...MALVIN CHITONGO C13121095J 8. TALENT KAJAWU C13121045W QUESTION: Describe the computer generations based on the following : 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Computing characteristics 4. Physical appearances 5. applications Answer A computer is an electronic device capable of accepting data, processing it, giving it out and storing it for later use. Computers have evolved over the years from large sized computers to small sized version which we called the generation of computers. The computer generations are as follows: a) First generation b) Second generation c) Third generation d) Fourth generation e) Fifth generation First generation computers The first generation computer was designed and built based on vacuum tube technology. The first generation computers were manufactured from 1940 to 1956.These vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data Hardware In this generation of computers there was no best way of storing instructions and data in a computer memory. Punched cards and paper tapes were invented to feed programs and data to get results. The magnetic tape or magnetic drum were used as secondary memory and the output was displayed as printouts. Software The instructions and data were written in machine language. The machine language used O’s and I’s for coding of the instructions. These first generation computers could solve one problem at a time. The computation time was in milliseconds Computing...
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...The Five Generations Of Computers The 21st century is the age of computer technology and it has brought about a major change in every aspect of our life. “It has largely changed the way we communicate and the way information exchange is used in today's world. The computer is a growing creation that is a result of advances of many other generations of computers, for example, the common personal computer, personal tablets, and even our smartphones, all came from the concepts of the previous 4 generations of computers” according to (Duncan, Becky) in her article over the importance of computers. This time and age we are now using the fifth generation of computers. Computers are so beneficial to the world today because, Computers are now a part of everyone's existence, including work, school, learning and play. Many modern activities, such as social media, information sharing and business applications require computers, and people cannot complete these actions without one. “The computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc. comes under the hardware while all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software.” (Trigg, Paula). These days’ computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. First Generation...
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...Computer Organization 1. Introduction STUDY MATERIALS ON COMPUTER ORGANIZATION (As per the curriculum of Third semester B.Sc. Electronics of Mahatma Gandh Uniiversity) Compiled by Sam Kollannore U.. Lecturer in Electronics M.E.S. College, Marampally 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS The first electronic computer was designed and built at the University of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units. I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation : 1945 – 55 : 1955 – 65 : 1965 – 75 : 1975 – 89 : 1989 to present First Generation (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer IBM 701) Vacuum tubes were used – basic arithmetic operations took few milliseconds Bulky Consume more power with limited performance High cost Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used Fixed point arithmetic was used 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology Punched cards and paper tape were...
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...Q. Compare and contrast the different computer generations. Comparison: I. All the generations had storage mechanisms. II. There was innovation in each generation resulting to the advancement of new computers. III. In all the generations there was heat generation. IV. Each generation saw improved storage and instruction levels. Contrast: 1st Generation (1946 -1956) I. Relied on vacuum tubes to store and process information. II. Consumed great deal of power. III. Used magnetic drum memories. IV. Had a maximum of 2000 bytes (2kb). 2nd Generation (1957- 1963) I. Relied on transistor technology and magnetic core memories. II. Generated less heat. III. Transistors were much stable and reliable than vacuum tubes. IV. Memory size expanded to 32 kilobytes and speed of 200,000 to 300,000 per second. 3rd Generation (1964 - 1979) I. Magnetic disk was developed for storage. II. Used intergrated circuits made of combining several transistors. III. Consisted of fast mainframe computers such as IBM 360,370 and 8-bit microcomputers. IV. Memory expanded to 2 megabytes of RAM (random access memory) and speed accelerated to 5 million instructions per second. 4th Generation (1979 - 1989) I. Used Large Scale Intergrated (LSI – combining hundreds of transistors) and Very Large Scale Intergration (VLSI – 200,000 to 400,000 transistors). II. Used memories of magnetic disks, bubble memories and optical disks. III. Memory size expanded to several hundred megabytes and a...
