...University of Phoenix Material Validity and Reliability Matrix For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of test’s application and under what conditions these types of reliability would be used as well as when it would be inappropriate. Then prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s weaknesses. |TEST of |Application and APPROPRIATENESS |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Reliability | | | | |Internal |“When you want to know if the item on a test assess one, and only one |The imbalance circulation of element correlation or |By using the degree of correlated items to measure,| |Consistency |dimension” (Salkind,N, pg.108). This test would be "used when you want|extreme values of correlations do not alter the |consistency internally is not a correct choice when| | |to know whether the items on a test are consistent with one another” |general factor. The internal arrangement of |the outcome of the test is not one-dimensional. | | |(Salkind,N. 2011 pg110). It would be appropriate to use this...
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...Chapter 10: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Answers to Review Questions 10.1. What is a confounding variable, and why do confounding variables create problems in research studies? An extraneous variable is a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. A confounding variable (also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable (it’s the type that we know is a problem, rather than the type that might potentially be a problem). 10.2. Identify and define the four different types of validity that are used to evaluate the inferences made from the results of quantitative studies. 1. Statistical conclusion validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship. 2. Internal validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables. 3. Construct validity. • Definition: The extent to which a higher-order construct is well represented (i.e., well measured) in a particular research study. 4. External validity. • Definition: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes...
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...ANALYSIS PHASE…………………………………………………………….. 9 1. Determining item difficulty (p)………………………………………………. 9 2. Determining discriminating power………………………………………….. 10 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias………………………................... 11 6. REVISING AND STANDARDISING THE FINAL VERSION OF THE MEASURE…… 12 1. Revising the items and test…………………………………………………. 12 2. Selecting items for the final version………………………………………... 12 3. Refining administration instructions and scoring procedures…................. 12 4. Administering the final version………………………………….................. 12 7. TECHNICAL EVALUATION AND ESTABLISHING NORMS………………………….. 13 1. Establishing validity and reliability………………………………………….. 13 1. Reliability…………………………………………………................ 13 2. Validity……………………………………………………………….. 14 2. Establishing norms, setting performance standards or cut-scores……… 16...
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...Assignment 02: Psychometric properties of psychological assessment measures LIST OF CONTENT PAGES 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURE 3 1. Planning phase 3 1. The aim of the measure 3 2. Defining the content of measure 4 3. The test plan 4 2. Item writing 5 1. Writing the items 5 2. Reviewing the items 5 3. Assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 1. Arranging the items 6 2. Finalizing the length 6 3. Answer protocols 6 4. Developing administration instructions 6 5. Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 4. Item analysis phase 7 1. Item difficulty (p) 7 2. Discrimination power 7 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias 8 5. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure 8 6. Technical evaluation and establishing norms 8 1. Issues related to the reliability of a psychological measure 8 1. Definition 8 2. Measurement error 8 3. The reliability coefficient 9 4. Standard error of measurement 9 ...
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...In human services research vast amounts of data are collected and analyzed to make decisions regarding the best interest in humans. Majority of data that is collected in human services research are based on tests. It is very important that these tests are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability...
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...Overview of Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are key concepts in measurement processes. Reliability refers to the stability of a test measure or protocol. It seems to be the way in scientific endeavors that we can take a simple concept and make the concept extremely difficult to comprehend; such is the case with reliability. There are various methods to determine reliability and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Our purpose here is to try to make since of the various reliability methods. To review, reliability is a measure of the stability or consistency of a test protocol. Measures of reliability are typically reported in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficients. In brief, these correlation measures range from –1 to 1, with larger values indicating high relationships. Generally, 0.30 is considered minimum to indicate marginal reliability. If you conceptualize consistency as stability over time or stability from item to item then there are different approaches to the measure of reliability. Consistency or stability over time is measured by test – retest reliability. This type of reliability is “in-line” with the traditional view of reliability, and is usually measured by correlation tests given to a group of subjects twice over a tasteful period, during which nothing has happen to your participants to effect their results. Therein lays, the major disadvantage of this method of reliability. Other problems are concerned with...
