... In 2010, Former Gubernatorial candidate, Debra Medina made Nullification a Major aspect of her campaign. Nullification can simply be defined as the failure of a U.S state to enforce a federal Law within its boundary. Debra Medina Claimed that Texas has the power to nullify federal acts deemed unconstitutional. She believes that Texas has the right to invalidate any federal Law the citizen view as unacceptable. In 1798, Thomas Jefferson started the first Nullification in history which was the Kentucky Resolution. He believed that Government does not have the right to Impose it will upon the people without their consent. If the people decide they do not give the government consent, then such will is nullified. Debra Medina based her claim on the 10th Amendment which states that “the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states ,are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people”, and before the civil war. She argued that the overall power rested with the state of Texas, so base on the 10th amendment Texas state has the power to get representative in congress and pass a bill to nullify any Law passed by congress that is viewed as unconstitutional. In her claim of Nullification, it means that the state of Texas can do what the Supreme Court can do. Nullification is seen as the means of the State to check the power of the Federal government. Medina being a member of Tea party says she would assert Texas Sovereignty...
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...other countries. For example Medina invited the Prophet of Islam in order to rescue him from many pressures of indigenous people. The Prophet and his followers started to migrate from Mecca to Medina for making their prayer more comfortable than Mecca. It is called “hijra” which is the migration of Muhammed (S.A.V) and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CE. In Medina, the new constitution was composed by the prophet to imply Sharia law or Islamic law. “Medina Charter made by Prophet the ruler and recognized him messenger of Allah to tell people about the Islam. According to constitution, the prophet gave so much importance to justice and kindness. In the article 3 of Medina Charter, he explains the rule of war in the following quotation “In case of war with anybody they will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice common believers.” By this constitution, Political Islam spread Mecca and Arab Peninsula with gaining victory. Moreover Islamic political parties have existed in the number of countries that has democracy and there are many political Islamıst groups that are working together or separate. Both of them have varieties of history, ideology or regions but they all have fundamental principles which are compatible with Quran. Islamic State of Medina The medina constitution is the first formal constitution that regulates Muslims and Non-Muslims including Jews, Christians and Pagans. It is formed the basic needs of Islamic State in Medina. It explains the fighting...
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...For other uses, see Constitution (disambiguation). A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a written constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation,[5]...
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...he reported at this spot, that he was visited by Gabriel and received his first revelationfrom God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preachingthese revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" (lit. islām) to Him is the only way (dīn)acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein asother Islamic prophets. Muhammad gained few followers early on, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers in Mecca migrated toMedina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the...
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...Ravneet Kaur Development of Human Rights: From Past to Present The word human right is derived from Latin word “Homo” meaning man and homonus mean belonging to man. Human rights are right to which every person is entitled by virtue of being human living in society of other human. According to Thomas Paine, In rights of man is 1721 about French revolution that the representation of people of France feels that ignorance of human right are the main curse of public misfortune. Cicero the statesman the orator of ancient Rome, produced the work that the reflected the principle of Roman public and rights rights of citizen. Human rights are mainly social, economic and political rights. The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Actions by states and non-governmental organizations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human right suggests that "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. (Kaur) The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day....
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...years old in the month of Ramadan an angle, reportedly Gabriel insisted that he recite what became the first words of the Qur’an. Three years after he started receiving the revelations he was told to preach publicly. Tradition says that while at the height of the trials known as the “Year of Sorrows” Muhammad experienced the Night of Ascension. It is said that he ascended through the seven heavens into the Divine Proximity where he was able to meet former prophets and teachers. He seen paradise and hell, and received the blessings of the Divine Presence. In 622 CE the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina. This is marks the beginning of the era when Muslims went from being persecuted to being appreciated. Also while in Medina, Muhammad came up with a constitution for the city that served as a model for Islamic social administration. After a few years of war between Mecca and Medina Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 CE with such a large group of Muslims that the Meccans didn’t even resist. With his return to Mecca, all the idols were removed from the Ka’bah, and ever since that time it has been the of Muslim piety. Jesus was born in Bethlehem while his parents were there to take a...