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...THE MAYAN REALM The Mayans created a great civilisation in parts of what are now Mexico and Honduras and in Guatamala. The ancestors of the Mayans were hunters but about 2,500 BC they adopted farming as a way of life. In the years from 300 BC to 250 AD organised Mayan kingdoms emerged. Then from 250 AD to 600 AD an advanced civilisation emerged. The Mayans invented writing and they made great advances in astronomy and mathematics. MAYAN LIFE Mayan Society In the centre of each Mayan city was an area of palaces, pyramid temples (some of them 70 metres high) and squares, where religious ceremonies were held. In the squares were stelae (upright stones) which were carved with the dates of important ceremonies and events. Ordinary people lived in the surrounding houses. Most of the Mayans lived in the countryside but many cities were large. Some had populations of 45,000. Below the rulers were the nobles and priests. Below them were freemen, craftsmen and farmers. Below them were slaves who did all the hardest work. The Mayans did not have animals for carrying loads. All goods were carried by human beings. The Mayans did not have metal tools. All their weapons and tools were made from wood and stone. However the Mayans invented a system of writing using pictures to represent sounds. Writing was painted onto books made from fig tree bark. It was also painted on pottery. Unfortunately the Spaniards burned many Mayan books so little is known of their history. The Mayans also...
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...course it is very difficult to work with the different generations, as sometimes they have extremely different way of thinking and style of working. However it is not very effective to work with only one generation and it is almost impossible. As we saw from the text there is a huge gap between these two. So the workers of older generation might think that she is nothing but a kid who don’t know the rules of their company. Yet Terry is the superior of McCullen so it is his duty to do what his superior orders him (I am talking about the things connected with work and that are ethical.). So it is not right to ignore the word of Terry. On the other hand it is 21th century, which is the century of innovations, computers and technology. In order to do work more efficient and quicker people use these innovations. Firtsly we should take into consideration that McCallen has no higher education and it is difficult for his generation to learn something new and maybe they need more time for getting used to it. But they gave him a chance to learn computer skills, so he has to work hard on it in favor of the company. In my opinion it is not right to dismiss one of the parties because they both are very valuable for the company. McCallen: because he has an experience and knows the company very well. Terry: because she will give a new spirit to the company. However if I were Dawn I will dismiss McCallen if he ignores my order to learn computer and work with them angain. In addition Terry should...
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...external factors were affecting UPS’s HR practices? How did UPS respond to the trends? They responded to the trends by taking the idea of a traditional classroom to establish the Integrad buildings. Now that the trainees play video games that simulates mock village delivery as well as the slip and fall. These are the types of processes we will have to change as we go through generations and a fast changing global environment 2) Why is efficiency and safety so important to UPS? What role do the company’s industrial engineers play in how employees do their work? Efficiency means saving time and lowers expenses as well. As for safety, which they must take of importance otherwise they would have to consult with labor union. At the end of the day, UPS just wants the employees to have their tasks and deliveries done in a set amount of time to be as efficient as possible. 3) What changes did the company make to its driver training program? What do you think of these changes? Significant changes and if you think about it, was a low risk. UPS basically wanted to get with the times and go along with the generation we now live in. The driving simulator identifies obstacles for them to overcome, and the slip and fall simulator. My personal opinion is that it saved a bunch of time and money. It saved time by having a higher percent of graduates of the program and not having to start the process over...
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...of this knowledge in the support of the position of ethical relativity. All being different he believed there is an underlying continuity to structures of moral development throughout all cultures. (Krasemann, 2012) The six stages include: Stage 1. The Punishment and Obedience Orientation, Stage 2. The Instrumental/Relativist Orientation, Stage 3. The Interpersonal Concordance Orientation, Stage 4. The “Law and Order” Orientation, Stage 5. The social Contract Orientation, and Stage 6. The Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation. Let’s start with stage 1. The Punishment and Obedience Orientation. This states that if you so something wrong then you will get punished. In today’s society I see this as flawed because the younger generation does not care about the consequences, all they care about is the gratification of the act at that moment. How would you choose to help stop this trend, I am confused! Stage 2. The Instrumental/Relativist Orientation is all about you help me and I’ll help you mentality. There is no thought by people anymore to do something just because it is right, it’s all about “What’s in it for me !” Do you think that if the children were brought up to respect others more that they would think about others thoughts and feelings? I think this brings up a big flaw in that things will not get done if there is nothing tangible in in it for people, do you agree and how could we change this? Stage 3 The Interpersonal Concordance Orientation...
