...COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE EIGHTH EDITION William Stallings Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On File Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Editor-in-Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Associate Editor: Melinda Haggerty Marketing Manager: Erin Davis Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Editor: Rose Kernan Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Kenny Beck Cover Design: Kristine Carney Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Composition: Rakesh Poddar, Aptara®, Inc. Cover Image: Picturegarden /Image Bank /Getty Images, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of...
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...Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 01: Basic Concepts of Architecture and Assembly Language CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 1.2: Basic Hardware Components of a Computer System John Vee MI P. Martinez, CSIT Instructor College of Information and Computing Sciences KING’S COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER 1.3: Assembly Language CHAPTER 1.4: Programmer's View of a Computer System Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture ASSIGNMENT #01: LEARNING OUTCOME #01: Next Learning Outcome: After engaging in each topic, students should have: 1) Differentiate Computer Organization and Computer Architecture? ¼ Yellow Paper, to be submitted next meeting. LO-01: Distinguished the difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization, and discussed the different types of architecture. 1) 2) Computer Organization and Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization Types of Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez LO 1.1 – Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization LO 1.1 – Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: ...
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...Computer Organization The dictionary definition of the term “organizing” is “to put together into an orderly, functional, structured whole”. Therefore, this term applies to Computer Organization because it tries “to put together into an orderly, functional, structured whole” the main components of computers and the way computers are organized. Modern computer technology requires professionals of every computing specialty to understand both hardware and software. The interaction between hardware and software at a variety of levels also offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of computing. Whether our primary interacts is hardware or software, Information Technology, Computer Science or Electrical Engineering, the central ideas in Computer Organization is the same. Thus, the emphasis of this is to show the relationship between hardware and software and to focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers. The computer lies at the heart of computing. Without it, most of the computing disciplines today would be a branch of theoretical mathematics. To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer as just black box that executes program by magic. We, students of computing should acquire some understanding and appreciation of a computer system’s functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their instruction. There are practical implications as well. In describing computer systems, a distinguishing...
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...What is the meaning behind Computer Input / Output Architecture and Organization? Input is the entering of data into a computer system, whereas output is the transferring of data to an external item, such as printer. “The input /output modules are the third critical element of a computer system. The CPU and Memory are the first and second most critical elements.” (C.A.O). “The computer system’s Input /Output architecture is its interface to the outside world. This architecture is designed to provide a systematic means of controlling interaction with the outside world and to provide the operating system with the information it needs to manage I/O activity effectively.” (C.O.A.L). There are three main techniques for I/O, which are Programmed, Interrupt-Driven, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). These three techniques are essential for I/O. The Programmed I/O happens under direct and continuous control of a program requesting the operation. The Interrupt-Driven is when a program issues a command and continues to execute, until it’s interrupted by the hardware to signal the end of the operations. Finally, the DMA is when a specialized processor takes over control of an operation to move a large block of data. All three play significant roles in the architecture of the I/O in a Computer. An organization will have to have a large inventory of assets for just the basic Input Devices, Output devices, and both Input/ Output Devices related to the architecture of a company. A company...
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...Abstract The purpose of my paper is to explain the concepts of networking technology and what impact these concepts have in an organization. A number of these concepts embody, but are not restricted to, improved communication, enlarged productivity, and enhanced mobility. In addition, what part does network architecture play in developing network technology? In doing thus, I will be able to justify the aim and role that standard-setting organizations play in establishing network standards and identify two standards in network technology and outline their roles. Explain the importance of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and show how they contribute to the advancement of the network industry. Keywords: technology, ISO, networking, architecture, concepts Networking Technology Concepts The basic concepts of networking technology are to improve communication, increase efficiency, and enhanced mobility. In addition, network architecture falls in line with these concepts because architecture is the foundation or the framework to configure networks. Improve Communications Technology is important because it expands communications in the workplace. Employees are no longer limited to using regular landline phones, couriers or snail mail. Technology has evolved tremendously whereas, you are able to start communicating electronically using computers, smartphones and other forms of electronic devices from your office, home and/or abroad. In addition, you are able access...
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...Abstract The purpose of my paper is to explain the concepts of networking technology and what impact these concepts have in an organization. A number of these concepts embody, but are not restricted to, improved communication, enlarged productivity, and enhanced mobility. In addition, what part does network architecture play in developing network technology? In doing thus, I will be able to justify the aim and role that standard-setting organizations play in establishing network standards and identify two standards in network technology and outline their roles. Explain the importance of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and show how they contribute to the advancement of the network industry. Keywords: technology, ISO, networking, architecture, concepts Networking Technology Concepts The basic concepts of networking technology are to improve communication, increase efficiency, and enhanced mobility. In addition, network architecture falls in line with these concepts because architecture is the foundation or the framework to configure networks. Improve Communications Technology is important because it expands communications in the workplace. Employees are no longer limited to using regular landline phones, couriers or snail mail. Technology has evolved tremendously whereas, you are able to start communicating electronically using computers, smartphones and other forms of electronic devices from your office, home and/or abroad. In addition, you are able access...
