...Journal of Information Technology (2008) 23, 55–62 & 2008 JIT Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. All rights reserved 0268-3962/08 $30.00 palgrave-journals.com/jit Debate and Perspectives ‘Computer models of the mind are invalid’ Ray Tallis1, Igor Aleksander2 1 5 Valley Road, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire, UK; Imperial College of Science, Tech. and Medicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London, UK 2 Correspondence: R Tallis, 5 Valley Road, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire SK7 2NH, UK. Tel: þ 44 7801 834230; E-Mail: raymond@rtallis.wanadoo.co.uk Journal of Information Technology (2008) 23, 55–62. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000128 Proposer: Professor Ray Tallis t is a great pleasure to have this joust with Igor who is not only a brilliant thinker about the mind, but also a great intellectual sparring partner. Igor has expressed his dissent from the view that I’m going to advance in support of the motion which is that ‘computer models of the mind are invalid’,1 in his book: The World in My Mind, My Mind In The World: Key Mechanisms of Consciousness in Humans, Animals and Machines. He actually devotes five pages of the final chapter to what he calls ‘Tallis’s complaint’ which I am now going to make public. The point of issue is whether computer models of the mind are valid. I am going to argue that they are not because the computational theory of mind is invalid. Igor may go on to argue that even if the computational theory of mind is invalid it may still be useful...
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...five force model. Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes the competitive forces within the environment in which a company operates to assess the potential for profitability in an industry. Its purpose is to combat these competitive forces by identifying opportunities, competitive advantages, and competitive intelligence. If the forces are strong, they increase competition; if the forces are weak, they decrease competition. The five forces in Porter’s model are buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitute products or services, threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing competitors. • Buyer Power is the ability of buyers to affect the price they must pay for an item. • Supplier Power is the suppliers’ ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies, including materials, labor, and services they provide. • Threat of substitute products or services is high when there are many alternatives to a product or service and low when there are few alternatives from which to choose. • Threat of new entrants is high when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers to entering a market. • Rivalry among existing competitors is high when competition is fierce in a market and low when competition is more complacent. Putting desktop computer business into Porter’s Five Forces Model 1 Buyer power is high because customers are having many choices and alternatives when it comes to the purchase of a desktop computer. 2 Supplier...
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...between model in the past and the present, and how models become more restraints than before. Also we will talk about the advantage of using models and how they can make our life much easy. Models have evolved since the beginning of the century. There are many kinds of models for almost any system or item that exist. Each model uses short, long, simple or complex mathematics formula it depends of which case the models solve. However the models that are used in these recent years are very complex and have many numerous computations which make the only one that can handle it is the computer. These kinds of models are usually use in a wide variety of tasks, such as prevision of the decision made, and an effective answer to everyday problems. During time, models start to be more restraints than before. These kinds of restraints should have value or weight to make a model compatible with the case that model solve. There are several constraints or restraints in each models, one of the most important one is budget of the project. In other words the more wherewithal, the more model accuracy. Mark P. McDonald ( December 8, 2010). To use complex mathematical formula in the models it requires an educated staffs with a good knowledge of model branch, which make the model more expensive and take more time to solve it, comparing with computer time and cost. However the need of special educated persons is strictly required to conclude if the models created by computer match all...
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...CMGT 555/ Systems Analysis and Development Throughout the whole process of system development, there are designs that take place before any coding or setup takes place. During this time, phrases like logical design and physical design get tossed around a lot, but what are they and what do they mean? In short, the logical design defines what must take place, not how it is accomplished. The logical design is like a set of blue prints, it describes the actual processes of entering, verifying, and storing data. In this paper we will explain when logical designs and physical designs are used, what design information a logical design and physical design contain and any similarities or differences. Figure 1. Example of Logical Model and Physical Model for an ERD Relationship Diagram (Compare Logical and Physical ERD, 2009) The direct definition of a logical design “is the Conceptual Blueprint of a software application, illustrating entities, relationships, rules, and processes (Thibeault, 2011)”. So what is the logical design is used for? The logical design contains all the business entries, what each entries attributes are, and relationships among entries. Now the logical design to some is misleading because they often confuse it with detailed technical design, even though the goals for these two are not similar at all. Now when do we use the logical design? That question is simpler to answer; it usually starts during the requirements definition phase of the project and...
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...S ANITA NORRIS MODEL MANAGEMENT w 9B10D013 Authorized for use only in the course BSAD 471 Strategic Management at St. Francis Xavier University taught by Brad Long from Jan 05, 2015 to Apr 17, 2015. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Prashob Menon and Paul Lee wrote this case under the supervision of Professor John Haywood-Farmer solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors might have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmission without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2010, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: (A) 2010-09-10 On March 17, 2010, Anita Norris, owner of Anita Norris Model Management (ANMM) of London, Ontario was contemplating the future of her business. In the two years since Norris started ANMM, the business had grown quickly through her efforts to pursue any revenue stream that presented...