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...COMPUTATION OF THE GENERATION CHARGE FOR AUGUST 2014 a (Applicable for Customers Not Under Meralco TOU) Based on July 2014 Generation Costs (A) (B) (C) Basic Generation Cost (PhP million) 582.13 828.98 49.30 802.09 2,628.28 635.84 491.37 6,018.00 1,112.61 2,515.97 1,420.46 5,049.04 1,391.43 6.86 0.52 1.20 0.55 9.15 12,467.62 (D) Other Cost Adjustmentsb (PhP million) (0.02) (9.54) (1.44) (31.94) (3.38) 20.47 (25.85) (10.96) (23.85) (14.92) (49.73) 869.80 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 794.24 (E = C + D) Total Gen Cost for the Month (PhP million) 582.11 819.44 47.86 770.15 2,624.90 635.84 511.84 5,992.15 1,101.65 2,492.12 1,405.54 4,999.31 2,261.23 6.88 0.52 1.20 0.55 9.17 13,261.86 (F = E/A) Average Gen Cost (July 2014) (PhP/kWh) 3.4881 4.2152 4.3380 3.6371 4.5419 9.0235 11.0741 4.6862 4.4301 5.5925 5.1672 5.1736 13.3372 3.9727 5.2743 4.0706 5.0056 4.0953 5.4874 (0.0150) 0.0000 0.0003 0.0118 0.1507 g (G) Average Gen Cost (June 2014) (PhP/kWh) 3.3717 3.7857 3.8216 4.1455 4.7161 9.7002 9.9409 4.6350 4.5576 5.3101 5.4727 5.1715 12.1216 4.2861 4.2310 4.3501 5.0056 4.3175 5.2781 (0.0124) 0.0001 0.0008 0.0062 0.1344 (H = F - G) Source Disptachc A. Power Supply Agreements (PSAs) 1. SEM-Calaca Power Corp. (SCPC) 85.9% 2. Masinloc Power Partners Corp. (MPPC) 100.0% 3. Therma Luzon Inc. (TLI) 6.1% 4. San Miguel Energy Corp. (SMEC) 89.1% 5. South Premiere Power Corp. (SPPC) 74.3% 6. Therma Mobile Inc. (TMO) 48.9% 7. Othersd 31.5% Subtotal 67.1% B. Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs/IPPs) 1. Quezon...
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...Generations can learn a lot from each other. Whether it be small lessons or life changing lesson. Things that one generation can learn from another is how to use technology, to not give up, and that to push yourself to accomplish your goals. For instance generations can teach one another how to use technology. In “Tutors Teach Seniors New High-Tech Tricks” it states “ High school students studying computer tech or involved with the National Honor Society sign up to help local senior citizens about Facebook, Skype, smartphones, even something as simple as a camera.” Students from a different generation where technology rules are showing elders who come from a generation where technology wasn't that advanced how to use the technology today. This is an example of how one generation educates the other. When my grandmother comes to my house, she goes on to the house computer. When she uses the computer she always asks me to help her with it. My grandmother and I both come from different generations and have different levels of efficiency with...
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...In Joan Didion’s essay, “On Going Home” Didion describes her experiences and thoughts on what defines her meaning of home. Didion uses many asyndetons and polysyndetons to emphasize her emotions and poses several rhetorical questions. Throughout the essay, Didion poses an important point that, perhaps her generation is the last to truly know the meaning behind the word “home”. The contributing factors to such conclusion derived from her personal experiences with her direct family (mother, father, and brother), her husband, and even her own daughter. Didion first sets her definition of home by clarifying that to her, home means “not where [her] husband and [she] and the baby live, but the place where [her] family is.” (Didion1) Her diction reflects the way she thinks about her home, with words such as “troublesome” that give off a negative connotation. Although she defines this place as her home, she expresses how she changes personalities and formalities in front of her parents and brother, which her husband is unfamiliar with. This transformation represents her familiarity with her family, whom she grew up with, or her childhood. However, since she is not in her childhood anymore, this familiarity is somewhat uncomfortable to her and her husband, whom Didion is more accustomed with. She, therefore, calls her “home” a “burden” (Didion2) where her source of tension and drama come from. Didion’s relationship with her husband reflects what she left behind at “home”. When Didion...
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...The Most Expensive Home The door thuds as you close it behind you on your way out to go to school, work, or wherever you are headed. You don’t have a second thought about what you’re leaving behind: your home. But have you ever thought about the significance of that word, “home”? In Joan Didion’s essay, “On Going Home”, Didion describes her experiences and thoughts on what defines her meaning of home. Didion uses many asyndetons and polysyndetons to emphasize her emotions and poses several rhetorical questions. Throughout the essay, it can be concluded that perhaps the generation that truly knows the meaning behind the word “home” is gradually disappearing. The contributing factors to such interpretation derived from Didion’s personal experiences with her direct family, her husband, and even her own daughter. Didion first sets her definition of home by clarifying that to her, home means “not where [her] husband and [she] and the baby live, but the place where [her] family is”. Her diction reflects the way she thinks about her home, with words such as “troublesome” that give off a negative connotation. Although she defines this place as her home, she expresses how she changes personalities and formalities in front of her parents and brother, which her husband is unfamiliar with. This transformation represents her familiarity with her family, whom she grew up with, or her childhood, and a vague description of what makes up her home. However, since she is not in her childhood...
