...HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STANDARD EIGHT PUPILS IN MATHIRA EAST CONSTITUENCY: A CASE STUDY OF RAGATI, KARURA, KIRIGU AND D.E.B PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS PRESENTED BY: GRACE MUNGA EDU/DECD/5018/09 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO KARATINA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF A DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (ECDE) May-August 2011 Supervisor: SW Macharia DECLARATION I, Grace Munga, ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 declare that this proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any college or university. ______________________________ Date_____________________ GRACE MUNGA ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 This research proposal has been submitted for the examination with my approval as the supervisor. ___________________________ Date ______________________ Sw Macharia Dedication I dedicate this research project to my family, especially my mom and dad who offered me great emotional and financial support while I was carrying out the study. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the standard eight pupils who took part in this research study and willingly answered the research questions that I asked them. Also the school heads for allowing their students to be part of this research. Without their participation, this study would not have been successful. I also acknowledge my lecturer Mr. Macharia for offering academic guidance and corrections when I was carrying out the study. ...
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...[pic] What is Withdrawal? The withdrawal method of contraception, also known as coitus interruptus, is the practice of withdrawing the penis from vagina away from a woman’s external genitals before ejaculation to prevent pregnancy. How to use withdrawal Contraception method? • The male sexual partner should withdraw his penis from the female partner's vagina when he feels like he is about to ejaculate • Ensure that his penis is away from the woman's external genital area before ejaculating • Urinating helps wash away any sperm which may remain in his penis, so after ejaculation, the man should urinate before having sex again • Emergency contraceptives should be used if the method fails How withdrawal methods work? It prevents sperm coming into contact with an oocyte and therefore prevents fertilization by preventing sperm entering the woman’s uterus. Benefits of Withdrawal Contraceptive • It has no side effects • It is available to all couples as a primary or backup method • It is priceless • It may encourage couples to communicate and promotes male responsibility for contraceptive protection • It help males to manage premature ejaculation Limitations of Withdrawal Contraception • It is one of the least effective contraceptive methods • High levels of self control is...
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...|There are many ways to get information. The most common research methods are: literature searches, talking with people, focus groups, personal interviews, | |telephone surveys, mail surveys, email surveys, and internet surveys. | |A literature search involves reviewing all readily available materials. These materials can include internal company information, relevant trade | |publications, newspapers, magazines, annual reports, company literature, on-line data bases, and any other published materials. It is a very inexpensive | |method of gathering information, although it often does not yield timely information. Literature searches over the web are the fastest, while library | |literature searches can take between one and eight weeks. | |Talking with people is a good way to get information during the initial stages of a research project. It can be used to gather information that is not | |publicly available, or that is too new to be found in the literature. Examples might include meetings with prospects, customers, suppliers, and other types | |of business conversations at trade shows, seminars, and association meetings. Although often valuable, the information has questionable validity because it | |is highly subjective and might not be representative of the...
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...Scott Bowman Denise Beck W131 July 14, 2010 The Three White Knights of Sex When did sex become so open and recreational, and whose idea was to do that? Throughout humankind, sex is a huge part of our lives. If it weren't, then humans wouldn't probably exist today. It seems the past decade or so, sex, once an intimate and meaningful way of sharing the love of a married couple, turned into something like a hobby or a game. There are three articles that try to answer this question, and even go as far as saying whose fault it is. The first author, Dr. Jean M. Twenge, attempt to explain why Generation Me acts this way through the use of data and observations she collected. The second author, Vigen Guroian, uses the means of personal experience of his generation and compares it to his observations. Finally, the last author, Mragaret Morganroth Gullette, takes a strong stance in a feminist viewpoint that makes the text hard to follow and taken seriously. Although all articles have an agreement that this new idea about sex isn’t a wonderful thing, Twenge blames the older generation, while Guroian blames colleges and Gullette blames the media and men. For the most part, I agree with Twenge, however, college and the media play a strong role in the influence of sex, but men aren’t as responsible as Gullette lead on. To summerize, Twenge begins the section with the term “hooking up” as a term used for people that get together, have casual relations, then possibly never...
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...Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to "Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases". Their targets are to (1) Stop and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/ AIDS by 2015, (2) Attain universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all the people who need it and (3) Stop and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015. Globally, new HIV infections continue to decline in some regions dropping 21% from 2001 to 2011. More people are living with HIV due to fewer AIDS - related deaths because of the scaling up of antiretroviral therapy; the continued large number of new infections with 2.5 million people are newly infected each year. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission remains low among young people, along with condom use. More orphaned children are now in school due to expanded efforts to mitigate the impact of AIDS (Goal 6, 2013). While the target was missed by 2011, access to treatment for people living with HIV increased in all regions. At the end of 2011, 8 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV. This total constitutes an increase of over 1.4 million people from December 2010. By the end of 2011, eleven countries had achieved universal access to antiretroviral therapy (Goal 6, 2013). The global estimated incidence of malaria has decreased by 17% since 2000, and malaria -specific mortality rates by 25%. In the decade since 2000, 1.1 million deaths from malaria were averted. Countries with improved access to malaria control...
