...Kosovo 1999: The First Cyberwar Kosovo 1999: The First Cyberwar Up until now, wars and conflicts have been fought on domestic and foreign battlefields. As computers become more essential to our daily lives, they also become the new battlegrounds of a new type of war-“cyberwar”. With the rapid progression of technology, wars are no longer only fought with rifles and bombs but with scripts and codes. Although the definition and guidelines of cyberwarfare are still relatively unclear, the 1999 Kosovo conflict introduced this new concept. The 1999 Kosovo conflict was a war between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FR of Yugoslavia) and Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The KLA was formed to fight the oppression caused by the Serbians. Their tactics and methods increasingly became more brutal when they began killing Serbian police officers throughout the country (Haney, 1999). This ignited outrage and retaliation from the FR of Yugoslavia. FR of Yugoslavia began to send troops to retake KLA controlled areas. Civilian casualties caused by Serbian troops have been estimated to be roughly around 10,000. NATO then entered the conflict on humanitarian grounds. As NATO began their aerial bombing campaign, hackers, or people who illegally access a computer system (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hacker) disabled and took control of the international web servers. Serbian hackers attacked NATO and US government websites using the denial of service, where computer resources...
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...Humanitarian Intervention Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo - 1999 Edmund Tan (2014461102) Introduction On 24th March 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) launched a 78 day long air campaign Operation Allied Force (OAF) over former Yugoslavia, with the intent to stop the Milosevic regime from committing human rights abuses and ethnic cleansing of the Kosovo Albanians in Kosovo. This was a significant event with regards to humanitarian intervention in recent history as it was seen as a new international phenomenon. It was the first time that a group of states intervened without the authorization of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and it was also the first time that NATO used military force to prevent a humanitarian disaster. This event divided the world in their support for or against NATO’s humanitarian intervention in Kosovo. Critics of the intervention felt that NATO was breaking international law in acting without the authority of the UNSC and this could have jeopardized international order should any state or group of states decide to act on their own accord in intervening in a foreign territory in the future. Supporters of the intervention argue that the war gave human rights precedence over the rights of states. According to then Czech Republic President Vaclav Havel, even though NATO acted without a direct UN mandate for intervention, they have not acted out of license, aggressiveness or disrespect for international law. NATO has...
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...Throughout history the world has been shocked by major wars that have taken place between one country and another. The resolution of these wars has been hard to find and at the end the aftermath of most of the wars has been devastating in economical and social perspective. In the recent years however, most of the wars are internal meaning within the countries rather than against one another. To help promote peace and bring the world together the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created. NATO was established on April 4th 1949 and its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. When NATO was first founded it was shaped as a political association but that changed during the years. The entire idea of NATO was to protect all the Western European countries and the United States from a possible attack from the Soviet Union. On March 17, 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed by Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom. These are the first member states of the NATO that remain still very active in this organization. However, all these European countries needed the support and military supply of the United States thus immediate talks on its joining the organization started. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949 in Washington D.C. and despite the five mentioned state members and the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland also joined the organization. So, at the beginning NATO was created to bring a few countries together...
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...Introduction The event was organised to discuss the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its implications for international law, for Kosovo and for other situations. Participants included representatives of government, embassies, NGOs, academics, and practising lawyers. Opening remarks STEFAN TALMON This is likely to be the only Advisory Opinion known by at least three different names. The case was originally known as Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo, as specified in the ICJ Order of 17 October 2008, the verbatim records of the Public Hearing and all Press Releases up to 14 July 2010. The official name of the Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010 was Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo. Finally, in his separate opinion, Judge Cançado Trindade used the name Accordance with International Law of Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence. In terms of length, the Kosovo Advisory Opinion is not out of line with other Advisory Opinions. What is remarkable is how little substance it has. Only 14 of the 44 pages deal with substantive legal questions, and only two pages are devoted to the question of whether general international law contains an applicable prohibition of declarations of independence. Conversely, the Advisory Opinion is extremely well referenced, giving the impression the...
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...Introduction The United States has a long history of getting involved in foreign politics, and conflicts. Sometimes to slow the spread of a different political/economic ideas, and other times to acquire goods like oil, that are held by foreign/hostile nations. The U.S. has been involved in shaping the politics of countries across the globe. From Vietnam, to Iran, U.S. influence has created instability, harsh regimes, and a massive death toll, all in the name to protect foreign interests, either economic or political, it usually comes at the cost of many lives, and much sacrifice. More problems are created by U.S. intervention in foreign affairs. Not only does U.S. influence in international affairs create problems, it halts the progress of a united and friendly world. 2. Influence in the Middle East creates destabilization In recent years, there has been a surge of conflict in the Middle East...
