...Evolution/History of the Public Switched Telephone Network Christopher J Wilson American Public University System Since the beginning of civilized mankind, there has always been the need for humans to communicate over long distances. At first this required couriers to bring letters from destination to another. It then evolved into trained birds, to Morse code. Over time this type of communication quickly became out dated, because of the fact that it took too long for messages to be moved from one point to another point. So the telephone was created. Allowing people to talk to each other over vast distances. The PSTN had been designed to allow instantious two way voice communication between anyone. These first set of telephones had no networks to them, they were all private user based. If someone wished to speak with another person they would pick up their end and whistle into the receiver until someone on the other end answered, that was the very first introduction of the telephone ring. This was of course replaced with the bell sound, which is still being used to this date although it has changed quite a bit from its creation. After the bell was created people wished for a way to turn it off when not in use, thus the switch hook was created, which aloud you to turn the device off while no calls were coming in. With all these new advancements added to it, it was only a matter of time before some combined all the telephone wires into one central hub. But as this new...
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...Exploring programming languages. 1970 Forth: Forth was created by Charles H Moores. This was created around 1973 when the company known as fourth came into play. This was made because do to the job Charles have, he couldn’t help but wonder if he could take his work wherever he goes. This also lead to the popularity of the microchips as the time. C: C was created by Dennis Ritchie. Created at around 1972, this program was originaly gonna be called B. But do to it taken avantage of the PDP, it became C. Prolong: Created by Alian Colmerauer, Prolong was made within 1972 and became the most popular during that time. It is well known for expression terms of relationships within the coding of the language. ML: ML was design and created by Robin Miler and other people he work closely within the university of Edinburgh. Around 1973, this was created to help analyze but mostly applied in language design and manipulation (compilers, analyzers, theorem provers), but it is a general-purpose language also used in bioinformatics, financial systems, and applications including a genealogical database SQL: Created by Donald D. Chamberlim and Rayman F. Boyce around 1974, this was Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The two saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling...
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...Computer Games in Language Instruction A computer game is a formal, rule-based system performed on a computer, with a variable and quantifiable outcome (Tobias, Fletcher, Dai, & Wind, 2011). The computer game engages players by requiring them to influence the outcome using various strategies and to feel the consequences (such as winning the game or certain rewards) (Tobias, et al., 2011). In the classroom, computer games can increase a feeling of involvement and engagement with the game and improve motivation to learn the fundamental material (Tobias, et al., 2011). The history of computer games as an instructive tool is relatively short. The entry of computer games into learning and instruction began in the 1980s, when the design and construction of the games themselves was a popular way to learn about computers (Games & Squire, 2011). However, it was not until the 1990s that the computer game began to be a common tool for instruction. In the mid-1990s, commercial edutainment games were used commonly, and then they were disappeared in the mid-2000s due to the poor management of the sector’s leaders (Games & Squire, 2011). Nowadays, digital game-based learning, focusing on an emphasis of interaction and learning, is more common than only edutainment games (Games & Squire, 2011). Computer games have been used in language...
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...programming languages predate the modern computer. During a nine-month period in 1842-1843, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Analytical Engine, recognized by some historians as the world's first computer program.[1] Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that train conductors encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets. Hollerith then encoded the 1890 census data on punch cards. The first computer codes were specialized for their applications. In the first decades of the 20th century, numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers. Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers, not only with words. For example, Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulaic way. The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies. Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number. However, unlike the lambda calculus, Turing's code does not serve well as a basis for higher-level languages—its principal...
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...of CALL CALL Stand for : Computer Assisted Language Learning . The search for and programs of the computer in language teaching and learning . Introduction t has been over 50 years since the emergence of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) that would forever change how second/foreign languages are taught. This article presents a historical overview of the evolution of CALL from the previous years of the mainframe computer to the integrative technologies of the 21st century. It examines the evolution of the dual fields of educational technology and second/foreign language teaching as they intertwined over the last half of the 20th century into present day CALL. The paper describes the paradigm shifts experienced along thisjourney...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Most universities talk about "foreign language", they mean a language other than the main one spoken in your home, or other than the main language that most of your subjects were taught in when you went to school.To be considered a foreign language, the language has to be a language used by humans - so it can't be a computer language like C++ or Java. But if you're a native English speaker, it could be Spanish, or French, or Russian, or Mandarin, etc. Or yes, often, it can be ASL. A foreign language is a language indigenous to another country. It is also a language not spoken in the native country of the person referred to or other than the main language that most of your subjects were taught in when you went to school. In recent years, computer-assisted language learning has been integrated into foreign language education and computer programs with varying levels of interactional relationship between computer and the language learner have been developed. Language learning aids such as foreign language writing aid and foreign language reading aid, targeted at the specific language skills of foreign language learners, are also alternative instruments available for foreign language learners. Instructional courseware can be defined as “software developed for the purpose of providing instruction” (Gibbs, Graves, & Bernas, 2001). The term ‘courseware’ was introduced by SCORE! Educational Centers, the pioneering developer...