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...Assignment 1: Social Media Medina 1 Prof: LEG 100: Business Law 1 July 25, 2013 Medina 2 A few years ago I jumped on the social media bandwagon after being introduced to it by my father. I was always a little skeptical about social media because of all negative that I had heard about it. Now, I love it because there is a lot of positive about social media as far as I am concerned. Social media is an asset to marketing, and it is fun for personal use as well. I am fan of Facebook so I will discuss how it can direct consumers to a better source of purchasing. A Legally Astute Marketing Manager According to our text a legally astute manger has four components; a set of value-laden attitudes about the importance of law to the firm’s success; a proactive approach to regulation and legal issues; the ability to exercise informed judgment when managing the legal aspects of business; the appropriate use of legal tools and context specific knowledge of the law (Bagley, 2013, p. 11). The legally astute social media marketing manager has to take those components a step further. The legally astute social media marketing manager must embrace social media and its networking power to drive sustainable change in the...
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...Dominican Republic Government Any government is littered with responsibilities and hardships; the Dominican Republic is no exception to the rule. The most significant responsibilities of their government falls on the shoulders of Danilo Medina, the current president. This Caribbean island has a complicated administration that has gone through many constitutions and changes. One, for example, that stands out is changing from a personal dictator to an elected president in 1962. This is the history of a nation's government. The Dominican Republic declared independence in 1884, and on November 13th during that same year; Pedro Santana became their first president. Since then, there has been 53 official presidents. Even though the country...
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...the Prophet Muhammad was born, and forty years later the revelation of the Qur’an would begin. He would partake in the very first Hijrah from Mecca to Medina but would later return to Mecca in 630 C.E. after creating a constitution in which modern Islam in still based off of today. The return to Mecca was not a peaceful one, as Muhammad and his followers had to lead several raids on the city until it was eventually destroyed. This happened after Mecca declared war on Medina and Muhamad was successful, according to the Qur’an, because god sent thousands of angels to help him. The period in which Islam actually grew happened after the death of Muhammad and happened after the election of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph, a position in which the person given the title is seen as the successor to the prophet Muhamad. The beginning of the spread of island is often accredited as staring in 633 C.E. and the Qur’an would later be put to text in 650 C.E. The knowledge of all of these religions and their beginning is immensely important when one starts to relate them...
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...receive approximately $1.48 million because the jury determined Smith was 49 percent at fault for his injuries. Chief Justice Wallace Jefferson and Justices Harriet O’Neill, David Medina, Paul Green and Eva Guzman also upheld the jury’s decision. Justices Phil Johnson, Dale Wainwright and Nathan Hecht issued various opinions in dissent. Johnson said Smith could have simply walked away from the fracas. He also said that Smith should have went out from the place where this incident occurred to save himself. If I would be the Texas supreme court justice, I would rule this case in a same way just like how the...
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...Mariaana Medina Barickman INDV 150-Section C 1 February 2013 The Middle Class in Latin America Latin America went thought three different phases from the 1910s through today. In the 1910’s Latin America was ruled by large landowners who ruled the government and the liberal oligarchic regime that control the export economy. When the world wide economic crash of 1929/30 the liberal oligarchic regime fell and left Latin America with no way to support itself. After the crash the middle class and lower class started to fight for their rights and wanted more power in the political scene. By the late 1940’s most countries went through military coups because the large landowners and industrial owners where not happy that the government was helping the lower class and taking land from them. The middle was not a progressive middle class because since the 1910s, the upper class had all the power and if anything changed it was because the lower class was behind it. In Mexico the middle class was not making a difference because they did not have any power politically and they were such a small percentage of the population. The Mexican revolution started with the upper class in 1910. Francisco Madero, a wealthy landowner, overthrows the Porfirio Diaz dictatorship. Meanwhile the lower class, led by Zapata and Villa where demanding a land reform to the lower class. When Madero won the presidency in 1912 but he was never able to control the lower class and a year later he was...
