...Document is authoritative, highest law of the land. Binds all political institutions – leads to 2 tier legal system ▪ Provisions of it are entrenched, difficult to amend or abolish ▪ It is judiciable, all political bodies are subject to authority of the courts, in particular a supreme court. o Uncodified – increasingly rare, UK one of few ▪ Not authoritative, constitutional laws treated same as ordinary laws ▪ Not entrenched, constitution can be changed through the normal process for enacting statute law. ▪ Not judiciable, judges do not have legal standard to declare that actions of other bodies are constitutional/not constitutional. o However: ▪ No constitution is entirely written, written documents do not encompass all aspects of constitutional practice ▪ No constitution is entirely unwritten, no constitution consisting only of rules of conduct or behaviour. • Unitary and federal o Unitary – establish constitutional supremacy of central government over provincial and local bodies. Reflected in UK via Parliament o Federal – divide sovereignty between 2 levels of government, both central and regional posses a range of powers that the other...
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...their workforce was slaves, they lost their workforce. Factories stopped producing at the rate prior to the war and plantation owners had to figure out whom to hire to work the fields. Feeding off of the feelings in the South, the Klan committed terrorism without punishment. The Klan used newspapers as a tool for publishing death threats next to the local advertisements, which demonstrated how “normal” it was considered in daily life. Also, by having their deeds printed in the newspapers, their deeds were considered ‘heroic’ for they had been doing the work the federal government was not doing. In the Klansman Manuel, the organization stated that they were committed to keeping America “pure” and were doing “God’s work” by invocating constitutional law, which justified their murderous actions. In the name of preserving order in a white dominated society, the Klansmen punished newly freed blacks for a variety of reasons, including behaving in an impudent way towards women . The KKK believed women to be sacred and have their liberties protected by the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan . Therefore they became scapegoats for the Klan’s actions since the common thought of the Klan was that the freed blacks would rape their white women, which would violate their chastity. Furthermore, by protecting white women and securing a white-dominated population, southerners agreed to their actions as moral. The southerner’s had found a way to rid themselves of the freed blacks, and return to their...
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...the arch of the British Constitution’. It is, indeed, an extremely significant part of our culture and history, as well as being central to our system of Government. It will therefore be necessary to begin any discussion of the constitutional issues involved in its abolition by outlining the current functions of the head of state in Britain. As ‘a state without a monarch is a republic’, it will then be necessary to consider the constitutional issues which would be implicit in giving effect to such a republic. These issues will include decisions as to the type of president we would have, how they would be selected, and the scope and extent of powers they would possess. This discussion is not intended to be one of the relative merits of a monarchy versus a republic: indeed, the decision to abolish the monarchy has already been made. Rather, it is an attempt to answer the question of how this central feature of our constitution could be replaced. In answering this question, I will look to a possible alternative, namely an elected president, and determine whether, and on what basis they could take over the functions of the monarch. Other constitutional issues regarding the selection of such a President must then be considered, along with other constitutional issues arising in this context. As a preliminary issue, it should be noted that in this hypothetical situation, it is Prince Charles, or rather King Charles III, who is on the throne. The Queen’s reign has ended and the...
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...NONE, ONE OR SEVERAL? PERSPECTIVES ON THE UK’S CONSTITUTION(S) DAVID FELDMAN* An inaugural lecture is the occasion when the University of Cambridge can look its gift horse in the mouth, weighing the new professor in the balance against his or her distinguished predecessors. The Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law has been held in the past by a long series of distinguished scholars, from Sir Percy Winfield to my immediate predecessor, Sir Jack Beatson whom we are delighted to welcome back today. Their work has influenced generations of lawyers. They certainly influenced me. Before I encountered Criminal Law: The General Part,1 a great little volume by Professor Glanville Williams, Learning the Law, was my ‘Guide, Philosopher and Friend’ (as it still says on the cover of the latest edition, now edited by my colleague Professor Tony Smith)2 as I approached the study of law. Another Rouse Ball Professor, the late Sir William Wade, had a formative effect on my understanding of land law and administrative law both through his famous books, Megarry and Wade on the Law of Real Property (now edited by a former Fellow of Downing College, Dr. Charles Harpum)3 and Administrative Law (now in the hands of my colleague Dr. Christopher Forsyth),4 not to mention the lectures that I attended as an undergraduate in (softly be it said) the University of Oxford. Two wonderfully stimulating and enjoyable books by the Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor and * Rouse Ball Professor of English Law in...
