queensland Law and relevant Act and Section |Incident description |Covered by State Legislation |Relevant Act and Section | |Unauthorised Use |Yes ...
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...Computer Crime Advances in telecommunications and in computer technology have brought us to the information revolution. The rapid advancement of the telephone, cable, satellite and computer networks, combined with the help of technological breakthroughs in computer processing speed, and information storage, has lead us to the latest revolution, and also the newest style of crime, "computer crime". The following information will provide you with evidence that without reasonable doubt, computer crime is on the increase in the following areas: hackers, hardware theft, software piracy and the information highway. This information is gathered from expert sources such as researchers, journalists, and others involved in the field. Computer crimes are often heard a lot about in the news. When you ask someone why he/she robbed banks, they world replied, "Because that's where the money is." Today's criminals have learned where the money is. Instead of settling for a few thousand dollars in a bank robbery, those with enough computer knowledge can walk away from a computer crime with many millions. The National Computer Crimes Squad estimates that between 85 and 97 percent of computer crimes are not even detected. Fewer than 10 percent of all computer crimes are reported this is mainly because organizations fear that their employees, clients, and stockholders will lose faith in them if they admit that their computers have been attacked. And few of the crimes that are...
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...Crime and Society Throughout history the study of crime has existed. There are a variety of crimes that exists today and as technology advances so does crimes. In order to combat these crimes law enforcement has came up with a variety of techniques. There are a variety of sources as to why people commit these crimes, such as: society, culture, and economics. The criminal justice system has came up with a variety of punishments so that the offender can learn his lesson and become a productive member of society by deterrence, incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation. In order to combat crime law enforcement must remain ethical and work alongside of society to put a stop to crime. Through the history of social origins of social control have existed and without them we would have chaos. Religion has played a role on how laws were written as most laws are based on morals, ethics, and values. “The Ten Commandments or Decalogue (1200 B.C.), an important influence on American criminal law, prohibits murder, theft, and perjury” (Conklin, 2007, p. 6). English common law is another system that laws in the United States base most of their laws on. Today in states such as California only obey by written law, which are known as statutes. Crimes have evolved throughout time as technology advances. There are a variety of crimes that exists today such as: violent crimes, crimes against children, crimes against elders, property crimes, animal crimes, victimless crimes, white...
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...Various computer crimes – week 2 The rapid growth computer technology and internet in 20th century has increased our dependence on computers and networks, which also led to the growth in new form of crime –“cyber crime” throughout the world. In the first chapter of Principle of Cybercrime, Clough describers the various definitions of cybercrime. It can be defined as crime that committed through internet on a computer. It uses computer as a tool to commit the crime like child pornography, fraud, copyright, piracy and etc. However, computer can also be a targeted victim. There are various types of cyber crime such as hacking, spamming, malware, and etc. More serious, cybercrime can move on to cyberterrorism which the attack on a computer is political, national security, or religious based. In the cyberspace, I believe that cybercrime is same as traditional crime that has three major categories, which are crime against person, crime again poverty, and crime against government. First, cyber crime against person is included cyber-stalking, threat, harassment or even violence/murder in a cyberspace. However, how did law perceive these problems? The law has suggested physical ground. In the case of violence and murder in a gameworld is hard to justify if it can consider as offences since no one is physical injured. Second, cyber crime against poverty includes hacking, fraud, spamming, and spreading virus. Cyber criminals can transform harmful programmers to other computer through...