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...NAME: _______________________________________ CASE 8: Research In Motion: Managing Explosive Growth 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION |Timeframe |Country(s) Involved |Key Individuals & Titles |Company Type & Size | | | | | | 2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE SITUATION |Business or Industry Description |Particular Company Situation | 3. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS |Dominant Economic Characteristics |Strategic Group MAP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...the right hair, and covering nothing up but your crotch area. This interprets sexuality. The same goes for women. typical images for women are a big chest, a big behind, slim waist, long legs, skinny, oh and flawless. The stereotypes these advertisements perpetuate are that men are supposed to be taller, bigger, heartless, and tough. As for women, they have to be smaller, looked down upon, and even always being innocent. When it comes to race, a white boy has control over the white girl. But when it's a black boy and a white girl, the girl has the control. Go figure that race would have a part in advertisement. Another way race is involved in this is when it comes to colored women, they're seen as animals. They would dress up the colored models into an animal such as a tiger and have her pose as...
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...superior performance in a given job, role, or situation.Competency modeling is the activity of determining the specific competencies that are characteristic of high performance and success in a given job. Competency modeling can be applied to a variety of human resource activities. This research paper will describe how organizations identify their core competencies and how they are applying this competency data to improve performance. It will also explain some emerging trends in competency modeling. Developing Competency Models Competencies enable employees to achieve results, thereby creating value. It follows that competencies aligned with business objectives help foster an organization's success. Organizations must understand their core competency needs - the skills, knowledge, behaviors, and abilities that are necessary for people in key roles to deliver business results.According to Boulter, et al (1998), there are six stages involved in defining a competency model for a given job role. These stages are: 1. Performance criteria - Defining the criteria for superior performance in the role. 2. Criterion sample - Choosing a sample of people performing the role for data collection. 3. Data collection - Collecting sample data about behaviors that lead to success. 4. Data analysis - Developing hypotheses about the competencies of outstanding performers and how these competencies work together to produce desired...
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...discovering similarity, maturity, and capability to measure, model asses and evolves the alignment level existing among business and technological assets of an enterprise. The top research issue for currently is the alignment between business processes and supporting software system. For the first time the issue was mention in the 1970 and then several studies and researches were conducted focused the alignment concerns. Actually this paper is aiming to review a proper analysis which considering the alignment topics. From the view of the business and technological alignment, it focuses on the degree of the information technology mission, objectives and plans, support and is supported by the business mission, objective and plans. To looking how the organization can achieve alignment, the traditional approaches have been used, however only a little contribution about how to identify and correct misalignment. To complete the alignment strategies, the modeling and measurement is a must. The phase of modeling is about the various entitled the alignment concept and the links between business and IT entities. Measurement of the alignment degree existing between the chosen assets for establishing if there is any improvement. The alignment is supported by an automatic support where it’s all the processes. There is several approaches was proposed to address issue from modeling to measurement. The approaches are Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) which used for financial service firms for determining...
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...Problems: 1. Essay: from either 2.2.3, 2.4 or 5.2 2. Setting up a model. (like one of the modules) (Review modules and cases-Try setting them up) 1. Given a problem statement and a set-up module, give an Analysis- (will be given a spreadsheet) QBA Sample Quiz click on files Log into Blackboard: QBA- Content Open file and save to desktop as “ lastname-id#(without @ sign)-9:40 ” When done, load files back into blackboard. Have until 11:00. MENTAL MODELS AND FORMAL MODELS Informal Modeling- Informal modeling= mental modeling * Continues on through the problem solving stage * Problem solvers conduct quick informal mental models @ various stages in the process. * Ask a series of mental questions * Helps relate cause and effect – in a simplified , incomplete way * Helps determine what might be feasible in a given situation * Always influenced by our implicit preferences for certain outcomes over others. * Useful but extremely limiting * Sometimes don’t provide sufficient insight. Formal models- * Provide same information as mental models * Links causes to effects and help evaluate potential solutions * Used to measure how well each solution...