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...First Inaugural Address Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1801 Friends and Fellow-Citizens, Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye—when I contemplate these transcendent objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should I despair did not the presence of many whom I here see remind me that in the other high authorities provided by our Constitution I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, and of zeal on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement for that...
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...Final Project: Race and Your Community ETH/125 Week 9 Seffan Bune Idaho is a Midwestern state which I have called home for 28 of my 29 years. For the most part Idaho is a state that could be considered lacking in cultural diversity the majority of the population is white, religious, and conservative something that tends not to lend itself it a culture of many different people but that trend is changing at a rapid pace. I was born at St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center in the North End of Boise ID and have stayed in the North End for most of my life, this area is a bastion of liberalism in Idaho and in my opinion it is the most culturally diverse in the state. Because of the vast lacking of real cultural diversity I have also chosen to interview Jin You who is of Chinese ancestry and moved to Boise from the Sichuan province. Boise is a beautiful city known to many as the City Of Trees but there is a lack of cultural diversity that was apparent to me at a young age. I remember that throughout my childhood I grew up around people like me the same skin color, culture based on European ancestry, and family life which tended to be the standard nuclear family unit. I grew up in a relatively normal household and being the only child I was given the opportunity to attend Catholic school since the fifth grade. I found that I was like everyone else (except for my religious views) there was no one who really stood out as different other than the jocks, nerds, and cool kids. It wasn’t...
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...1960's Diary Entries Witness to the assassination of Malcolm X HIS 135 Dear Diary, I am one of many to witness the assassination of Malcolm X. On February 21, 1965 today we have lost a legacy. Malcolm X was a strong speaker, and was moved by many African Americans. He did so much to make us feel connected with our African American heritage. He would say the words that we would think but were scared to say. Malcolm X lost his life by the Nation of Islam; everyone is surrounded by questions of this fearless man’s death. The files The Files of Malcolm X, reveals The Smoking Guns in the FBI reports, which was dated for February 22, 1965, the files declares that Malcolm X had 10 gun shots penetrating to the chest, his thigh and ankle, also there were 4 bullets pleats into his chest and thigh. When his autopsy was done, they found 1 gun being noticed as a millimeter slug, 1 - 45 caliber slugs, with numerous shotgun shots, that were all around and about in his body, torn through the heart of Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. When Malcolm was in prison, he got religious, he wanted to change his criminal past, and became a member in the Nation of Islam. After Malcolm was released he started to preach on street corners. I have to say that Malcolm X was a very brave young man and stand up type of guy that did a lot to make blacks feel more connected to African American heritage. He stood up for African Americans and spoke out words and things that they were too afraid...
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...The Ballot or the Bullet Analysis Jasmine Grant Jackson State University By Any Means Necessary! (Malcolm X) Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Earl’s civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization Black Legion and the KKK, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday. Regardless of the Little’s efforts to get away from the Legion, in 1929, their Michigan home was burned to the ground. Two years later, Earl’s body was found lying across the town’s trolley tracks. Police ruled both incidents as accidents. Malcolm’s mother, .Louise suffered emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution, while her children were split up among various foster homes and orphanages. In Malcolm’s late teens he began to drift into the life of petty crime and was convicted on burglary charges. He was to serve 10 years of prison but was granted parole after seven. During his sentence he was converted to the Nation of Islam under the “Great” Elijah Muhammad. He became very active in the Nation and his great talents as a leader moved him to the number two spot in the Muslim organization. In 1964, he withdrew from the Nation upon the knowledge of Muhammad’s...