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...Categories of Computer Crime Shanice A Gilliard Prof. Carl Brown CIS 170 January 27, 2014 There are four types of computer crimes. The purpose of this paper is to explain each type and provide an example. During the course of this paper, I will also decide which type of crime in my opinion represents the greatest overall threat and give ways the government along with law enforcement agencies can attempt to counteract these crimes. Types of Crimes The four types of computer crime are as follows: (1) the computer as a target, (2) the computer as an instrument of the crime, (3) the computer as incidental to crime, and (4) crimes associated with prevalence of computers. As technology changes every day, you can always expect many more new offenders, offenses, and victims to appear simply based on the quality of knowledge someone possesses and also by the quality of the technology they are able to access. The better the quality the more extensive the damage will be. Being able to distinguish between these different categories is another thing that may seem difficult. Examples of Crimes The first type of computer crime is using the computer as a target. This is defined as a basic denial towards the owner of the system or by altering the data on the network itself. Altering the data or denying access to the system or network can be harmful to as business because it can prevent them from offering products or services to clients or it can also prevent the client access to their...
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...CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER CRIME What is a computer crime? A computer crime is an illegal activity that is affected via a computer. A computer crime it is like a normal crime. The only thing difference from it is that in which the computer crime is carried out. A person can commit theft, trespassing, embezzlement and fraud. The rules to what is a felony act depend of what jurisdiction of the crime commit. The starter of the internet has increased the warning of these crimes. It been difficult for the laws to inspect computer crimes and capture computer criminals. The government officials have passed legislation that defines forms of computer crimes (Computer Crime Research Center, (2005). The Computer Crime Research Center teamed up with law enforcement to create methods to capture the offenders. Law enforcement has improved their tactic to catch the computer criminals. The typical investigation ways it was not working when it came to computer crimes. (Computer Crime Research Center, (2005). Law officials paid a lot into new ways to increase their opportunities to capture the criminals. The government has also stepped in and passed approximately 40 federal statues for computer related crimes. The legislations cover crimes from copyright infringement to child pornography. If you are a regular user at home or a big business person you are vulnerable to all computer crimes. Security packages are very important for your computer to be safe and your private information....
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...Categories of Computer Crime Nick George CIS 170 October 21, 2013 Categories of Computer Crime Cybercriminals commit identity theft by hacking into people’s personal financial accounts and stealing their funds. Some hackers use website databases to obtain social security numbers, birth dates, security questions and other information they need to fill out applications for credit cards or loans in another person’s name. About five years ago, Wachovia had an incident where someone had hacked into their database and took thousands of customers’ personal information. Immediately, the bank contacted their customers, closed each account and gave each customer temporary accounts, until they got the situation under control. Computer trespass is when a hacker gains an access to a person’s computer by convincing them to download a file. Walgreens has had many encounters with hackers, who would send each store a file and request that they open it for an upgrade from the IT department. Spam emails are another way hackers use to gain access to people computers. The emails can contain worms, Trojans, and viruses, which if a person opens up the email or download the file, the hacker can gain to the person’s file and any information they put on websites. Cyber bullying is a way a person can impersonate themselves, so they can harass or even commits fraud by using someone else’s identity. Cyber bullying is a serious issue, because we have so many social networks...
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...Categories of Computer Crimes CIS 170 – Information Technology in Criminal Justice Dr. Nicole L. Gray Marilyn T. Hawkins October 16, 2012 Computer Crimes are criminal activities, which involve the use of information technology to gain an illegal or an unsanctioned access to a computer system with volition of damaging, deleting or alter computer data. Computer crimes also include the activities such as electronic frauds, misuse of devices, identity theft and data as well as system intrusion. Computer crimes may not necessarily encompass damage to physical property. They rather encompass the control of confidential data and critical information. Computer crimes involve activities envelop activities of software theft, wherein the privacy of the users is bound. These criminal activities envelop the breach of human and information privacy, as well the theft and illegal alteration of system critical information. The different types of computer crimes have required the introduction and use of newer and more striking security measures. Hacking: The activity of breaking into a computer system to gain an unsanctioned access is known as hacking. The act of defeating the security capabilities of a computer system in order to obtain an illegal access to the information stored on the computer system is called hacking. The unsanctioned revelation of passwords with volition to gain an unsanctioned access to the private communication of an organization of a user is one of the...
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