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...13 <http://www.tinmoi.vn/nguoi-viet-dang-ngu-hoa-smartphone-011273350.html> Vietnamnet 2013, “Clip châm biếm trò lưu chụp ảnh tự sướng của giới trẻ”, viewed 3 September 2013, < http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/cong-nghe-thong-tin-vien-thong/129355/clip-cham-biem-trao-luu-chup-anh--tu-suong--cua-gioi-tre.html> Nielsen 2011, “Browse all about it! The evolation ò the circular”, viewed 3 September 2013, < http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2011/browse-all-about-it-the-evolution-of-the-circular.html> Nokia Corporation 2012, Nokia Annual Report on Form 20 – F 2012, Nokia, viewed September 1st 2013, <http://i.nokia.com/blob/view/-/2246090/data/2/-/form20-f-12-pdf.pdf> Cimigo 2011, “Gen Z in Vietnam: The craving guiltless generation”, Cimigo, view 27 August 2013, <http://api.ning.com/files/wuWFNWr8oNaT7YNifvvO*0jJBI5OdrcLenshx01-mDCZ8A4wkQJypHawZ5XrTyoL0ChA4zpHmqyJOp7PdkfepGjr7wwB0H32/C3621MilleniumGenZReport260411.pdf> Cimigo 2012, “Net Citizens 2012”, Slideshare, view August 2012, <http://www.slideshare.net/bqbtoan/cimigo-netcitizens-2012-english-13157658> Shinder, D 2010, “Smartphone selection criteria: What factors matter mót to you?”, TechRepublic, viewed 3 September 2013, <http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/smartphones/smartphone-selection-criteria-what-factors-matter-most-to-you/> “Vietnamese online: 35% & Rising!” 2012, An international Educator in Vietnam, viewed 3 September 2013,...
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...depends on how it is interpreted. Generation Me author Jean Twenge shows self-esteem and interest in self in many different ways throughout the book. Here, the two images portrayed display those same things along with self-confidence and self worth. As Twenge states, “The society that molds you when you are young stays with you the rest of your life” (Twenge 2). The images hold true to Twenge’s statement. Generation Me has evolved into an all about me society. The first image is that of a young, white, obese male walking through a crowded area. The young man is wearing a brown shirt with the phrase, “I’M #1 SO WHY TRY HARDER” printed front and center where everyone can notice. The second image has an older man, possibly in his sixties, dressed in a navy suit and blue tie and carrying a brown leather brief case. The older man is looking at a younger man in his twenties. The younger man is wearing a black suit jacket, casual striped button up shirt unbuttoned at the top, and jeans. Instead of a brief case, the younger man is holding a yellow binder along with a manila folder in one hand and a smart phone in the other. The images show GenMe’s focus on self. The younger men in each image are part of a generation that has grown up encouraged to focus on self, when maybe instead the focus should have been on personal health, respect for others, and having a positive impact on society. The two images spoke volumes because of the reading from Generation Me. GenMe has been raised, encouraged...
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...community wide events and fundraisers. I would work to help reach out to the youth of Burleson so that our generation can become more involved with our community at a younger age. Getting the teenagers and children to participate in community events is vital to contributing to the major goals of our community and to helping Burleson thrive and grow. In addition to connecting the youth to the community, I would also pass an ordinance to raise fines for littering across our town. In continuing to unite the community of Burleson, keeping this city beautiful plays a major part. Littering is just one way in which our town becomes less unified, so I would fight to stop this disrespect of our city. I would also try to organize more money into a budget for making our city more beautiful. This budget would cover more landscaping and maintenance projects across the community. Another thing I would do as mayor would be to set aside more money in our budget to go towards our city’s drug awareness program. It is sad heart-breaking and devastating to see so many of our promising teenagers and young adults turning to drugs, alcohol, and substance abuse. In strengthening this program, more and more teenagers could become aware of their reckless behavior and the affects that come with the decisions they make. By bringing about this awareness in our youth we can ultimately create a generation of, honest, engaged, and active members of our community. All of these ideas factor into uniting our town...
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