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Bien évoquer l’obligation d'information du professionnel, de la règlementation sur les clauses abusives

. Modalités d'échange des consentements

Consentements échangés par correspondance
12120
Pour les contrats courants (n° 11800), les parties échangent leur consentement par lettres (pour un exemple, Cass. com. 29-11-1994 : RJDA 3/95 n° 246), télex (pour un exemple, Cass. com. 25-5-1988, inédit), télégrammes ou télétransmission (n° 75503). L'offre d'un bien, d'un produit ou d'un service doit être faite en langue française, sous peine d'une amende de 750 € (Décret 95-240 du 3-3-1995 art. 1, I-1° et 4, al. 1 et 2 ; C. pén. art. 131-13), mais cette obligation ne peut être imposée dans le commerce entre Etats membres de l'Union européenne que dans le but de protéger le consommateur et doit donc être limitée aux mentions auxquelles l'Etat qui l'a prescrite attribue un caractère obligatoire (CJCE 3-6-1999 : RJDA 11/99 n° 1281).

Les contrats conclus par téléphone sont considérés comme formés dès l'instant de l'échange verbal des consentements par voie téléphonique (Cass. req. 14-5-1912 : D.P. 1913.1.281 note Valéry). On ne saurait néanmoins trop recommander aux parties qui procèdent à une telle conclusion de convenir de rédiger en termes identiques une note sur les conditions du contrat et d'échanger entre elles cette note pour établir la preuve de leur accord. Sur l'enregistrement des conversations téléphoniques, n° 75812.
Sur l'envoi d'un courrier recommandé électronique pour la conclusion ou l'exécution d'un contrat : Décret 2011-144 du 2-2-2011.

L'échange des consentements ne peut se produire que si les conditions suivantes sont remplies :

- l'offre de contracter, entre commerçants, doit indiquer clairement la volonté de son auteur d'être lié en cas d'acceptation (Cass. com. 6-3-1990 : JCP G 1990.II.21583 note Gross) ; mais dès lors que l'offre d'un service est personnelle, précisément chiffrée, détaillée et formulée pour une année précise, elle lie son auteur dès l'instant où le destinataire de l'offre a demandé l'exécution du service (CA Versailles 16-6-2000 : D. 2000.IR.249) ;

En cas d'erreur matérielle manifeste dans l'énoncé de l'offre, le contrat peut être annulé à l'égard de celui qui s'est saisi de cette offre de mauvaise foi (CA Rouen 12-6-1991, inédit).

- l'acceptation de l'offre n'engage son auteur que si elle comporte sa volonté de s'engager et pas simplement de prendre l'offre en considération en se réservant de se prononcer définitivement avant le terme du délai de validité de l'offre (Cass. 3e civ. 4-12-2007 n° 06-18.574 : RJDA 6/08 n° 621) ; si une contre-proposition est formulée, elle est réputée acceptée si l'autre partie lui a donné suite (CA Paris 11-3-1999 : RJDA 7/99 n° 754) ;

- le silence de l'une des parties sur les propositions de l'autre ne l'oblige qu'autant qu'existent entre elles des relations d'affaires (n° 12145) ou que les circonstances permettent de donner à ce silence la signification d'une acceptation (Cass. 1e civ. 24-5-2005 n° 885 : RDC 2005.1007 obs. Mazeaud) ; il ne doit pas dépasser un délai raisonnable, condition que les juges doivent vérifier (Cass. 3e civ. 20-5-2009 n° 08-13.230 : RJDA 11/09 n° 938) et qu'ils apprécient souverainement (Cass. 3e civ. 25-5-2005 n° 631 : RJDA 12/05 n° 1335 ; pour l'exemple d'un délai de 26 mois jugé trop long, CA Riom 29-2-1996 : JCP G 1997.IV.441).
Sauf convention des parties fixant le lieu et la date de la conclusion de leur accord, les tribunaux considèrent en général que le contrat est formé au lieu (Cass. soc. 22-4-1955 et 22-6-1956 : JCP G 1956.II.9587 ; Cass. soc. 9-10-1959 : Bull. civ. IV p. 785) et à la date (Cass. com. 7-1-1981 : Bull. civ. IV p. 11 ; CA Aix 4-2-1993 : Bull. d'Aix 1993-1 p. 137-S-20) de l'émission de l'acceptation de l'offre car l'on peut considérer que par là le consentement du destinataire a rencontré celui de l'offrant (« système de l'émission »). Néanmoins, l'offre peut être révoquée tant que l'offrant n'a pas reçu la lettre d'acceptation (« système de l'acceptation »), sans qu'il y ait lieu de rechercher si, après cette réception, il en a eu effectivement connaissance (Cass. civ. 2-2-1932 : GP 1932.1.702 ; Cass. civ. 21-12-1960 : D. 1961.417 note Malaurie). Rien ne s'oppose à ce que l'acceptation soit révoquée sous les mêmes conditions.