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...1. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Forces Two publicly controversial issues in the modelling industry are slenderness and racial exclusion. Models do much more than promote the sale of fashion. The model look promotes and distributes ideas about how women and men should look. Models “do gender” professionally in ways that connect with social positions such as race, ethnicity and class, and there are many critiques of fashion models and their gendered and racial meanings. Modelling succeeds on the criticism of the female body and the gap between promoted beauty ideals and reality. As women gain political and social ground, beauty ideals are held to higher extremes of slenderness and perfection. Another social force for clients is they face uncertainty of changing consumer desires as they are highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyles and body types. Demographics For fashion models age is a very strong factor in the selection process. Models are usually discovered between the ages of 12 to 20 by agents or scouts. High fashion modeling agencies often demand height and body shape requirements and have strong preferences for standards. With cultural diversification of the Western world, ethnic diversity is becoming an important factor for all people in the modeling industry. Moreover, various races and backgrounds are becoming progressively noticeable. Anita Norris needs to be aware of the changing demographic trends in the modeling industry Technological Factors...
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...beauty whether it is appearance, their personality or the work they have done. Looking into celebrity culture, people follow it to help them feel beautiful or use celebrities as motivation. Celebrities are our role models and we try to follow them in the latest fashion like clothing, hair, make-up and acting. Teens especially want an iconic person to look up to and follow them for their selflessness deeds and actions. Celebrities like Tyra Banks, Oprah Winfrey, and Queen Latifah are example of iconic celebrities that many people look up to and try to mimic in order to feel self-fulfilled. Celebrity culture does help define our view of beauty for men and women worldwide. The celebrity culture is in our lives every day, people try to copy them in any way possible because they are they’re our role models. Tyra Banks is an exceptional model that has been through many difficulties as an African American model. She faced racism as a child when she first began her modeling career. As she was getting older she began to put aside all the harsh comments and continued her passion for modeling. Tyra Banks was the first black young woman in the modeling business. As she was growing up, she became very famous because of her age, origin, and difficulties she faced as a young model. Many teens started to look up to her and wanted to be just like her. Tyra was tall, skinny, and smart, she was the perfect package. Many people liked her because of her beauty; boys would love her, while many girls...
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...body image, which can lead to unhealthy behaviors as women and girls strive for the ultra-thin body idealized by the media. This essay will attempt to prove that the media has a brutal effect on a women’s confidence. First, the media portrays that beauty is a necessity for all women. Unfortunately, the media pushes an unnatural body type, making natural beauty impossible to accept. The average American woman is 5\'4\" tall and weighs 140 pounds. Where as, the average American model is 5\'11\" tall and weighs 117 pounds ( Nikki Katz). Society is being brainwashed by the media. In fact, studies show that more than sixty percent of women do not like what they see in the mirror (Rutherford). Also, at young ages girls are impacted by the physical appearance of Barbie. Many people do not understand that looking like Barbie is physically impossible. Moreover, the models women see in magazines are completely flawless, and have incredible bodies. The majority of society could never look as good as the models they see. To summarize, women are discouraged with their bodies because the media only show beautiful...
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...TOYBOX WORDS:-2292 SUBMISSION:26TH NOVEMBER 2015 Contents 2 INTRODUCTION 3 2.1 Company 3 2.2 Purpose of Report and What it will Cover 3 3 E-BUSINESS 3 3.1 What is E-Business 3 3.2 Definition 4 3.3 Why is it Relevant to Toybox – Discussion of Concept 4 4 STRATEGIES 4 4.1 Definition of a Strategy 4 4.2 Strategy Definition Stage 5 4.3 Decisions That Toybox Should Take At This Point 5 4.3.1 Decision 1: Strategy To Assist with Market and Product Development 5 4.3.2 Decision 2 – Look at the Capabilities of Having a Supply Chain 6 4.3.3 Decision 3:- Looking at Business, Service and Revenue Models 6 5 E-BUSINESS REVENUE MODELS 7 5.1 Definition of a Revenue Model and Why is It Relevant to Toybox 7 5.1.1 Recommendation 1 – Cost Per Click Model - Advertising 7 5.1.2 Recommendation 2 – Auction Models 7 6 CONCLUSIONS 8 7 REFERENCES 9 INTRODUCTION Company Toybox is a toy manufacturer that is continually growing, providing traditional, wooden and educational toys aimed at a specific age group i.e. from birth to eight years old. The toys that they sell are sold in various price brackets ranging from pocket money toys through to toys that are retro inspired. Within the organisation, they have fifteen members of staff who are allocated duties which include designing the toys, purchasing the materials in which to build and manufacture the toys and then through their two outlets in Glasgow and Edinburgh, sell the goods...
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...Jayson Tatum is a influential advocate of being a role model to younger people. Through his actions including the help out a mom program, leadership, and great teammate. “Growing up wasn’t the greatest with my mother that was single. So he told people that when he made it to the nba he would make a single mothers program.” He’s going to help help out families that only have a mom because he grew up that way and wants to give back. Giving back to him is like how he grew up with his single mother and now he wants other mothers to feel appreciated for all the work they do.The importance of Jayson Tatum's social movement is that he has with the single mothers and how he has impacted them. He has helped them buy giving them money and supplies...
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