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...“The National Party Election victory was down to their policy of Apartheid.” – How far do you agree with this statement? Critically, this statement can be deemed as true to a great degree because the clear-cut, appealing Apartheid policy that Malan and the National Party stood for was the rallying point for the party to base all their arguments on. Equally, it is evident that other subsequent reasons such as the weaknesses of the United Party’s manifesto and previous existence in government – as well as the National Party’s effective ability to highlight this –were ultimately highly influential in giving rise to the victory of the National Party. As put by Dan O’Meara in his works from 1996, the election can be seen as “not won by the National Party, but lost by the government”. Following, are the reasons that stay true to the statement and also differing reasons which hold valuable placement on why the National Party victory occurred in 1948. Primarily, the National Party’s policy of Apartheid was so effective because it appealed to the electorate. The voting populace of South Africa came from a high majority of white Afrikaners - with the only “coloured” voters coming from the wealthy Black Cape Province - which made up 25% of the country’s population in total. Therefore, the policies of Apartheid which promised racial segregation and offered protection and comfort for the white workers who were beginning to feel their job security was in jeopardy after the war provided...
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...Peeling Away the Bark: Examining the Education of Little Tree by Forrest Carter "The Education of Little Tree," by Forrest Carter is about a young Cherokee boy named Little Tree who is orphaned and goes to live with his Cherokee grandparents. Since its publication debut in 1976 "The Education of Little Tree" has never been out of print. It hit the consumer shelves with ecstatic reviews in prestigious publication such as the New York Time and the Atlantic Monthly. The book sold more than a million copies and in 1985, a new publishing house, the University of New Mexico Press obtained publication rights and it continues to be their biggest seller, selling more than 1 _ million copies. At first read, the small 216-page book would seem suitable for young readers up through High School (Recommendation by publishers is grades 9 through 12). The book has its moments that make you smile and wonder. When it was first introduced into our school systems as required reading, schoolchildren around the country formed Little Tree fan clubs. Yet, shockingly enough, the book, "The Education of Little Tree" was publicly exposed as a fraud the year it was published. However, despite this evidence, in 1991, 15 years after its publication and 12 years after the author's death, "Little Tree" won the Abby Award and made it onto the New York Times' bestseller list. The Abby Award is given out each year by the American Booksellers Association to honor "hidden treasures." Ironically the Award began in...
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...Civil Rights Diary: Assassination of Malcolm X Karina Yanez HIS/145 June 18, 2013 Professor Lisa Antaki Civil Rights Diary: Assassination of Malcolm X Malcolm X also known as Malcolm Little. Malcolm X was killed on February 22, 1965 while he was at Audubon Ballroom fixing to give his speech. While he was fixing to give his speech there were two men that started to argue and was interrupting him. As he heard the two men arguing he said “Now, now brothers break it up. Be cool, be calm.” When everyone heard that situation three men started walking towards Malcolm and started shooting. Malcolm was shot several times and while they shot him he fell back over the chairs that he was standing in front of. Everyone just ducked down and covered their selves in some kind of way for protection while the shooters tried taking off running. As they tried running away, there were some of Malcolm’s guys that were beating the two men up as the police tried to rush in and capture them. As the police were trying to get the men, a lady discovered that Malcolm was still breathing, so they immediately took him to the hospital so they can save him. It didn’t work. Nobody really knew why the three men (Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3x Bulter, and Thomas 15x Johnson) killed Malcolm X. Still till this day they tried and figured it out but nothing. To me I feel like it had to be because he was once part of the Nation of Islam and wanted to get out because of what he was preaching...
