...Overview: Commas The comma is the most frequently used punctuation mark, but it is also the most often misused. Commas make reading sentences easier because they separate the parts of sentences. Commas with Independent Clauses Use a comma before the coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet when they join two independent clauses. (Remember that an independent clause must have both a subject and a verb.) Independent clauses: The instructor put us in small groups, and she gave us a new assignment. Independent clauses: The essay was difficult to read, but I learned some new vocabulary words. Hint: Do not use a comma when a single subject has two verbs. Single subject: The instructor put us in small groups and gave us a new assignment. The coordinating conjunction (and) joins two verbs, but not two independent clauses. Only if the second verb has its own subject should you add a comma. Independent clauses: The instructor put us in small groups, and she gave us a new assignment. Each verb has its own subject, so and joins two independent clauses. Notice the comma. Commas with Items in a Series Use commas to separate items in a series of items joined by a coordinating conjunction. This means that you should put a comma between all items in a series. Series of nouns: The class required that we read two novels, twenty short stories, and twelve poems. Series of verbs: The students exchanged their essays, read them, and gave each other suggestions...
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...particular effect – no 2. Comma Splices: a. Definition: i. A comma separates two complete sentences ii. Example: 1. The boys left town, they took the money with them. b. Ways to fix a comma splice (there are more ways; these are just the easiest and most common) i. Use a comma and a conjunction (and, but, yet, for, so, nor, or) – There are only seven of them. 1. The boys left town, and they took the money with them. ii. Use a semi-colon 1. The boys left town; they took the money with them. iii. Use a semi-colon and a subjunctive adverb and a comma (subjunctive adverb = transition word or phrase: however, therefore, on the other hand) 1. The boys left town; in addition, they took the money with them. iv. Make them independent sentences 1. The boys left town. They took the money with them. v. Make one of the independent clauses (sentences) a dependent clause by using subordinating conjunctions (dependent words). There are many of these words (since, although, because, while, etc). 1. If the first independent clause is changed to a dependent clause then a comma goes between the clauses: a. When the boys left town, they took the money with them. 2. If the second independent clause is changed...
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...r eHIT PARADE OF ERRORS IN GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, AND STYLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. lack of agreement sentence fragments overly-long sentences overuse of passive voice faulty parallelism vague pronouns dangling modifiers squinting modifiers mixed or dead metaphors faulty word choice / faulty diction wordiness comma splices misuse of comma, semicolon, colon 1. a. FAULTY AGREEMENT Subjects and verbs must agree in number. Recent discoveries about the weather reveals that several cycles are involved. Recent discoveries about the weather reveal that several cycles are involved. The media was biased in its reporting of the event. The media were biased in their reporting of the event. Nouns and pronouns must agree in number. A student is free to express their opinion. A student is free to express his or her opinion. Students are free to express their opinions. Pronouns must agree with each other. Once one has decided to take the course, you must keep certain policies in mind. Once you have decided to take the course, you must keep certain policies in mind. X √ X √ b. X √ √ c. X √ 2. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS A sentence consists of an independent unit with at least a subject and a verb. All of these rules and regulations should be made aware of. Athletes should be made aware of all these rules and regulations. The liquid was poured into a glass beaker. Being a strong acid. Because it was a strong acid, the liquid was poured into a glass beaker. ...
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...(subordinate). An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and expresses a complete thought. It is able to stand independently. Example: The class is hard. A dependent (subordinate) clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought, and, therefore, cannot be left alone. If a subordinate clause is left alone, a fragment will result. These clauses depend on independent clauses to express a complete thought. Example: If the class is hard, Sentence Types: A simple sentence is one independent clause with no subordinate clauses. Example: The statue is in the garden. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses. The two clauses are joined by either a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. Coordinating Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) can be easily recalled by learning the acronym FANBOYS. Example: I finished reading the book, and I returned it to the library. The girls went to the store; they bought new shoes. A complex sentence consists of one independent clause with one subordinate clause. Example: When the teacher spoke, the students were silent. A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Example: Because the students work hard, they will pass, and they will be happy. The class was difficult; however, the students will pass because they worked hard. Rev. 8/07 1 Common Sentence Errors: Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject of a sentence specifies...
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...Addition * furthermore * moreover * too * also * in the second place * again * in addition * even more * next * further * last, lastly * finally * besides * and, or, nor * first * second, secondly, etc. Time * while * immediately * never * after * later, earlier * always * when * soon * whenever * meanwhile * sometimes * in the meantime * during * afterwards * now, until now * next * following * once * then * at length * simultaneously * so far * this time * subsequently Place * here * there * nearby * beyond * wherever * opposite to * adjacent to * neighboring on * above, below Exemplification or Illustration * to illustrate * to demonstrate * specifically * for instance * as an illustration * e.g., (for example) * for example Comparison * in the same way * by the same token * similarly * in like manner * likewise * in similar fashion Contrast * yet * and yet * nevertheless * nonetheless * after all * but * however * though * otherwise * on the contrary * in contrast * notwithstanding * on the other hand * at the same time Clarification * that is to say * in other words * to explain * i.e., (that is) * to clarify * to rephrase...