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...Essay on the United Nations and peacekeeping. The UN Security Council is the main organization of the United Nations dedicated to the resolution of conflicts and peacekeeping. It is composed of fifteen members, five of whom are permanent, namely China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States, and ten of which are elected by the General Assembly every two years. When the Security Council is confronted with a problem that can represent a threat for international peace and safety, it must first try to resolve the problem peacefully. In die past, the Security Council has acted as mediator or, in cases of armed conflict, proposed a cease-fire. The Council can also reinforce its decisions by enacting sanctions. Sanctions are a way for the Council to apply its decisions, constituting a step between a simple condemnation and armed intervention. Sanctions can include an arms embargo, trade and finance restrictions, the ceasing of air and sea contact, or diplomatic isolation. Furthermore, the council can also opt for measures that call for more people and material. Peacekeeping missions allow the Security Council to watch over the cease-fire and participate in the creation of conditions for peace. On a few occasions, the Security Council has authorized member States to use all the necessary’ means to keep the peace, including collective military action. General Indar Jit Rktye, the former president of the International Peace Academy who has participated...
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...Introduction A refugee, according to the United Nation’s definition (as cited in matthewhouse.ca, 2012), is “a person outside his or her country of origin who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.” The current number of refugees around the world is 43.7 million, as estimated by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Being a refugee is not a choice – they are forced to leave their country of origin to avoid conflicts that could potentially be disastrous, traumatic, or even lead to their death. They begin a long journey of danger and uncertainty on the refugee highway, seeking safety and security (matthewhouse.ca, 2012). Also, as stated in matthewhouse.ca (2012), refugees come to Canada in three different ways. About 7,000 refugees per year are sponsored by the government. Another 3,000 per year are sponsored by private groups, such as churches. Historically, the largest group, which up until recently, numbered more than 20,000 per year, come to Canada with no sponsors and ask for asylum upon arrival. There is no system in place to welcome or assist refugee claimants. They are simply numbered among the homeless, often without resources. Many are forced to look for help in inappropriate city shelters not equipped to meet their needs. Government policies are becoming harsher and there is no structure in place to directly look after their well-being...
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...Chapter 13 Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Nations, States, and Nation-States A. Logistics Students’ Time Requirements Activity 1: The Rise of Nationalism and the Fall of Yugoslavia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes Activity 2: Iraqaphobia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes The fill-in-the-blanks activity works very well as an in-class group project. It helps for students to be able to discuss the questions and readings with other students. If so, it is absolutely essential that students read the assigned articles in advance of the discussion. They will need to consult the readings to find pertinent passages, but if they are reading it for the first time during group work, they will either not finish or not contribute. I remind my students of this fact several times in the days leading up to the project. If students don’t finish during class, they can finish at home. If done in groups in class, you may wish to suggest that a different student act as recorder for each block of questions. Also, assign a different student to be the discussion leader/gatekeeper to keep the discussion on track and prevent any single individual from dominating the discussion. A third student could function as timekeeper. See Chapter 11 and 14 role-playing activities for further discussion of these tasks. Remind students that Balkan and Middle East politics are always changing and can get...
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...Summative Essay Is human intervention an ideological cover for the pursuit of other objectives? We all know what genocide is. We also heard of Holocaust and its Anne Frank diary. Such inhumane killings should not repeat in the modern history due to its immorality, and that is why we saw humanitarian interventions in Rwanda and Somalia in 1990s. However, it is questionable of what was the real purpose. I believe that humanitarian cause is necessary but not an adequate condition for any act of intervention, which can be shown by case studies. In order, I will discuss the meaning of intervention and its presumed ideologies. I will also list out the possible diplomatic objectives hid behind these actions and their significance compared to the original motives. Intervention and its ideologies: Failure from core objectives Interventions are defined as a use of threats or forces upon another nation to prevent or end violations of human rights occurred within its territory, ‘without the permission of the state within whose territory force is applied’ (Holzgrefe and Keohane, 2003: 18), implying an inevitable breach of sovereignty. We also have the non-violent resolutions such as humanitarian aids and economic sanctions, but the main focus here is on intervention involving armaments. Interventions are rooted from its core ideology: to save people. It is a ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) individuals from being deprived from basic needs, including food, shelter...
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...The Secession of Crimea The crisis in Ukraine has been long cooking since 2004 and the Orange Revolution (1). Since then, there has been a strong opposition to pro-Russian supporters. The situation in the country was relatively calm until 2010, when President Yanukovich won elections and his rival candidate, Yulia Timoshenko, was arrested. In November 2013 the protests started gaining velocity, violent conflicts erupted and opposition blew up in Kiev, responding to Yanukovich’s new agreement on working closer with Russia, whilst stopping negotiations with the European Union. The conflicts did not reach the Crimean peninsula, nevertheless the Crimean Parliament, which is granted limited autonomy, asked Russia to protect them. Crimea has been part of the Ukrainian state –or formerly the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic- since 1954 and provides great strategic value, since the Black Sea ports of Crimea offer unproblematic access to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Crimea has been the base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet for several decades and is therefore of great importance to Russian military strategy. For the Russian Federation, the base in Sevastopol is the only access into international waters, since the northern ports in e.g. Siberia are subject to freezing. According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the population is composed of 58.5% ethic Russians, 24.4% Ukrainians and 12.1% Crimean Tartars among others, amounting to a total population of approximately...