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...Luisa Quintana Mrs. Loofbourrow AP English III 12 February 2014 Outline I. Introduction A. Sexual education and abstinence programs seem to be taught nationwide, causing most parents to believe that this affects their children’s decisions regarding sexual activity; however, these programs have not had statistically significant impacts on the rate of sexual abstinence. II. Statics A. Schools 1. 39% of female and 45% of male high school students have had sexual intercourse. 2. Half of the students don’t really pay attention because they’re already having intercourse. 3. No significant changes since Abstinence-only programs started III. Federal Funding 1. 1981, more than 1 billion spent on these programs 2. Some of the funds that are given aren’t correctly monitored 3. 1996 as a welfare reform 4. Spend on programs that haven’t been effectively working for a while IV. Teen pregnancies A. Not mature 1. Not ready to take care of baby 2. Drop out of school 3. Won’t have successful career 4. Too busy with baby if they go to college B. Love & sex 1. Teens don’t take in consideration what consequences are 2. Express feelings in a different way 3. Peer pressure C. Statistics 1. 58% of pregnancies end in abortion 2. Rate of pregnancies is 61.9 out of every 1,000 women 3. Teen rate is 96 out of every 1,000 women V. Abstinence-only vs. Comprehensive sex A. Not working 1. Abstinence only is not consistent 2. Not teaching...
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...Children and Sexual Education Frankie Hellyer Harrison College Children and Sexual Education "A man's ethical behavior should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death”, (S.F.Heart.com, 2012). [Albert Einstein, "Religion and Science", New York Times Magazine, 9 November 1930] In 2000 my first and second grade children arrived home from school with a surprising question for me. I was asked what “69” meant. My response was “the number after 68 and before 70”. That was not the correct answer to the specific question they were asking, yet they were too naive to know any different. I did not feel they were at the appropriate age for a response to that question, but it meant it was time for a small bit of conversation regarding sexual education. Sexual education is opposed by some for religious beliefs, infringement of parental rights, and parental fears of a higher level of sexual promiscuity. Those opposed typically promote abstinence programs, (which have failed our society). Regardless what age a child is, sexual education is a very important topic and I feel it is crucial to start educating about sex now; in the schools; rather than wait for the latter possible unplanned STD, pregnancy, or even the unfortunate act of molestation. Since the beginning of time biblically, our society has been...
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...All women and men should have control over if and when they become parents. Making decisions about birth control, or contraception is not easy - there are many things to think about. Learning about birth control methods you or your partner can use to prevent pregnancy and talking with your health care provider are two good ways to get started. There is no "best" method of birth control. Each method has its own pros and cons. Some methods work better than others do at preventing pregnancy. The birth control method you choose should take into account: your overall health, how often you have sex, the number of sexual partners you have, if you want to have children, how well each method works, any potential side effects, and your comfort level with using the method. Let’s take a look at Contraceptive Pill. It was invented in 1960 and led to a revolution in the history of contraception by enabling women to control their menstrual cycle. Some fifty years later, after many new inventions were added to the list of contraception methods, the pill remains the main form of female contraception. The advantages of using the Pill is that: It’s very effective against pregnancy if used correctly, menstrual periods are more regular and lighter, it decreases menstrual cramps and acne, you are less likely to get ovarian and uterine cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and anemia. And it doesn’t interrupt lovemaking. The disadvantages of using the Pill are the cost or...
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...Sexual Education: Who Cares And Why The range of beliefs on sex education is extremely broad and multi-sided. Religious, cultural, gender, and social factors intermix, affecting the way that these different groups believe and act. Most people take a conservative or moderate view on most points of the debate, and liberal views on other points. Very few reside at either extreme. The groups at each extreme are the ones to look at because they make it their goal to make people see their point of view, giving shape to the overall view of the subject. The amount of division near each extreme makes it very difficult to find a view with which the whole group can be happy. Christian religions divide when it comes to how the Bible should be interpreted and what is right and wrong. Within each sect of religion, cultures, genders, and classes divide as to what is right and wrong and how children should be taught. Children from each class and culture grow up in different environments, affecting what and how they learn, inside and outside of school. People in one religion can have similar beliefs as those held by someone in another religion, but the religious differences make it difficult for them to unite in support of the belief. Religion is the most notorious for associating sex with marriage. The Catholic Church stands the most firm on the idea sex should be confined to marriage. The Church says contraception blocks the presence of God in the sexual act and is therefore wrong....
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...HIV/AIDS social and behavioural research: past advances and thoughts about the future Authors: J P Moatti, Y Souteyrand Journal: Social Science [?] Medicine This paper is an introduction to the various contributions in this special issue of Social Science & Medicine which are an attempt to synthesise the main debates of the 2nd European Conference on Social and Behavioural Research on AIDS held in Paris, in January 1998. The paper discusses how the recent advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and new trends in the epidemic (its concentration in the socially most vulnerable groups and countries) have affected the research agenda of European social and behavioural sciences (SBS) in HIV/AIDS. Questions which had already been thoroughly studied by SBS (like determinants of HIV-related risk behaviours, or impact of gender and socio-economic inequities as well as discrimination on the diffusion of HIV) will have to be "revisited" in light of these recent changes. New issues (such as risk behaviours among already infected patients. impact of therapeutic advances on psychosocial and daily life management of their disease by people living with HIV/AIDS, adherence to treatment, or "normalisation" of AIDS public policies) will have to be strongly and quickly dealt with, in order for SSB to keep the pace with the rapid evolution of the epidemic and of the societal responses to it. Finally, the paper argues that to face these challenges, new theoretical and methodological...