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...In the Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm purpose is for the readers to understand his change in life. Throughout the first 11 chapters, Malcolm uses flashbacks to effectively draw the readers to understand how his life went from bad to worse. The author Alex Harley writes about Malcolm X’s life to show the readers that a long time ago that the African American society was divided, and did not have the same rights as others. Alex Harley gave us an overview on how racism was in the past and how people dealt with it. When Malcolm was born he was faced severe racism with the Ku Klux Klan and when they burned his family's home. They were forced to leave and go somewhere else. These bad events taking place in malcolm's life made him not only stronger but also a better person. The problems he faced, helped him build on his confidence. The author uses style in the text by showing us that they were using hip words for example dancing and how he was describing the zoot suit. He also used figurative language when he said “ Walking on my own coffin” ( Malcolm X Pg 149 ) for instance when he was saying this he was threatening a police officer and he knew it was dangerous but he took a chance and still decided to say it. The author uses syntax by separating the sentences by commas such as “ It was about two days later, when i went to pick up the watch, that things fell apart” also when he says “ The loser of the watch, the person from whom it had been stolen from us, i later found, had...
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...In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, he gives detail on his perspective of the world. Throughout his life he was exposed to many events that gave insight and knowledge, which ultimately would play a key role in molding Malcolm X into the man that he would soon become. In the entirety of Malcolm's life he was faced with the problem of racism and racist people. One of Malcolm's first encounters with racist people, as told to him by his mother, occurred before he was even born. On page 2 he says, “When my mother was pregnant with me, … a party of Ku Klux Klan riders galloped up to our home in boston.” So even before Malcolm was born, he and his family were threatened by racist klansmen. This quote also shows infers that Malcolm would have future problems with white supremacist. Now Malcolm's father, a preacher of the words of March Garvey and a member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, was in turn heavily hated among the klansmen. White supremacist hated his teachings so much that the only thing they could think of to stop him, was to kill him. On page 2 Malcolm says, “And my father was finally to die by the white man’s hand.” Malcolm also says, “It has always been my belief that I, too, would die by violence.” This is a very interesting quote because it shows that based on who his father was and how he was raised, he knew that he was destined to send an inspiring message across the nation and therefore, would cause violence created by those who didn't agree...
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...Macintyre, Ben. "Malcolm X's Terrible Legacy." The Times, 13 Nov. 1992, pp. NOPGCIT-NOPGCIT, eLibrary, https://explore.proquest.com/document/317859358?searchid=20180222133200661%3a400767%3a1519306667400&accountid=70500. • Malcolm was suspected to be at least three people • One of the first names was Malcolm little. • A poor boy from Michigan whose mother was the result of a grandmother’s rape by a white man. • The man was assumed to have experienced racism red in neck, tooth, and craw and grew up bad. • This earned the nickname “Detroit Red” as a hustling street pimp and later ending up in jail. • The second name was Malcolm X. The main one people use still today. • Where he converted to the radical black Muslim group called The Nation of...
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...The definition of a revolutionary according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is: Causing or relating to a great or complete change. And that is just what Malcolm X was. Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925. Married to Betty Shabazz, had 6 children (Attallah Shabazz, Qubilah Shabazz, Ilyasah Shabazz, Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz, Malikah Shabazz, and Malaak Shabazz) was heavily affiliated with Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism and the Nation of Islam. Malcolm was assassinated on February 21, 1965 by a man named Thomas Hagan. Malcolm X was a predominant leader in the Nation of Islam. The Nation of Islam was recognized as “black muslims”. Before Malcolm’s conversion to the Nation of Islam from Christianity he had a troubled childhood. Malcolm was the son of Baptist minister Earl Little and Louise Little. During his childhood his family was severely persecuted by the Ku Klux Klan. While Malcolm was very young the family moved to Lansing, Michigan, where his father's outspoken ways led to the burning of the family's home by white racists. When he was six his father was murdered for his thoughts and what he preached. Malcolm's mother became mentally ill and the children were placed in the care of others. Malcolm was sent to a home for boys. Dropping out of school at 15, he moved to Boston to live with a sister. Malcolm then became active in the areas of drugs, prostitution, and gambling in Boston and Harlem. In 1946 Malcolm Little was sentenced to ten years in prison for burglary...
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