Les mêmes règles sont, à notre avis, applicables à une transaction relevant du commerce électronique, à savoir proposée par une personne à distance et par voie électronique (Loi 2004-575 du 21-6-2004 art. 14, al. 1 et 2), dès lors que les parties à cette opération sont localisables, ces contrats étant assimilables à des contrats conclus par correspondance (dans le même sens, Paulik, JCP E 2002 cah. dr. entr. n° 4 p. 23 ; Grynbaum : D. 2004 spécialement p. 2216) ; les dispositions nouvelles de la loi de 2004 ne modifient pas les solutions jurisprudentielles sur le lieu et la date du contrat ainsi conclu, car aucune d'elles ne se prononce sur ces deux notions ; elles précisent seulement les modalités de l'échange des informations et des correspondances par voie électronique, dans les termes suivants :

- une personne est regardée comme établie en France au regard de ce commerce lorsqu'elle y est installée d'une manière stable et durable pour exercer effectivement son activité, quel que soit, s'agissant d'une personne morale, le lieu d'implantation de son siège social (Loi 2004-575 art. 14, al. 3) ;

- sauf convention contraire valable entre professionnels, quiconque propose, à titre professionnel, par voie électronique, la fourniture de biens ou de prestations de services doit mettre à disposition les conditions contractuelles applicables d'une manière qui permette leur conservation et leur reproduction ; sans préjudice des conditions de validité mentionnées dans l'offre, son auteur reste engagé par elle tant qu'elle est accessible par voie électronique de son fait (C. civ. art. 1369-4 et 6) ;

- pour que le contrat soit valablement conclu, le destinataire de l'offre doit avoir eu la possibilité de vérifier le détail de sa commande et de son prix total, et de corriger d'éventuelles erreurs, avant de confirmer celle-ci pour exprimer son acceptation (C. civ. art. 1369-5, al. 1) ;

- l'auteur de l'offre doit accuser réception sans délai injustifié et par voie électronique de la commande qui lui a été adressée (C. civ. art. 1369-5, al. 2) ;

- la commande, la confirmation de l'acceptation de l'offre et l'accusé de réception sont considérés comme reçus lorsque les parties auxquelles ils sont adressés peuvent y avoir accès (C. civ. art. 1369-5, al. 3).

Par ailleurs, pour les échanges entre ressortissants de la Communauté européenne et à défaut de choix de la loi applicable au contrat par les parties, le contrat est soumis à la loi de l'Etat membre sur le territoire duquel la personne qui exerce l'activité du commerce électronique est établie (Loi 2004-575 art. 17).

L'offre est caduque au décès du pollicitant (Cass. civ. 10-5-1989 : D. 1990.365 note Virassamy) ou du destinataire (Cass. 1e civ. 5-11-2008 n° 07-16.505 : PA 2009 n° 47 p. 8 note R. Loir).

12120 Silence valant acceptation - Appréciation Cass. com. 18 janvier 2011 n° 09-69.831 (n° 13 F-PB), De Viguerie c/ Allard. BRDA 4/11 Inf. 16

12120 Signature d'une « offre unilatérale de vente » - Portée Cass. 3e civ. 19 octobre 2011 n° 10-30.655 (n° 1220 FS-D), Ligonnière c/ Vige. BRDA 23/11 Inf. 13

12120Fiche complémentaire - 1. Offre de contracter - 2. Acceptation de l'offre - 3. Protection du consommateur partie aux ventes à distance - 4. Droit étranger

Consentements échangés après négociation ou par adhésion
12125
Etant donné la répétition quasi mécanique des prestations contractuelles offertes à une très vaste clientèle, comme celles d'assurances, de transports ferroviaires, maritimes ou aériens, de distribution d'eau, d'électricité ou de gaz, les entreprises fournisseurs de ces prestations ont défini, par avance, les conditions dans lesquelles les prestations sont exécutées. Le client se borne alors à adhérer à ces conditions, d'où le nom de contrats d'adhésion donné aux contrats ainsi formés.
Cet échange des consentements par adhésion a pour conséquence que les tribunaux refusent de considérer comme ayant été consenties les clauses « onéreuses » pour l'adhérent (n° 11800) si elles n'ont pas été expressément acceptées par une mention particulière ou spécialement signalées à l'attention de l'adhérent de telle sorte qu'il ait été mis à même de les connaître.

Mais le défaut d'acceptation ne se déduit pas de ce que le contrat est d'adhésion ; il ne peut résulter que des circonstances qui font ressortir que les clauses susvisées n'ont pas été portées à la connaissance du cocontractant (Cass. civ. 22-11-1988 : GP 1989.pan.9).
Par ailleurs, la force obligatoire d'un contrat et la sanction des manquements des parties au respect de leurs obligations ne sauraient être appréciées autrement et atténuées au motif que le contrat serait d'adhésion (Cass. com. 22-3-1977 : Bull. civ. IV p. 78 : cassation d'un arrêt ayant écarté la nécessité pour le concessionnaire qui se plaignait de l'inobservation de ses obligations par le concédant de mettre en demeure ce dernier, car il lui avait imposé un contrat d'adhésion ; Cass. civ. 19-1-1982 : Bull. civ. I p. 23, jugeant qu'il n'est pas interdit qu'une clause limitative de responsabilité figure dans un contrat d'adhésion ; TGI Lille 9-12-1976 : RIDA 1977.163, qualifiant d'adhésion les contrats conclus avec la Sacem mais jugeant que l'adhérent devait les respecter car, ayant la possibilité de ne pas contracter, il avait fait acte de volonté en acceptant immédiatement et sans discussion les conditions proposées, un contrat n'impliquant pas nécessairement une libre et égale discussion).
Sur la protection des consommateurs (non-professionnels) contre les clauses abusives préélaborées par les entreprises dans les conditions générales, MCC n° 3500 s.

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