...PROJECT 2 Concept Paper: Discretion Background: Discretion is the exercising of choice. Usually discretion involves a conscious, purposeful decision to disregard a directive, protocol, or normative behavior in favor of some alternative recourse deemed to be more appropriate to the current circumstance or condition. The exercise of discretion is fraught with risk, however. Deviation from direction may be construed as disrespect, disobedience, or worse. But a failure to identify the appropriate application of discretion may brand the leader as insensitive, unrealistic, or a martinet. The various elements and characters in the criminal justice system are replete with the opportunity (and the necessity) for the exercise of discretion, none more so than the law enforcement function. The role of the police administrator is doubly challenging, as he or she must determine how best to use discretion as well as encourage or dissuade discretion by subordinate members of the agency. Project Assignment: You will submit a concept paper describing two discretionary situations for a police chief. The situations may focus on either operational issues (e.g., uniform patrol deployment, criminal investigation/arrest, traffic control, crime prevention, etc.) or administrative issues (e.g., disciplinary action, hiring, training, budget/procurement, public information, etc.). The exercise of discretion in one situation may be appropriate while being inappropriate in another. For each situation...
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...Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.5, No.4, 2014 www.iiste.org Development of Accounting Theory Based on Islamic Teachings: A Glance over Principle of Al-Adl and Al-Ihsan Shaukat Amer1* Sofri Bin Yahya2 1- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Kamra Road, Attock, Pakistan. 2- Dean, Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *E-mail of the corresponding author: shaukat_amer@comsats.edu.pk Abstract The beauty of accounting based on Islamic principles is that it not only deals with the valuation but also deals with an inbuilt accountability mechanism. Generally the accounting should be able to perform roles like keeping safe custody of interests, certifying true and fair view of business, enabling accountability and providing reliable information for successful decision making to all the stakeholders. In this context there are three main issues with respect to present system of setting accounting standards. These are undue pressures of certain groups in setting these standards, no role of owners in setting these standards, and flexibility/discretion in applying these standards which may lead to subjectivity. These may results in incorrect valuation of business transactions, increasing management discretion which in return will increase corporate governance issues including incorrect financial reporting, earning management and limiting decision making ability of the stakeholders. In order to...
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...Police Discretion Case Analysis Albeiro E. Florez Law Enforcement Administration CCJS 340 Due by 13 October 2013 Author Note Albeiro E. Florez, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Maryland University College. This report is a response to Professor Jeffrey B. Bumgarner’s project 2 directives. Correspondence concerning this report should be addressed to Albeiro E. Florez, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Maryland University College, Adelphi eCampus, Adelphi, MD 20783. Contact: florezalbeiro87@gmail.com Police Discretion Case Analysis People make decisions on a daily basis to decide what we should do in any given situation. Having the knowledge to differentiate between what is appropriate or inappropriate is what gives us the freedom to make this decision with the correct judgment. In law enforcement, sworn officers are taught to face any situation by employing good judgment and making the best decisions by themselves or with little to no supervision. This is what we know as police discretion (The Rynard Law Firm, 2007). The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes discretion as “the quality of being careful about what you do and say so that people will not be embarrassed or offended” (Merriam-Webster, 2013). Although systematic routines and protocols need to be followed by officers to ensure they abide by the law as well as to enforce it, often circumstances will show up and force officers to make a decision based on what they feel is right...
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... Nr. 13 Accountability and Responsibility in Organizations: the Ethics of Discretion Raymond W. Cox III University of Akron Akron, Ohio, USA The article presents a comprehensive approach to the administrative discretion. The objective of the paper has been to outline a perspective and patterns of behaviour, which are helpful defining "discretion in action". Theoretical discussion on the issue has been extended towards practical implications. Author stresses, that establishing a decision-making architecture, leaders of the organization can create learning and supportive environment, which encourages appropriate and limited use of discretion. Raktažodžiai: atskaitomybė, atsakomybė, diskretiškumas, etika, korupcija, sprendimų priėmimas. Keywords: accountability, responsibility, discretion, ethics, corruption, decision making. Introduction Few aspects of Public Administration engender more controversy than the idea of discretion. For most, the attitude toward the exercise of discretion must be described as ambiguous and even ambivalent. While the necessity of the exercise of discretion is not disputed, there is little agreement on the normative foundation (Bryner, 1987) for that activity. Yet without a normative foundation, there is little basis upon which to judge the exercise of discretion. Recent literature on ethical practices in the governments of Africa has boldly asserted that discretion leads to the breakdown of the rule of law and threatens the capacity to govern...
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...Introduction ‘Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?’- The Satires of Juvenal Over the years, the New South Wales police have received expanded powers through a raft of legislative amendments. It is evident that in dealing with any given circumstance that arises during the execution of their duties, officers may rely on both the common law and statutory powers to give effect to powers such as a warrantless arrest. In context of this power, the common law concept of the breach of peace deserves particular attention due to the dangers of misuse or abuse in its interpretation by the police. This paper will discuss how the common law and the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act (2002) (LEPRA) give lawful effect to arrest and other various powers against offences connected to a breach of the peace. Finally, it will assess whether there is any practical desirability and utility of codifying such a power. This will be achieved by critically evaluating whether the current state of the law with respect to police discretionary powers effectively prescribes a balance between the law enforcement culture and the continuing maintenance of civil rights and liberties. In doing so, it will conclude by examining the consequences and implications of codification. Development of ‘breach of the peace’ The breach of the peace is one of the earliest offences in common law whose provenance can be found through English law in the sanctity of the home unit where ‘every man was entitled to peace...
