...Physical Geography Chapter 1: The Discipline of Geography Principles of Geography Geography is the study of the distributions and interrelationships of earth phenomena. Geography is different from other disciplines in that it doesn't have a particular "thing" it studies. Botanists study plants, while geologists are interested in rocks. Geography is defined by its approach or methodology. Geographers describe their discipline as a spatial science. By "space" we aren't talking about celestial space. Geographers are concerned with answering questions about how and why phenomena vary across the surface of the Earth. For instance, geographers investigate patterns of vegetation as they relate to distributions of climate, soils, and topography. Geographers recognize the dynamic nature of Earth's physical systems. The physical geography of Earth changes in response to variations in weather and climate, the shifting of continents, and and the sculpting of coastlines by wave action. By recognizing the Earth system is dynamic, geographers take time into consideration when looking at the spatial patterns of Earth phenomena. Therefore, geographers are playing important roles in understanding the effects of climate change on earth systems. The role of geographers in assessing patterns of environmental change is a theme that reoccurs throughout this book. Figure 1.1 Folded Appalachian Mountains Linear folds of the Appalachian Mountains can be easily seen in this satellite image. (Source: NASA/GSFC/JPL...
Words: 8683 - Pages: 35
...THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework that used in the study is the IPO or the Input-Process-Output pattern; this is widely used for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic structure for describing a process. In this diagram, the IPO is connected by an arrow and viewed by a series of boxes. Flowchart and conceptual framework are often used to represent the process of one study and allow us to map and assess the research findings. What goes in is the input; what causes the change is the process; and what comes out is the output. Fast and Accurate than the manual type in computing grade. Using the program to calculate the grade of a student. Evaluation about the program The manual computation of grades using a calculator or other software. Input Process Output Figure 1. Input-Output-Process A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply. Figure 1 shown to represent the concept behind the development of the program for the first box which is input, we all know that the manual process of computing grade is prone to human error and time consuming so we propose this program to solve the said problem. The process...
Words: 307 - Pages: 2
...aplicate Anul II. Sem. I Introduction From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of metaphor as a cognitive process, where metaphor is constructed from human perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation onto another when we read texts. Cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researchers within the field of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated. Definition and Construction of Metaphor As we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in terms of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek ‘metapherein’ which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic theory. In a metaphor, one of the basic senses of a form, the source domain, is used...
Words: 2068 - Pages: 9
...Cognitive Linguistic and Idioms General considerations about cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is a new approach to the study of language which emerged in the late seventies and early eighties and interprets linguistic knowledge as part of general cognition and thinking. This new contemporary study that argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special –purpose language module, is therefore associated with semantics, but is distinct from psycholinguistics, which draws upon empirical findings from cognitive psychology in order to explain the mental processes that underlie the acquisition and storage of speech. The most influential linguists working along these lines and focusing on cognitive principles were Charles Fillmore, Wallace Chafe, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, Roland Langacker and Leonard Talmy. The most important assumption shared by all these researchers is that meaning is so central to language that it must be a primary focus of study. Linguistic structures serve the function of expressing meanings and thus, the mapping between meaning and form are a prime subject of linguistic analysis. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Dirk Geerates stated : “ Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function, where cognitive refers to the crucial role of intermediate informational structures in our encounters with the world. Cognitive Linguistics is cognitive in the same way that cognitive...
Words: 2560 - Pages: 11
...In computing, mmap is a POSIX-compliant Unix system call that maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because initially file contents are not entirely read from disk and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. In Linux, Mac OS X and the BSDs, mmap can create several types of mappings. Anonymous mappings are mappings of that area of the process's virtual memory backed by the swap space instead of by a file in the file system name space. In this respect an anonymous mapping is similar to malloc, and is used in some malloc implementations for certain allocations. However, anonymous mappings are not part of the POSIX standard, though implemented by almost all systems. File-backed mappings are mappings of virtual memory to files. Access to those areas of memory causes the file to be read. If the mapping is shared, writes to that area in one process will affect other processes with that area mapped and the underlying file; otherwise, if the mapping is private, the changes will not be seen by other processes nor written to the file. A process reading from or writing to the underlying file will not always see the same data as a process that has mapped the file, since the segment of the file is copied into RAM and periodically flushed to disk. Synchronization can be forced with the msync system call. mmaping...