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...This means that even during times of peace, NATO maintains a powerful joint military force to prevent war and if need be, bring a swift destruction to an aggressive nation or military group. Another mission of NATO is the protection of the North Atlantic region through large standing armies and navies. Recently, NATO’s missions have grown out of just the North Atlantic region, the Global War on Terror and other conflicts have expanded NATO’s domain but the original missions are still a top...
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...|HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION | |INTRODUCTION | Humanitarian intervention poses a hard test for any international society built on principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force. Immediately after the Holocaust, the society of states established laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the mistreatment of civilians, and recognizing basic human rights. These humanitarian principles often conflict with principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. Sovereign states are expected to act as guardians of their citizens’ security, but what happens if states behave as criminals towards their own people, treating sovereignty as a licence to kill? Should tyrannical states be recognized as legitimate members of international society and accorded the protection afforded by the non-intervention principle? Or, should states forfeit their sovereign rights and be exposed to legitimate intervention if they actively abuse or fail to protect their citizens? Related to this, what responsibilities do other states or institutions have to enforce human rights norms against governments that massively violate them? Armed humanitarian intervention was not a legitimate practice during the cold war because states placed more...
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...BUSINESS TRAVEL PROCESS Dyncorp International is a United States based private military contractor and was founded in 1946. • DynCorp receives more than 96% of its annual revenues from the US federal government. • The corporate headquarters is in Falls Church, Virginia. • The company has provided services for the U.S military in several countries including Bolivia, Bosnia, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Colombia, Kosovo and Kuwait. • DynCorp won the LOGCAP II contract and is one of three contract holders on the current LOGCAP IV( Logistics Civil Augmentation Program ) contract. SERVICES PROVIDED Air operations: DynCorp International provides aviation support .Their air operations include the operation of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft on and around aircraft carriers for either combat or non-combat missions, aviation life support missions, and aerial/satellite imagery. They have also provided air operations support in Iraq, including search and rescue, medical evacuations, and transporting quick reaction forces. Aviation: DynCorp International began as an aviation company in the 1950s and continues to provide aviation support globally. Aviation support including emergency response air programs...
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...Ladder: “polite stage” group approval strong-group identity _______ Low Cogs ladder: transition from 3 stage to 4 stage Attitude change L.T.L.G.B.t.S. sorted out in early stages of team development Membership, purpose, and leadership L.T.L.G.B.t.S. difficult to respond to radical change Reforming L.T.L.G.B.t.S. monitors interpersonal dynamics is process________ Process facilitator W.t.O.i.a.G behaviors helps positive working relationships Gate keeping L.T.S. advantage of working in a team Extends available expertise I.U.C Which is beneficial to teams? Synergy I.U.C unit cohesion is direct result of goals T.D.M.a.C.M group dysfunctional point leading to premature consensus groupthink T.D.M.a.C.M 2 types of conflict: Cognitive and __________ mixed motive L.T.S Disruptive to a team Word machine L.T.S. unit is leaderless work with team to designate leader/ N.D.i.T US military in future operations Coalition N.D.i.T ensures members will protect the interest Mutual trust T.S.a.C. other people are just like me Mirror Image Fallacy T.S.a.C. individuals from a specific group are all alike Stereotyping error N.D.i.T Americans value above precision...
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...Morgenthau's "Realpolitik" and the war in Yugoslavia Bernard Baruch coined the Cold War in 1947, the same year that Hans Morgenthau published his classic Politics Among Nations, which defines foreign affairs, national interest, national security, deterrence, balance of power and other key notions of international relations that deeply influenced American thinking. Morgenthau observed that nations have interests which are furthered through the use of power to accumulate more power (military, economic and political alliances) to further new interests (regionalization, globalization). The world system constantly faces the threat of an imbalance of power, with some nations trying to maintain the status quo, and others trying to alter it. Morgenthau defined national policies that aim at changing the status quo as imperialistic - a meaning very different from Lenin's. Morgenthau wrote: "The balance of power and policies aiming at its preservation are not only inevitable, but are an essential stabilizing factor in a society of sovereign nations.'' Extending Machiavellian principles on politics to international relations, Morgenthau rejected that foreign policy could ever be based solely on moral principles or idealism. Realpolitik is the game in international relations. While this notion is well accepted in the US foreign policy establishment, the American public still requires American policy to be based on the enhancement of American values before they give it their full support...
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