CONCENTRATE FEED STUFFS
Concentrate feeds are feed that are high in nutrients but low in fibre. a. CARBONATIOUS CONCENTRATES:
These are high energy feeds, mostly grains and its by-products. According to Natural Research Council (NRC), these are feed products containing less than 18% fibre. Below are some of their examples: i. MAIZE (CORN): this is the most popular and widely fed grain in the world.it is high in enegy about 18% Total Digestible Nitrogen (TDN), high in phosphorus and calcium, high in thymine, high in lysine but in bound form in pigs, low in protein (white maize 8-9%, yellow maize 11-12%), low in Vitamin D, Riboflavin and pantothenic acid. ii. SORGHUM GRAIN: For maximum digestibility, it should be ground into particles (not powder). It contains high amount of energy, about (75-80% TDN), high protein, about (8-12%), low in carotene, low in calcium and fair in phosphorus. iii. WHEAT GRAINS: this contain high energy about (80% TDN), and (12-14%) crude protein. b. PROTEINATIOUS CONCENTRATES: This could be of plant or animal origin, and the quality and content is highly determined by its processing. Supplements of plant origin are mainly oil seed meals. The manufacturing process of oil seed meal could be ‘’expeller’’ or ‘’hydrolic’’. Expeller process; the seeds are crushed, heated in steam or cooked, then it is pressed to remove oil and the cake is ground. Solvent (hydrolic) process : the seeds are cracked, heated mildly, rolled, oil extracted with hexane flakes, then toasted and ground. Below are some examples of oil seed meals/proteinatious meals. i. SOYABEAN MEAL: solvent extracted meal contains (44-50%)protein, mechanically extracted meal contain (41-44%) protein. Moderately high in energy, about (71-80% TDN) and low in fibre, about (7%), low in calcium about (0.29%), fair in phosphorus (0.63%). Soyabean meal is the most complete amino-acid source among the plant origin or plant protein source used to supplement amino acid deficiency, and low protein content in cereal seeds grains and their by-products. ii. GROUNDNUT CAKE : the composition vary with the quantity of the nut, the method of oil extraction and in some cases the amount of halls included. It contain (40-50%) crude protein, approximately 13% crude fibre, low in calcium 0.2%, fair in phosphorus 0.65%, poor in amino-acid, but limiting in lysine and methyline. The danger in the use of groundnut cake is the presence of afflatoxin which causes ‘’afflatixicosis’’ due to some moulds such as Aspergilus flavis and Aspergilus fumigatus. In feeding groundnut cake to birds, one must expect growth retardation and increased feed requirement unless a good sample of the cake has been supplied or the diet is supplemented with lysine and methaoline. iii. MEAT SCRAPS (MEAT MEAL): This is usually cooked in steam jacketed in its own fats and not under pressure. It contain 45-50% crude protein and high in phosphorus. iv. BLOOD MEAL: This is coagulated blood which have been dried and grind into meal. It is high in protein. v. FISH MEAL: This consist of either whole fish or cuttings (by-products) with or without the extraction of the oil, dried and grind into ameal. There are several types of fish meal depending on the type of fish or fish product used. The crude protein ranges between 35-70% depending on the type of product (whole fish or cuttings) used. It is an excellent protein source of high quality and good source of Vitamin B. vi. FISH SOLUBLES: This is the evaporated products of the aqueous portion of fish obtained when the oil is removed. When dried, it contains about 705 crude protein, if condensed to approximately about 50% dry weight, it contains about 30% crude protein. It is an excellent protein quality and good source of Vitamin B. vii. BAMBARANUT WASTE: The processing of bambaranut into flour results in a large quantity of waste. Preliminary investigation reveals that about 20-22% of the total weight of the nut are lost during processing, and they are virtually free from metabolic inhibitors and toxins, a common phenomenon in legumes feeds. Onyimonyi and Onukwufor (2003) reported that toasted bambaranut wastes contains 17% crude fibre, 4.5% Ether extracts, 17%-18% crude protein, 3.6% Ash and 53.5% Nitrogen Free Extractives (NFE). Ocheja and Ayo-Ade (2006) obtained 80% dry matter, 17.65% crude protein, 17.00% crude fibre, 5.82% Ether extract, 6.14% Ash and 53.39% Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) for toasted bambaranut wastes. Onyimonyi and Okeke (2000) recommended 10% nutrition level of toasted bambaranut waste as uptimum for weaned pigs. Onyimonyi and Onukwufor (2003) reported that toasted bambaranut waste could be incorporated in diet for growing birds (broilers/pullets)up to 20% nutrition level without any adverse effect on the performance of the birds. viii. CEREALS SPENT GRAINS (BURUKUTU WASTES): This is the residue from brewing ‘’burukutu’’ a traditional alcoholic drinks either from millet or sorghum or both. This waste is similar to brewers’ industrial waste when dried, it is similar to dried spent grain from malted barley in all proximate components except crude fibre. Ocheja et al (2008b) reported proximate chemical composition of burukutu waste to be as follows: dry matter 90.00%, crude protein 19.00%, crude fibre 14.11%, Ether extract 6.43%, Ash 4.07% and Nitrogen Free Extract 53.39%.

METHODS OF FEED FORMULATIION 1. Pearson square method 2. Algebraic method 3. The use of computer PEARSON SQUARE METHOD: This is useful when using a concentrate and one locally grown/available grain. The use oof this method allows us to blend two feed stuffs with different nutrient concentration into mixture with desirable concentration. Example.1. Formulate a 100kg of complete chick starter ration containing 20% crude protein in the presence of the following ingredients; Maize 8.9%, crude protein and poultry concentrate 45% crude protein. Solution: STEP 1: Maize 8.9 25 parts Maize 20

Poultry conc. 45 11.1 parts poultry conc.

25.0 parts + 11.1 parts 36.1 part

Note: i. Subtract diagonally to arrive at your answer in parts. ii. The lesser value is always subtracted from the greater value, all in parts and not in percentage. iii. One feed ingredients must have a value higher , and the other lower than the desired concentration. STEP 2. Express as percentage. :. % of Maize mixture =25/36.1 * 100 = 69. 25% % of poultry conc. =11.1/36.1 * 100 =30.75% STEP 3. Specify the kilogram of ration (feed). (Nt: in the question 100kg of ration) = 69.25/100 * 100kg = 69.25kg Maize = 30.75/100 * 100kg = 30.75kg poultry conc. Check 8.9/100 * 69.25 = 6.2 Maize 45/100 * 30.75 = 13.8 poultry conc. 13.8 + 6.2 20.0

Example 2. Formulation of ration using two or more feed ingredients. Prepare 100kg of a ration containing 12% crude protein from the mixture of maize 8.9% crude protein, soyabean meal 44% crude protein, fish meal 72% crude protein where soyabean and fish meal are in the ratio of 3:1 Solution Arrive at the average or weighed mean of the protein feed ingredients (soyabean meal and fish meal {3:1}) Unit protein = 3 * 44% = 132 protein Unit fish meal = 1 * 72% = 72 protein (3:1) = 3+1=4 =4parts protein=132+72 = 204 Unit protein STEP 2.