Words: 315 - Pages: 2
...ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6 Design Plate number 3 “ PHILIPPINE/NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION MUSEUM” THE PROBLEM: THE Philippine Government thru the Ministry of transportation in cooperation with several civic organizations has proposed to construct Land Transportation Museum (Phase-1) to preserve and save all different types of land transportation in existence and value to show and document our heritage thru the evolution of land transportation in the Philippines. THE PURPOSE: There are a lot of cars and other vehicles of value and a few have already been restored by some club members of the Vintage Car Club of the Philippines Such as the V-16 Cadillac Limousine of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the Packard Limousine of president Jose P. Laurel Sr. and lately the Chrysler Zypher, bullet proof car of president Manuel L. Quezon. These cars, all part of our transportation history, are kept in different place in our country. These priceless cars need a permanent home, where it can be shown to public at the same time, be a tourist attraction which would contribute immensely to the Tourist industry. THE SITE: The site shown in the last two pages is located at the Manila-Cavite coastal road, very close to the site of the sport complex and almost in front of the Asian Development Bank Building. The lot has an area of approximately 30,000 SM. The proposed area has a relatively flat terrain which slopes towards the 30,00 M. wide Estero which is adjacent to the Manila Bay. THE REQUIRED DRAWINGS: ...
Words: 857 - Pages: 4
...centralized database pertaining only to the city and county of San Diego. What this does, is contractors, landscapers, and essentially anyone else who is inquiring about data regarding environmental or geographic information, can pay to access the system. For instance, by cooperating with other local agencies, SanGIS can uphold the integrity of geographic information with accuracy and precision for any party that is interested in statistical information, data extractions, data sharing, etc. For an example query of the application, someone could inquire on where the closest fire stations, schools, public libraries, police stations, etc. are, using an interactive map. There are multiple filters to the interactive map; a base map that shows roads, county lines, parcels, and city lines. A second filter to the interactive map is called a dynamic filter. The dynamic filter can be turned on and off by the user and has three categories; districts, ecology, and places. It also includes data such as vegetation and public service stations. The primary use would be if a company wanted to build a new building in a vacant lot, they would use SanGIS to figure out where the lot is in correlation to exact city, districts for emergency services, county lines for legislative purposes, as well as coordinates...
Words: 449 - Pages: 2
...1. What were the driving forces that lead Wells Fargo OFS to redesign their strategy and processes? Wells Fargo launched its online financial services much ahead of their competitors and with the astonishing response of the growing customer base, they enhanced the online services with all major banking services like reviewing their accounts and balances, bill payments etc. The OFS primarily focused on the maintaining the high attrition rate of online customers and provide all their customer with a low cost service medium. The OFS group recovered their cost by charging other department within the bank depending on the activity of the customer after logging into the portal. However due to this main the purpose of providing a low cost media to the customer was being lost in the need of generating OFS group revenue. Because of this the OFS had reached a point where the profits and costs were equal. Wells Fargo’s traditional approach to measure performance and strategies using the financial metrics led to poor decision making while the online banking needed a well-planned long term goal as it was one of the driving factor of the business in the coming years. Also, because of the rapidly changing technological trends on a daily basis in the internet media, the OFS had to be upstream in their approach to keep with the latest technologies. This involved new competitive threats and meeting the customer demands became a challenge due to the varied customer base in the online banking...
Words: 850 - Pages: 4
...influence one another over time; and why places and the people who live in them develop and change in particular ways. Raising these questions is at the heart of the “geographic perspective.” Exploration has long been an important part of geography. But exploration no longer simply means going to places that have not been visited before. It means documenting and trying to explain the variations that exist across the surface of Earth, as well as figuring out what those variations mean for the future. The age-old practice of mapping still plays an important role in this type of exploration, but exploration can also be done by using images from satellites or gathering information from interviews. Discoveries can come by using computers to map and analyze the relationship among things in geographic space, or from piecing together the multiple forces, near and far, that shape the way individual...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
...that function well, as well as areas that we investigated and had concerns about. There is a level of reasonableness that goes into safety but accidents are not planned and in an emergency situation they are the risk of one is higher. An example of a emergency could be a fire, earthquake, power outage, flood, or threat. The purpose of addressing these concerns is to help prevent unnecessary accidents for staff and student. The building our team looked at was the Library and upper study hall by the library. Building Features The buildings were built to a certain level of safety and it is important to address the positives that already exist. * Sprinklers cover all area of floor space so fires would struggle to spread * Building maps located throughout the school that highlight exits and fire extinguishers * Easily spotted and accessible fire extinguishers * Stairs have added tread to avoid slipping for normal walking or emergency evacuation * Light fixtures have protective cover, so glass will never fall from ceiling Safety Oversights The following include safety concerns that arose concern when considering what could happen in an emergency situation when accidents happen. * When the building was first designed all the chair in the upper study by the library were bolted down away from the railing but over time more chairs have been added and those chairs are the same level as the railing. It is a full story fall down from that level and currently...