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...health study” (p 5), Alexa Albert, decided to “investigate brothel prostitutes’ condom-use practices” (p 5). The fact that only one state, Nevada, allowed legalized prostitution was an incentive for Alexa. There were growing concerns of AIDS in the United States and the fact that “Nevada licensed brothel prostitution, with specific ordinances established to safeguard the health and safety of the public” (p 4) was an appealing factor for her to do her research study. Part of the ordinance required all licensed brothel prostitutes to use latex condoms for all sexual activity and mandatory testing “for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV” (p 4) were required of all the women. Alexa wanted to focus on the latex condoms since “hard data on the efficacy of condom use in preventing HIV infection was scarce, and the issue was complicated by the very real problem of condom slippage and breakage” (p 5). Her focus on the Nevada brothels made since, because the women working in the brothels had multiple sex partners yet there were no reports of HIV transmission within this community. By staying at the Mustang Ranch and talking to the prostitutes she managed acceptance from a community where non-working women in the field was normally not tolerated. By collecting the prostitutes used condoms she was on her way in analyzing data for her study. Although the initial purpose of her study was condom use, she spent so much time with the women of Mustang Ranch that she started looking...
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...images within popular culture- advertising, in the television and these images try to sell us something--whether it is clothes, cars, or happiness. Television and other media represent one of the most important and under recognized influences on children and adolescents' health and behavior in the today. Their impact should be eliciting serious concern, not just from parents and educators but from physicians, public health advocates, and politicians as well . Viewer Discretion Advised Imagine attending a formal dinner party. The couple that is hosting the party has two sons; the children’s ages are three and four years old. The boys have been watching a somewhat inappropriate television station that has just aired an ad about Trojan condoms. The children come running out of the family room chanting “Trojan Man, Trojan Man!” This could be an awkward situation to explain to...
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...PROMOTE HIV/ AIDS AWARENESS TO YOUNG PEOPLE One of the most cliché expressions that we commonly used is the term, “Prevention is better than cure.” This is because it is easier to do precautions and avoid the difficulties, rather than experiencing the conflicts and dealing with all the complications that it will bring. With that being said, comes the best solution that we can possibly suggest to all, and that is awareness. As the cases of HIV, STIs and AIDS continue to increase not only here in the Philippines, but also around the world, certain precautions and measures must be implemented in order to counter the consequences. Those who are suffering from this crisis are those aged 15-24 years old, of which fifty percent are women. According to the research and studies, it has been said that HIV and AIDS in the Philippines has an adolescent face. This means that those who are greatly affected by this are the adolescents or the youths of today. This brings us to the question, “why are the youths the ones who are greatly involved in this kind of cases?” I suppose the reason for that is the fact that the youths of today are different. They are more energetic, enthusiastic, they love to explore a lot of things and thus, they are more vulnerable to the dangers of being misled when it comes to the information they acquire. Because of that behaviour, it is up to those who are knowledgeable about the topic to provide them with accurate information about sexual, reproductive...
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...disease. Indeed, knowledge in this instance, can be life saving. The study by Jackson et al. illustrates the enormity of the task at hand. The survey group included 155 useful responses to the 500 questionnaires mailed. The questionnaire was based on four themes: knowledge, seriousness, susceptibility and risk behaviors. According to Jackson, “older African Americans generally have a high level of knowledge about HIV but still believe that HIV can be acquired through casual contact and have other misinformation regarding transmission. Older African Americans believe that HIV/Aids is a serious disease but do not feel personally susceptible to acquiring it. There is widespread reluctance among African American men and women to using condoms. Despite risk behaviors, rates of HIV testing are low among...
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...Apart from preventing conception, the use of condom also prevents the spread of AIDS. For this reason, people are encouraged to use condoms during sexual relations. Indirectly, the condom encourages sex outside marriage. In my opinion, I personally think that the Ministry of Health should not organize a “Use Condom” campaign. This is because the priority and the main concern should be focused more on the practical and efficient ways in how to prevent HIV and AIDS instead of encourage people to use condoms which don’t seem enough to stop the spread of AIDS. Although condom can help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV and AIDS, but somehow it provides less protection against certain STD especially involved skin to skin contact, which including human papillomavirus or known as HPV like genital warts, syphilis and genital herpes. Using condom during sexual intercourse will reduce the risk of HIV and AIDS infection, but it doesn’t provide 100% protection against the diseases infection. There are still some rare cases in which some people were infected with HIV although they were using condom during sexual activities. The objective of the “Use Condom” campaign seem like only focus on the use of condoms which sending the wrong message that it’s fine to do any illicit sexual activities as long as using condom and will not get infected with these diseases. Not only that, there are still many ways to get infected with HIV and AIDS other than sexual activities. HIV...
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