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...Jesus and Muhammad By Kelli Halford HUM/130 3/20/2011 Ryan Shockey Christianity and Islam are both religions that are practiced across the world. Christianity has 2 billion followers, and Islam has 1 billion worshippers (Fisher, Mary P.2005). They have similar and different beliefs. They practice these religions in different ways, and follow two different leaders. In this paper I will cover the leaders they worship, their impact today, and the leader’s history. I will also explain the ways that their religious methods are carried out by the followers today. I will start off with Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God. As stated in the Holy Bible. Most of these people believe that he was born is Bethlehem in a stable. They also believe that on his birthday he was visited by three kings, and Sheppard’s. They brought baby Jesus gifts of Messiah. Most of Jesus’ young life is unknown. One interesting incident is when he was 12 years old. He was found in a Temple talking to rabbis about the Torah. He was known to have a lot of factual information on this subject (Fisher, Mary P.2005). Christians believe that he was baptized at age 30 by a guy named John in a place called the Jordan River. After his baptism he went into the dessert for 40 days. Satan tried to tempt him during this time, and was unsuccessful. Then he collected his disciples named James, Andrew, Simon and John. He told his disciples that they did not need any possession, because God...
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...Jesus and Mohammed are two important figures within their respective religions. Christianity and Islam both have their foundations rooted in each of these individuals. Jesus is a main figure in Christianity, and Mohammed is a main figure in Islam. Although these two individuals have a great impact on their respective religion, their lives were quite different. These individuals led much different lives and their death impacted each of their religions differently. The way each of these individuals was or is worshiped varies greatly due to the individual's role in the religion. The life of Jesus is told in the Christian religion. Jesus was born to Mary and Joseph in the town of Bethlehem. Mary was said to be a virgin and conceived by Immaculate Conception. Since Mary and Joseph were traveling to Bethlehem for a census, there were no places for them to live. A local innkeeper gave them shelter in his barn since Mary was pregnant. After the birth of Jesus, shepherds and wise men came to see the baby. After the census in Bethlehem, Mary and Joseph went back to the town of Nazareth. Jesus was raised in Nazareth and worked with his father who was a carpenter. Very little information is known about Jesus' preteen years according to the religious texts. When he was 12 he traveled to the city of Jerusalem for Passover. While he was there he went to the house of God saw how the locals were acting and caused a major scene. What he saw was the sacrificing of animals as well...
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...A Problem Exists William Baughan Prof Valentine ENG 215 11/5/2013 A Problem Exists The liberals in our political system have always tried to get rid of guns that they are a danger to us as a society and the conservatives and libertarians follow the Second Amendment of our Constitution. The Second Amendment gives us the right to keep and bear arms as well as protection from others. I believe citizens should be permitted to carry concealed weapons in their workplaces, such as schools and offices, which would deter criminals, increase security, and create an atmosphere of safety. Homicides by weapon type, 1976-2004. Gun-involved homicides have increased since falling to a low in 1999. Homicides by weapon type, 1976-2004. Gun-involved homicides have increased since falling to a low in 1999. (Berry, 2013)First, gun violence has been a topic of conversation in the political arena for a long time. The most common gun violence as well as violence by itself occurs in poor urban areas usually associated with gang violence. There has been a lot of school shooting such as the Virginia Tech shootings and Columbine high school massacre. It’s almost like clockwork when mass shootings occur there will be a debate on gun laws. Politicians have sought for the correct balance between what regulations to add and what not to add. Second, there has been an increase number of violence in schools that usually involve guns. Every day you turn on the news or read...
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...Hadith Arqam ibn Shurahbeel reported: I traveled with Ibn Abbas from Medina to Syria and I asked him, “Did the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, leave any instructions?” He said, “The Messenger of Allah did not finish the prayer before becoming very ill and he went out while being supported by two men and dragging his feet on the ground. The Messenger of Allah died and he did not leave any instructions.” [Musnad Ahmad, Number 3345, Sahih] عَنِ الْأَرْقَمِ بْنِ شُرَحْبِيلَ قَالَ سَافَرْتُ مَعَ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ مِنْ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَسَأَلْتُهُ أَوْصَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَذَكَرَ مَعْنَاهُ وَقَالَ مَا قَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الصَّلَاةَ حَتَّى ثَقُلَ جِدًّا فَخَرَجَ يُهَادَى بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ وَإِنَّ رِجْلَيْهِ لَتَخُطَّانِ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَمَاتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَمْ يُوصِ Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “The one is who is consulted is in a position of trust.” [Sunan At-Tirmidhi, Book of Manners, Number 2822, Hasan] عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْمُسْتَشَارُ مُؤْتَمَنٌ Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said to Abu Al-Haytham, “Do you have a servant?” He said no. The Prophet said, “If we are given prisoners of war, then come to us.” Later, the Prophet had with him two prisoners and Abu Al-Haytham came and he said, “Choose between...
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