Words: 755 - Pages: 4
...retreat (15 marks) Fieldwork is the collection of primary data carried out at the location in the field. Research is secondary data and archival research normally carried out before or after investigation in the field. Coastal retreat is the removal of sediment from the shoreline/erosion resulting in the coastline moving back. During the investigation it would be important to consider the different fieldwork technique that I have used e.g. GOAD mapping this technique is a record of different business and building in the location however this data is being collected by walking around the location looking at GOAD map to see changes overtime, this appropriate and out as evidence because if there was building on the coast that is not present it show in comparison that the coast has been retreat. This information may not be accurate because of the limitation has in the GOAD map may not have enough details about building, house and business details. The second fieldwork technique that I would undertake is field sketch/photos this is being collected by drawing a sketch of landmarks and geologically feature of the land like cliffs, headland and wave cut platform, the more detail being draw the more accurate the field sketch also the photos are being taken by a camera to record the feature of the location in more details. This may act as evidence for coastal retreat because if you compare other field sketch that was done by other researcher and there have being changes in the land mass...
Words: 790 - Pages: 4
...Geography - Maps Continents and Oceans of the World There are 7 continents in the world 1. Africa 2. Antarctica 3. Asia 4. Australia 5. Europe 6. North America 7. South America There are 5 Oceans 1. Pacific 2. Atlantic 3. Southern 4. Indian 5. Arctic The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans, followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. The ocean covers 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contains 97 percent of the planet's water. Map skills To use a map effectively you need to know how to read the information. This is done by learning basic map skills. Measuring Distance Being able to measure the distance between two points on a map is very important. It allows you to work out what distance is in real life. Every map is printed with a scale bar that converts the distance you measure on a map (usually in centimetres or inches) into a real life distance (usually in kilometres or miles). A quick way to measure distance is to count each square you cross on the map. Understanding Scale It wouldn't be possible for maps to show things the size they are in real life, so maps make things smaller using scale. Drawing something to scale means showing it at a different size to what it is in real life. When maps are drawn to scale things are made many times smaller than they really are. Because maps are important to a lot of people, this...
Words: 1426 - Pages: 6
...Question 2 Map scale is the relationship between the distance on a map and the distance in reality. Map scales can be represented as a scale ratio, a word statement or a graphic line scale. Example of a scale ratio would be 1:2500 and the word statement would be 1 cm on the map equals 25m on the ground, while a line scale is a line on the map representing distance in reality which can be measured to determine the scale. A large representational scale would be a large fraction like 1:2500, while a small scale would be a smaller fraction like 1:1000000. The larger the scale the closer to reality is...
Words: 583 - Pages: 3
...been facing many problems which resulted from human activites such as stealing the forest products, and the existence of tea plantation in this protected area. The research objectives is to develop the habitat suitability map of Javan gibbon in Gunung Tilu Protected Area (GTPA) utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS). Method Javan gibbon habitat suitability mapping was initiated by collection the spatial and attribute data, such as digital map, data survey, and literature. This mapping was based on some habitat variable which determine the Javan gibbon habitat suitability, namely Leaf Area Index (LAI), accesibility (elevation and slope), and distance to road. Variables then were analyzed with GIS and produced thematic map for each variable. Javan gibbon distribution survey data in GTPA by KONUS (Konservasi Alam Nusantara) was used for determine the weight value of habitat variable using a Principal Componenet Analysis (PCA). Result of PCA were utilized as weight to determine Javan gibbon habitat suitability model. Furthermore, the model analyzed by using scoring and overlay methode. Result and disscussion The habitat suitability model: IKH = (2,154xFLAI) + (2,154xFjalan) + (1,044xFtinggi) + (1,044xFlereng). The habitat suitability map were reclassified into three suitability class. The result showed that there were 10263, 125 hectares of low suitability habitat (suitability value 2,088-7,1081), 6197,3125 hectares of medium suitability habitat (7,1081-14...
Words: 316 - Pages: 2
...MapX Developer’s Guide MapInfo Corporation Troy, NY 2 MapX Developer’s Guide Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor or its representatives. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying without the written permission of MapInfo Corporation, One Global View, Troy, New York 12180–8399. ©1992–1999 MapInfo Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. MapInfo Help ©1992–1999 MapInfo Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. MapInfo, MapInfo Professional, MapBasic, MapXtreme and the MapInfo Logo are registered trademarks of MapInfo Corporation. Contact MapInfo Corporation on the Internet at: http://www.mapinfo.com MapInfo Corporate Headquarters: Voice: (518) 285–6000 Fax: (518) 285–6060 Sales Info Hotline: (800) 327–8627 Federal Sales: (800) 619–2333 Technical Support Hotline: (518) 285–7283 Technical Support Fax: (518) 285–6080 MapInfo Europe Headquarters: England voice: +44 (0)1753 848 229 fax: +44 (0)1753 621 140 Germany voice: +49 6196 6700 0 fax: +49 6196 6700 11 For international customers, please use the Technical Support Fax number. WARNING: This software uses patented LZW technology for .GIF image compression and/or decompression. (Unisys United States patent No. 4,558,302 and corresponding patents in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom). GIF images compressed...
Words: 73952 - Pages: 296