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...WEEK 8 FINAL PAPER: DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS Purpose The purpose of this diagnostic analysis is to create an opportunity to use the ideas and concepts discussed in the course in the analysis of a real organizational situation. The situation may be drawn from your experiences, or if you are not working or do not have a frame of reference, then research an organization through the online library (www.greatplacetowork.com/). Your choice of the situation is important and will take considerable judgment and discretion in deciding whether it is feasible to use it for the purposes of the papers. Discretion and confidentiality are of utmost importance in this analysis. So, disguise the source of the case study (unless it is drawn from public record) through use of appropriate pseudonyms. Learning objectives of the Final Paper: 1. Identify an organizational situation for the purpose of analysis (the situation must be sufficiently complex to generate enough material to satisfy the requirements as outlined below) 2. Analyze how the images, concepts and theoretical frameworks help to make sense of the situation 3. Construct a case study that relates evidence to theory and provide an appropriate analysis and explanation of the situation described Organizational Analysis in a Nutshell Organizational analysis is the ability to examine an organization/organizational situation so that its fundamental characteristics are made clear. It is not simply spotting problems...
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...Santa Ana College ART 100 ---- Winter Intersession 2016 --- Intersession INTRODUCTION TO ART CONCEPTS Instructor: Michael Fremont Redfield Email: redfield_michael@sac.edu Office Phone: 714-564-5600 Mobile Phone: 949-293-9737 Office Location: by appointment ART 100 --- Introduction to Art An introductory course for both the general interest and art major student: a survey of the nature and role of the visual arts in society. Art theory, art practices and an overview of art history will be required. The Medias of art will also be explored. Field trips are required. This course will enable the student to understand the historical, social, and psychological factors involved in the creation of works of art through an analysis of the language, media, and rationale of visual communication. Prerequisites: None. Units: Three Required Text: Artforms, 11th Edition, Patrick Frank, Pearson Prentice/Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Method of Presentation: Lectures with PowerPoint presentations and class discussion. Student Learning Outcomes: Art 100 – Introduction to Art Concepts is a survey course whose purpose is to develop the ability of students to see an art object or building on objective, perceptual, and interpretive levels. The student will learn the vocabulary of art; recognize the materials and techniques of art processes and learn to recognize the historical styles and changing tastes of the public and the art market. ...
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...point of view. Teacher is a major stickler when it comes to papers and I am willing to pay a good price to have this completed. Research Paper – The research paper should incorporate the concepts and principles related to the study of Human Resource Management covered within the course. The organization, and/or management issue, that you choose must have enough written about it in order for you to do an indepth analysis. All papers should be proofread, free of spelling/grammatical errors, include proper citations, and be in accordance with current APA standards. A minimum of five (5) scholarly references are required. The paper must be uploaded to Moodle (by the required due date) and assembled as follows: • Cover sheet (Subject, Title, Course Number and Name). • A total 56 pages (numbered), doublespaced (12point font:TNR). The paper must be written in “3rd person.” • Margins: Top & Left (1.5 inches); Bottom & Right (1.0). • No newspaper or Internet sources will be accepted, including Wikipedia; professional trade magazines (e.g. Business Week, Fortune, Harvard Business Review, etc.) may be used, but will not count toward the required scholarly references. • A Reference List is required; appropriate tables and figures may be used when warranted. • Additional requirements may be requested at the discretion of the Instructor PowerPoint Presentation A PowerPoint Presentation of the research paper is required during the last week of class. The presentation should...
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...0 Class Hours: T, TR 5:10p.m.-6:35 p.m. Phone: e-mail: sakili@swccd.edu Course Description: Addresses contemporary public health issues and development of holistically healthy living. Provides an overview of epidemiology, chronic and infectious diseases, environmental health, injury prevention, chemical dependency, nutrition, health policies and promotion, global health, body composition, fitness, psychological wellness, fertility, sexuality, emergency preparedness, disaster response, conflict resolution, and end of the life cycle. Text: Insel, P. & Roth, W. (2011). Core concepts in health. 13th ed. brief. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. ISBN: 978-0-07-8028533 MHID: 0-07-802853-1 Student Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Identify present health condition that may develop into disease and modify them as necessary. 2. Identify causes and health consequences of stress and implement stress management techniques. 3. Evaluate components of a good relationship including communication, responsibility, commitment, and sexuality. 4. Design an exercise program to improve cardiovascular health. 5. Analyze daily diet for balance of essential nutrients, design and implement an appropriate dietary regimen to meet weight and activity...