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...MEDstride MEDstride MEDstride MEDstride MEDstride MEDstride MEDstride Enhancing the medical profession Conjunctions Definition Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. Coordinating Conjunctions The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one): Coordinating Conjunctions and but or yet for nor so (It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.) When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma: • Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma: • Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet...
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... 1 0 1 Solution: 1 2a Let w, x, and y be Boolean variables where the value of x is 1. For each of the following Boolean expressions, determine, if possible, the value of the expression. If you cannot determine the value of the expression, then find the number of assignments of values for w and y that will result in the value 1 for the expression. a) x + xy + w x = 1 then x+xy+w = 1+1y+w = 1+(1y+w) 1+z = 1 for every Boolean value z then: if we take z = 1y+w 1+(1y+w) = 1 Solution: Yes is possible, x+xy+w = 1 4a a) Find the fundamental conjunction made up from the variables w, x, y, z, or their complements, where the value of the conjunction is 1 precisely when i) w _ x _ 0, y _ z _ 1. ii) w _ 0, x _ 1, y _ 1, z _ 0. iii) w _ 0, x _ y _ z _ 1. iv) w _ x _ y _ z _ 0. 9 Let Bn →B. If the d.n.f. of f has m fundamental conjunctions and its c.n.f. has k fundamental disjunctions, how are m, n, and k related? 12 Find the values of the Boolean variables w, x, y, z that satisfy the following system of simultaneous (Boolean) equations. x + xy _ 0 xy _ xz xy + x z + zw _ zw x+x ̅y=0→(x+x ̅ )(x+y)=0 Distributive Law of + over 1(x+y)=0 Inverse Law of + x+y =0 Identity law of x =0 and y = 0 Property of + Since x ̅y=x ̅z→0 ̅0=0 ̅z→10=1z→0=1z→0=z Then z =0 SInce:...
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...The Art of Writing Business Letters Write letter in a manner such as to secure the respect and consideration of the person with whom you correspond. The rules for the mechanical execution of a letter are few; understanding and observing the rules already considered for composition, the writer has only to study perfect naturalness of expression, to write a letter well. [pic][pic] Variously missing from their letters are headings, dates, inside addresses, salutations and complimentary closings. And the forms are disheveled. Frankly, in terms of form, often I am unable to distinguish any discernible differences between letters written by students, their teachers and by many other professionals. Apparently, for many, the art of writing a standard business letter has been lost. What are considered essential elements for a standard business letter. Know the format. Whatever the content of your letter, visually it should resemble the picture below. Note that business letters are composed in common fonts such as Arial or Times New Roman, and that they are justified to the left. Most employ block paragraphing - i.e., to start a new paragraph, hit "return" twice and don't use an indent. [pic] [pic] Letterhead. Include the sender's company and the company address; if you're self-employed or an independent contractor, add your name either in place of the company name or on top of it. If your company has pre-designed letterhead, use this; otherwise, simply typing the...
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...Fragments, Run-ons and Comma Splices Getting Rid of Fragments There are two kinds of clauses – independent and dependent. A dependent clause has a subject and verb just like an independent clause, but it can’t stand alone because it begins with a dependent word such as after that, so that although, though unless as, as if until because what, whatever before when, whenever even though where, wherever how whether if, even if which, whichever in order that while since who, whom than whose Whenever a clause begins with one of the above dependent words, it is dependent. If we take an independent clause such as We finished the game. and put one of the dependent words in front of it, it becomes dependent: After we finished the game Although we finished the game As we finished the game Before we finished the game If we finished the game Since we finished the game That we finished the game When we finished the game While we finished the game The clause can no longer stand alone. It does not make a complete statement. It leaves the reader expecting something more. It is a fragment and must not be punctuated as a sentence. Any group of words that does not have a subject and a verb is also a fragment. Paid no attention to his parents (no subject) Joe thinking of all his problems (no adequate verb) Speeding along the highway (no subject and no adequate verb) The announcement...
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...a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought. 1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause. Punctuation note: NO commas separate two compound elements (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence. 2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or C. a semicolon alone. Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, and C above): A. Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause. B. Independent clause; conjunctive adverb, independent clause. C. Independent clause; independent clause. 3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause. Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, C and D above): A. Dependent clause, independent clause B. Independent clause dependent clause C. Independent, nonessential dependent clause, clause. D. Independent essential dependent clause clause. 4. A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses. Punctuation...