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...Managerial Applications Of Information Technology (MIS 535) Course Project Proposal Integration of VoIP Services and Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Software for Real-Time Coaching Submitted by: Group – B Jeffrey Ortiz, Group Leader Abdul Raheem Mohammed Md Abdullah Al Mamun Roushan Chowdhury Nigat Rahinour Khan Mohammed Rahman Faculty: Sunil Samanta Table of Contents Contents Abstract 2 Company Background 3 Business Problem 4 High Level Solution 5 Benefits of Solution 6 Revenue from New Translation Department 7 Cost Reduction 7 Financial Benefit Analysis: 8 Business Process Changes 10 Technology Used 11 High-Level Implementation Plan 12 Summary, Conclusions & Recommendations 13 References 15 Abstract The main objective of this project is to propose a technological solution which will provide Rosetta Stone Inc. a platform where it can be not only a High Performance Organization but also an organization which can lead the industry of language learning to another level. The objective is to create a new bit of software based on VoIP and Video Conferencing for the tutors and students to interact in a live session. The project is focused on the Research and Development Department of Rosetta Stone Inc. where the new service will be developed. Implementation of this service will require the use of relational database management system (RDBMS) in a cloud. The intent is to use PostgreSQL, an open-source database which is...
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...ASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database Design/ Computer Networking/ System Analysis/ Project Management/Project Development/ IT & Society/ and. - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runs as an ... - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runsASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database Design/ Computer Networking/ System Analysis/ Project Management/Project Development/ IT & Society/ and. - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexiASSIGNMENT and ESSAY. ... others)Information Technology (Programming/ Languages (Java, C++, VB, .NET, & etc)/Database Design/ Computer Networking/ System Analysis/ Project Management/Project Development/ IT & Society/ and. - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment. ..... Sorry, I had to laugh at that paper! ... Java on the other hand is cross-platform, and also traditionally runs as an ... - NET programmers continue to struggle with the complexities of a hybrid managed/unmanaged environment...
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...Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 01: Basic Concepts of Architecture and Assembly Language CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 1.2: Basic Hardware Components of a Computer System John Vee MI P. Martinez, CSIT Instructor College of Information and Computing Sciences KING’S COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER 1.3: Assembly Language CHAPTER 1.4: Programmer's View of a Computer System Computer Organization and Architecture CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez CHAPTER 1.1: Basic Concepts of Computer Architecture ASSIGNMENT #01: LEARNING OUTCOME #01: Next Learning Outcome: After engaging in each topic, students should have: 1) Differentiate Computer Organization and Computer Architecture? ¼ Yellow Paper, to be submitted next meeting. LO-01: Distinguished the difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization, and discussed the different types of architecture. 1) 2) Computer Organization and Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization Types of Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Instructor: John Vee MI P. Martinez LO 1.1 – Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization LO 1.1 – Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: ...
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...PT 1420 Unit Assignment 1: Homework 1. Describe the role of software for computers. computer software can be divided into Application software uses the computer system to perform useful work or provide entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. System software is designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for running application software. Malicious software computer software developed to harm and disrupt computers. As such, malware is undesirable. Software is essential to a computer because without software, a computer can do nothing. All of the software that we use to make out computers useful is created by individuals known as programmers or software developers. 2. Identify the hardware associated with a computer. The term hardware refers to all of the physical devices, or components, that a computer is made of. A computer is not one single device , but a system of devices that all work together. Like the different instruments in a symphony orchestra, each device in a computer plays its own part. These are the main components; The central processing (CPU), Main, memory, Secondary storage devices, Input devices, Output devices. 3. Describe how computers store data. A modern digital computer represents data using the binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any other form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary...
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...STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE Introduction Computer software, or just software, is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. The term is used to contrast with computer hardware; the physical objects carry out the instructions. Hardware and software require each other and neither has any value without the other. The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem). Colloquially, the term is often used to mean application software. In computer science and software engineering, software is all information processed by computer system, programs and data. The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering. The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like PHP, Perl, JSP or ASP.NET and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics. Software evolution is the term used in software engineering (specifically software...