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...Discretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices. More specifically, it is defined as “the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events. Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discretion leads to selective enforcement practices and may result in discrimination against certain groups of people or select individuals (Young, 2011). Most police officer discretion is exercised in situational situations with individuals (Sherman, 1984). Discrimination can lead to legal problems for an officer of the law. If discrimination due to an officer’s use of discretion results in a violation of due process it is a violation of the law (Young, 2010). Due process is the constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of liberty, life, or property (Pollock, 2010). One of the main concerns with using discretion is the possibility of it leading to a violation of due process by racial profiling. Types of Negative Police Discretion Racial profiling occurs when a police officer uses a “profile” as reasonable suspicion to stop a person with the intent to obtain consent to search their belongings (Pollock, 2010). These stops are usually traffic stops and the officer is looking to obtain consent to search the...
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...financial regulation in creating exacerbating the crisis. There have been proposals for how to regulate the financial markets and financial institutions should be changed to ease the potential for large scale financial meltdowns in the future. There are many aspects of the financial system under debate, including the alleged role played by financial accounting standards in deepening the trajectory of the crisis. The crisis has forced politicians, regulators and economists to scrutinise financial accounting standards and create pressure for change, which creates an opportune moment to consider how to organise the analysis of efficient regulatory choice. This paper lays out the basic arguments that have been put forth both for and against the regulation of corporate reporting. 2. The Case of Mandatory Disclosure Here the paper discusses issues related to the nature of disclosure, whether it is a case of choice or formal regulation (voluntary or mandatory). We are being introduced key theories surrounding above issue and criticism. First is the public interest theory (helping hand). The simplest way to explain it is that...
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...skills, and oral communication skills. Students will be expected to participate actively, so that they may master these essential skills that are vital to succeed in the future. FLORIDA SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDS For Language Arts (English), the Florida Department of Education has revised certain standards and benchmarks for the 2011-12 school year. Students should accomplish these standards and benchmarks during his / her studies. The Language Arts curriculum has been broken down into six major strands: 1 = Reading Process 2 = Literary Analysis 3 = Writing Process 4 = Writing Applications 5 = Communication 6 = Information & Media Literacy Supplies: Notebook paper (College Ruled) Blue or Black ink pens (No other colors or metallic colors are allowed) Highlighters (4 different colors) Post-it Notes Plastic Paper Covers 1 three ring binder with 5 dividers is a must so that notes and assignments can be organized Jump drive (suggested) Black and White Composition Book or single subject spiral MLA Style Handbook, College Level Dictionary and Thesaurus (Suggested) ***You will need to purchase or borrow various novels for this course*** All assignments, textbooks, homework,...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Criminal Justice SSecurity Security | | |CJS/220 Version 4 | | |The Court System | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introduction and overview of the legal system, the participants, the courtroom process, and post-conviction process of the court system. It demonstrates the connections among participants and how they relate to each other. Additionally, the course covers the history of the court system and the different types of court at the state and federal levels. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the...
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...Hewlett-Packard [Year] CORRUPTION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: Introduction Nigeria is rich in natural and human resources, with a population of over 150 million people; the most populous country in Africa. At the time of her political Independence, on 1st October 1960, Nigeria excelled in production of agricultural produce such as groundnut, palm oil, cocoa, cotton, beans, timber and hides and skins. Then, during the oil boom period of the seventies Nigeria made headlines with her oil wealth, as a country richly endowed with oil and natural gas resources capable of financing a number of important projects to meet basic consumption and development needs (Salisu, 200:2). With per capital income of around $1,100 during the late 1970’s Nigeria was regarded as the fastest growing country in Sub-Sahara Africa (Salisu, Ibid). Yet it remains predominantly underdeveloped due to the scourge of corruption that has corroded it. Corruption denies the ordinary citizen the basic means of livelihood, it worsen unemployment and erodes our image as a nation and as individual (Danjuma Goje 2010:1). It has undermined Nigeria’s economic growth and development potential, with a per capital income of $340, Nigeria now ranks amongst the least developed countries in the World Bank League table (Salusi, op.cit). Nigeria’s higher education system once regarded as the best in Sub-Sahara Africa is in deep crisis. Health services are woefully inadequate, graduate unemployment...
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...“The Competitive Effects of Advertising in the US Automobile Industry, - Greuner, Kamerschen and Klein “Organizational or Frictional Equilibria, X-Efficiency, and the Rate of Innovation.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics Leibenstein “X-Inefficiency Xists-Reply to an Xorcist” American Economic Review Leibenstein Introduction paper 1: Is advertising anticompetitive? Some economists argue that advertising performs a useful social function by providing consumers with information about price, product quality, and availability, making markets more competitive and driving down profit rates. Empirical evidence on the relationship between advertising and profitability is mixed. The pioneering study by Comanor and Wilson found a positive and statistically significant relationship between advertising and profits, as did an early study by Shephard. These results were challenged by others because they treated advertising as an expense rather than an investment, overstating the true rates of return to advertising. More recently, other economists have found positive and statistically significant relationships between advertising and profits in US manufacturing. Porter and other economists failed to find a statistically significant effect. As is well known, however, the causal relation between advertising and profit is uncertain, and some of the early studies regressing profit rates on advertising fail to account for the possible endogeneity of advertising. We contribute to this...
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