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...understand information. For example, a Marketing Manager could use this information to decide whether or not to raise or lower price of certain product. Therefore, there are knowledge workers who have specialist knowledge that makes them “experts” based on formal and informal rules they have learned through training, experience and gained information such as doctors, managers, librarians, scientists. Therefore, knowledge depend on interpreted information which depend on shaped data. 2. What is information systems architecture? Infrastructure? What is an intranet? An extranet? An information system architecture is the coordination of business processes and rules, systems structure, technical framework, and product technologies for a business or organizational information system. An information system architecture usually consists of four layers: business process architecture, systems architecture, technical architecture, and product delivery architecture. To elaborate it is the coordination of business processes among strategic level, management level, knowledge level which involves customers md business partners and suppliers and...
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...Introduction to Computer Hardware In general, there is very little that you as a future manager need to know about computer hardware, other than some basic vocabulary. The key ideas we want to you understand about hardware are: * Computers are basically simple electronic devices. While what they do may seem magical, very little of the magic comes from the computer itself. In fact computers are limited in what they can do. * More of the magic comes from the software – the set of instructions that tell the computer how to process and display data (and we’ll talk more about that in the following classes). * Most of the magic comes from the way people use the information produced by the computer, and (most importantly) the way they recognize, manage, and overcome the limits of computer-based information. To understand and manage these limitations, you need to have a basic understanding of hardware and software. We can use the systems model (input-process-output) to categorize hardware. There are input devices (e.g., a keyboard) and output devices (e.g. a monitor). We also need to store intermediate and final results of computations, so we need data storage devices (e.g., hard drives). The process is represented by the “processing unit” of the computer (also called a Central Processing Unit or CPU). While it gets a little technical, it is worth understanding how a CPU works, because you need to understand that before you can understand how software works...
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...There are three parts to this assignment relating to each lecture in Module 1. Part 1: Layering and the Internet Model Imagine that a technology organization has been in business for decades, and that the organization developed its own method of computer-to-computer communication. Because this method of communication only occurs within this organization, it is not layered, but rather is designed to operate as quickly and efficiently as possible on the custom hardware by using the least amount of overhead possible. The organization continues to create its own communication hardware and software that works with modern computers, but the CTO of the organization is considering replacing this custom communication solution with the adoption of the Internet Model in use today, along with its technologies. With this scenario in mind, address each of the topics below. Topic 1: The Advantages of a Layered Model Identify and describe the advantages that a layered solution would offer the technology organization when compared to its non-layered solution. Advantages : The advantage of implementing layered model in technology organization will be : 1. They can communicate with the other organizations and can provide the information/presence about their business on internet too. 2. By implementing layered module… changes at one layer will not affect hardware /software at the other layers. Vendors can develop hardware and software to provide the functions of...
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...Types of Information Systems PGDM Trimester I, 2013 Types of Information Systems IT applications in Management, 2013 2 Operation Support Systems Definition: • Information systems that process data generated by and used in business operations • Goal: – efficiently process business transactions, – control industrial processes, – support enterprise communications and collaboration, and – update corporate databases IT applications in Management, 2013 3 Examples • Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) – record and process data resulting from business transactions, update operational databases, and produce business documents. • Sales and inventory processing, accounting system • Process Control Systems (PCS) – monitor and control industrial processes. • Power generation, steel production, refinery • Enterprise Collaboration Systems – support team, workgroup, and enterprise communications and collaboration. • E-mail, chat, videoconferencing IT applications in Management, 2013 4 Management Support Systems Definition: • Information systems that focus on providing information and support for effective decision making by managers • Types: – MIS – DSS – EIS/ESS IT applications in Management, 2013 5 Management Support Systems Management Information Systems (MIS) – provide information in the form of prespecified reports and displays to support business decision making. Sales analysis, Production performance Decision Support Systems (DSS) – provide interactive...