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...Problem and Its Setting “Computers in Teaching English Language in the Selected Grade Seven Students of Puerto Galera National High School Main Campus S.Y. 20015-2016” Introduction: Living today in a newfangled world, computer seems to be an extremely important technology in our daily lives. Every difficult task can be done with the help of it. The crucial technology distinguishes its culture on all of us. It changes the individual’s ways in facing the role to community, home, work, especially in our school. This society’s willingness embrace the development also affects the creativity of teachers. At present, most teachers use this kind of modern tool as visual aids. Visual aids are assistance where the speaker’s words make more effective. It can be in a way of poster, scale model, or video that presents information visually. Visual aids can be a very significant tool to enhance the impact of presentation. Words and images presented in different formats can appeal directly to students’ imagination, adding power to your spoken words. This kind of teaching can be provided by computer because of its unique features. New upgrade way of teaching fulfills the competencies in every lesson in school. However, one from these competencies is to deal with formidable lessons in English subject. English subject supports the teaching and learning of English language and creative writing across higher education. English is also taught as a foreign language in non- English speaking...
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...Most people think that computer programming just recently had been created but far from that, it started for over a century. Starting from Charles Babbage’s steam driven machine named the Analytical Engine back in 1834. This idea caught the attention of a mathematician Ada Lovelace, she wrote a program to make the Analytical Engine calculate and print a sequence of numbers known as Bernoulli numbers. Because of her work with the Analytical Engine, she is considered as the first ever computer programmer. The first true computer appeared in 1943 when the U.S. Army created a computer called ENIAC that was able to calculate artillery trajectories. To give it instructions, you had to physically flip its different switches and rearrange its cables. However, physically rearranging cables and switches to reprogram a computer proved to be very tasking and clumsy. So instead of physically rearranging the computer’s wiring, computer scientists decided it would be easier to give the computer different instructions. In the old days, computers were taking up entire rooms and cost millions of dollars. Today, computers have shrunk that they are essentially nothing more than a piece of granular bar which are called the central processing unit (CPU), or processor. However in order to tell the processor what to do, you have to give it instructions written in a language that it can understand. That is where programming languages comes in. There many different computer languages and each one of them...
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...THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER One of the earliest machines designed to assist people in calculations was the abacus which is still being used some 5000 years after its invention. In 1642 Blaise Pascal (a famous French mathematician) invented an adding machine based on mechanical gears in which numbers were represented by the cogs on the wheels. Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a "Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods and gears, and also designed a further device which he called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the five key characteristics of modern computers:- 1. An input device 2. Storage for numbers waiting to be processed 3. A processor or number calculator 4. A unit to control the task and the sequence of its calculations 5. An output device Augusta Ada Byron (later Countess of Lovelace) was an associate of Babbage who has become known as the first computer programmer. An American, Herman Hollerith, developed (around 1890) the first electrically driven device. It utilised punched cards and metal rods which passed through the holes to close an electrical circuit and thus cause a counter to advance. This machine was able to complete the calculation of the 1890 U.S. census in 6 weeks compared with 7 1/2 years for the 1880 census which was manually counted. In 1936 Howard Aiken of Harvard University convinced Thomas Watson of IBM to invest $1 million in the development of an electromechanical version of Babbage's analytical engine...
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...Programming Language: 8.1 Introduction to Programming Prepared by : Pn. Marzita Ismail (SC Unit) a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. A set of words, abbreviations, and symbol that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer Eg: Java, C++, Fortran, Cobol, C 8.1.2 Types of Programming Language: 1) Low Level Programming Language • • Why Low Level? : Because it is designed closer to the hardware Machine Language (1st Generation) Assembly Language (2nd Generation) Made up of instructions written in binary code (0 and 1). • Written in mnemonics, more English-like code; codes shorter than The only language that is directly understood by the machine languages computer. Does not need any translator program. • Need to be translated by assembler into machine language before it can be executed by the computer. Machine dependent (written for particular • Machine dependent (written for particular computer and has computer and has to be changed for using on a Describe/what is/ explain/characteristic • different computer). Example of coding to be changed for using on a different computer). Advantages • • Execution speed is very fast. (It does not require any translation because machine language is directly understood by CPU) Translation free (Computer understands only the machine language) Program written in machine language are very lengthy Machine dependent (program is written for particular computer and has...
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