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...* Chapter 1: Programming, and Java * A programming language is defined by: * Syntax: grammar to specify how the instructions are written * Semantics: what does the instructions mean * Languages are divided into three categories: * High-Level language * Assembly language * Machine language * Part 1: Fundamental Programming Concepts * Primitive data types and operations * Control Statements (Selection and Loops) * Methods * Arrays * Part 2: Object-Oriented Programming * Encapsulation * Inheritance * Polymorphism Anatomy of a Java Program * class header * main method * Statements * Comments * In order for a Java program to be executed, the class MUST have a method called main() * The body of any function must be contained in braces { } * Java is case sensitive * Main is not the same as main * Each Java program has two different types of files: * Source code file (filename.java): * The file in which you declare your class and write your algorithm * Each .java file declares only one class * The file name should be the exact same name as the class name (case sensitive) * Executable file (filename.class): * Automatically generated * Has exact same name as the corresponding .java file but with a different extension * Not human readable Programming...
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...Therefore, capitalize the following parts of speech: • Nouns (e.g., flowers and Europe, as in The Flowers of Europe) • Pronouns (e.g., our, as in Save Our Children; that, as in The Mouse That Roared) • Verbs (e.g., watches, as in America Watches Television: is, as in What Is Literature?) • Adjectives (e.g., ugly, as in The Ugly Duckling: that, as in Who Said That Phrase?) • Adverbs (e.g., slightly, as in Only Slightly Corrupt: down, as in Go Down, Moses) • Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while, as in One If by Land and Anywhere That Chance Leads) Do not capitalize the following parts of speech when they fall in the middle of a title: • Articles (a. an. the, as in Under the Bamboo Tree) • Prepositions (e.g., against, between, in, of, to, as in The Merchant of Venice and A Dialogue between the Soul and Body • Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, as in Romeo and Juliet) • The to in infinitives (as in How to Play Chess) Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark, an exclamation point, or a dash. Include other punctuation only if it is part of the title. The following examples illustrate how to capitalize and punctuate a variety of titles. Death of a Salesman The Teaching of Spanish in English-Speaking Countries Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images...
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...Select transitions for your paragraph that demonstrate your understanding of the order. At a minimum, you must use three (3) transitions to demonstrate your understanding of this concept. Highlight these transitions in yellow. (15 points) (2) Related Sentences: Be sure to repeat words and ideas; use synonyms and substitutions to demonstrate your understanding of this concept. Highlight these related words or sentence parts in gray. (15 points) d. Sentence Structure: In your paragraph, demonstrate your understanding of the following sentence structures. You must demonstrate at least one (1) of EACH of the following structures. Highlight these in green. (5 points each, for a possible total of 20 points) (1) Coordinating conjunction (2) Semicolon (3) Conjunctive adverb (4) Subordinate clause followed by an independent...
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...Land acquisition bill - Boon or Bane Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013 was recently passed by the Parliament. The Bill has provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is acquired by public or private sector. There are advantages and disadvantages of the bill. ADVANTAGES OF THE BILL It brings transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings, infrastructural projects and assures rehabilitation of those affected. This legislation will benefit both industry and those whose livelihood is dependent on land. It provides two times more compensation in urban areas and four times more compensation in rural areas than the circle price. The circle rates are decided by the local government on the basis of average sale price for the last 3 years or last 3 months whichever is higher. The bill establishes regulations for land acquisition as a part of India's massive industrialization drive driven by public-private partnership. The bill will be central legislation in India for the rehabilitation and resettlement of families affected by land acquisitions. In addition the bill has a provision by which states can add some more benefits to it. The bill will eclipse the eminent domain criteria and introduce voting criteria in which 80% of the people should say yes only then land will be acquired. The Bill will replace the decade old Land Acquisition Act of 1894, which...
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...FULLCHIPDESIGN Digital-logic Design... Dream for many students… start learning front-end… Chip Designing for ASIC/ FPGA Design engineers and Students Legal Disclaimer @TYH :- 4G LTE Long Term Evolution Tutorial, CloudComputing Send 124 people recommend this. Recommend Computer Organization. Memory Organization. Cache Organization. Interrupt controller. Search Binary subtraction Discussion proof of binary subt Search Binary numbers addition is straight forward process while binary subtractions involve three fundamentals. VHDL Test Benches Generate VHDL models from timing diagrams or logic analyzer data. www.syncad.com Binary Numbers 1s_complement 2s_complement Binary Subtraction Binary Sub. Ex's Sign_magnitude SignM EX Gray Coding BCD coding Digital gates NAND NOR & XNOR Theorems Boolean Functions BFunc Examples Minterm Maxterm Sum of Minterms Prdt of Maxterms 2 var K-map 3 var K-map 4 var K-map 5 var K-map Prime Implicant PI example K-map Ex's KMap minimization Binary Subtraction: Suppose, M is Minuend and N is subtrahend Then, M – N can be done based on following three steps: Step 1: Take 2’s complement of N and add it to M. M – N = M + (2^n – N) Step 2: If M is greater than or equal to N then end carry is discarded from the result M –N = M + (2^n – N) – 2^n Step 3: If M is less than N then take 2’s complement of the result and append negative ‘-‘ sign in front M-N = (-) [2^n – (M + (2^n -1))] Example 1 : Perform binary subtraction of two...
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