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...Question: 1. Aligning the IS Organization within the Enterprise has its set of unresolved issues. Why is this exercise such a contemporary issue? [25] The alignment of business and IT has been a major management concern for decades. Two recent surveys revealed that it continues to be a top priority for CIOs. A contributing issue is the lack of functional relationships between business and IT, complicated by the complexity of the service delivery mechanism. There is also the attitude that a quick application fix, if implemented, will be the magic bullet that solves the problem and increases confidence and collaboration within the business units receiving the IT service. We can look at the IS organisation aligning within the Enterprise in the context of the Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) which entails establishing a program for implementation and use of information systems in ways that will optimize effectiveness of information resources and use them to support the objectives of the organization. In order to fulfill alignment the plan should:- ❖ Be deeply embedded in business issues ❖ Continue to meet Data Processing and MIS Needs ❖ Have objectives and priorities derived from business imperatives ❖ Provide long term benefits and advance business strategy First, let’s look at why alignment problems occur. In some organizations, alignment difficulties can begin as communication problems when business and technical staff speak different...
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...evolve in organizations? When the organization becomes larger and more complex the functional silos evolved. This happens when the company have different department with different responsibilities, if any department needs anything they work separately with no integrate with other department. 2. What is the relationship between organizational functional silos and IS functional silos? The two types of functional silos serve the needs of a department but in two different ways. Organizational functional silos are independent unit and the changes that made in these silos not allowed to be shared between other departments. IS functional silo is different because there is no online sharing of data.. 3. Compare and contrast centralized, decentralized, and distributed IT architectures. Which do you think is most appropriate for ERP and why? Centralized systems are based on servers and mainframes, where all the data, software, and resources are stored on the server and are accessed via dumb terminal computers, that is nothing is really stored on the satellite computers. In Decentralized System we have multiple computers with the information and software they need, this gives them full control over what takes place, but may lead to less real time cooperation. Finally, distributed architecture is a combination of both centralized and decentralized architectures with their own applications and tools.I think the most appropriate system for ERP is the distributed architecture because...
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...1. What are functional silos and how did they evolve in organizations? Answer: * When the organization become larger and more complex Functional Silos evolves. This happens when companies have various individual departments and are maintained separately. When departments form in a company they tend to need different things, and then develop their own methods and responsibilities to reach their goals. Each department operates separately with little or no interaction with each other. Thus they become autonomous and function without the rest of the company. Functional Silos model of an organisation are comprised in two categories: * Horizontal silo and Vertical silo: * POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting) categorization by Luther Gulick led to a set of formal organization functions such as control, management, supervision, and administration starting in late * Classification of organizations into departments like Accounting and Human Resources reflects the breaking of complex tasks into smaller manageable tasks that could be assigned to a group of people who could then be held responsible. * HORIZONTAL SILO: VERTICAL SILO: 2. What is the relationship between organizational functional silos and IS functional silos? ANSWER: The only relationship that exists between organisational function silos and IS function silos is that they both serve to fulfil the needs of a department. ...
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...manages? * 3. How does network bandwidth affect a 2-tier client server architecture? * 4. How does an N-tier architecture simplify IT departments’ task of maintaining client software? ANSWERS 1) Individuals who will be using the HRIS can be split into two general groups: employees and nonemployees. The employee category includes. * Managers who rely on the HRIS and the data analyzed by the analyst/power user to make decisions; * Analyst/power users who use the HRIS to evaluate potential decision choices and opportunities; * Technical staff who are responsible for providing a system that is usable and up-to- date for each user and clerical employees who largely engage in data entry; and * Employees who use the HRIS on a self-service basis to obtain personal information, for example, to look up paycheck information, to make choices about benefits during open enrollment, or to see how much vacation time they have available. 2) What these users all have in common is that all the information is about potential and current employees with a focus on managing the organization’s human capital to achieve strategic organizational goals. Specific data from the HRIS database fit into three categories: * Information about people, such as biographical information and competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities, and other factors) * Information about the organization, such as jobs, positions, job specifications, organizational structure...
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...Network Architecture Four Network Architecture: 1. HOST BASED ARCHITECTURE 2. CLIENT-BASED ARCHITECTURE 3. CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE 4. CLOUD ARCHITECTURE HOST BASED ARCHITECTURE * The early types of data communications networks used host-based architecture. The host was usually a mainframe which performed the functions of data storage, data access, application logic, and presentation logic. In this architecture, the client was usually a terminal. A major problem with this architecture is that the host is required to do all the processing and as the number of applications grows on a given network, processing will slow-down significantly. The only solution will be to upgrade the host, which is usually very expensive. Because of this, since late 1980's organizations moved toward the use of Local Area Networks which is a client-based architecture. CLIENT-BASED ARCHITECTURE * In a client-based architecture, the client, usually a low-cost microcomputer does a good amount of processing functions. More specifically, the client performs the data access, application logic, and presentation logic. The host, a server, simply stores the data. As the amount of data and the number of applications grow in this type of architecture, more and more data needs to travel on the network circuit so that the clients can process it. Demand for network circuit capacity increases and as such, the overall network performance decreases. CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE *...
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