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...Employment Testing Assignment Test: Thomas Personal Profile Assessment The Contact Process The employer I contacted for this project was Livingston International. It is a North American company that focuses on customs brokerage and compliance, but also offers international trade consulting and international freight forwarding across the world. Livingston International has a workforce of over 3,200 employees and operates along the U.S- Canadian border, with regional air/sea hubs in Los Angeles, New York, and Norfolk (Livingston Int’l 2013). My main contact within the company was (name). Description of the test A test that Livingston International uses in their selection process is a personality assessment that assists in determining whether a candidate fits a position from a behavioural perspective. It is an online tool outsourced through Thomas International, called the Thomas Personal Profile Analysis (PPA). It was originally created between 1928-1931 through the theories of Dr. W.M. Martson, and then further developed by Thomas Hendrickson in the late 1950s and early 1960’s (Thomas Int’l 2013). The test is based on a human behavioural theory where behaviour is a function of 2 different dimensions (external and internal) that form an individual’s pattern of interaction through four characteristics: Dominance, influence, steadiness and compliance (Irvine, Sidney 2013). Consequently, it identifies personality traits and preferences that characterize a person’s actions...
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...University of Phoenix Material Reliability and Validity Matrix For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the test’s application. Describe what conditions these reliability types would be used for as well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, for each test, prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the strengths and a 50- to 100-word description of the weaknesses. Test of reliability | Application and appropriateness | Advantages | Disadvantages | Internal consistency | Internal consistency is used to make sure that multiple constructs that are measuring a variable produce identical results. An example of the test would be a questionnaire where the respondent is asked questions about cigarettes and he responds that he does not like cigarettes, has not smoked in the past, and disagrees with the statement “I like smoking cigarettes”. This would show a good internal consistency of the questionnaire. | The advantages of internal consistency reliability are that it makes sure that a test is not redundant and that each part of the test is helping to measure the target variable. | The disadvantages of internal consistency reliability are that it does help in understanding if the target variable is being measured by all the questions, but doesn’t say whether it is being measured accurately. | Split-half | The split half reliability test is a test comprising of two sections. Each section’s...
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...understanding of methodology will facilitate our understanding of basic statistics. Validity A key concept relevant to a discussion of research methodology is that of validity. When an individual asks, "Is this study valid?", they are questioning the validity of at least one aspect of the study. There are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics. Thus, when discussing the validity of a study, one must be specific as to which type of validity is under discussion. Therefore, the answer to the question asked above might be that the study is valid in relation to one type of validity but invalid in relation to another type of validity. Each of the four types of validity will be briefly defined and described below. Be aware that this represents a cursory discussion of the concept of validity. Each type of validity has many threats which can pose a problem in a research study. Examples, but not an exhaustive discussion, of threats to each validity will be provided. For a comprehensive discussion of the four types of validity, the threats associated with each type of validity, and additional validity issues see Cook and Campbell (1979). Statistical Conclusion Validity: Unfortunately, without a background in basic statistics, this type of validity is difficult to understand. According to Cook and Campbell (1979), "statistical conclusion validity refers to inferences about whether it is...
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...groups of individuals, both human and nonhuman, in the society. In psychology, constructs refers to ideals or variables that is impossible to quantify since they do not possess any measurable attribute. Motivation, intelligence anger, personality, attachment, love and fear are some example of construct. Personality psychology comprises of characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shapes a person. One of the most prominent issues in personality psychology is the measurement of personality construct. This paper aims at looking into the measurement of construct with regard to multitrait-multimethod matrix developed by Campbell and Fiske and other single methodology. The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix is an approach for the examination of Construct Validity. It was developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). According to Campbell and Fiske, there are six major considerations when examining a construct's validity through the MTMM matrix. The six considerations are as follows. The first consideration is the evaluation of convergent validity, which is used to design tests that measures and shows how construct relate to each other. The second consideration is the evaluation of divergent validity. In this case, the construct being measured by a test should not correlate highly with different constructs. The third consideration is the trait-method unit whereby each test used in construct measurement is considered as trait-method unit. The fourth is the Multitrait-multimethod whereby...
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...Types of Validity: External Validity: External validity should be thought up in a way of generalization. It is generalized in a form of population, setting, treatment variables, or measurement. External validity can usually be split into two separate types, which are population and ecological validity and they both help provide understanding to the experimental design and the strength of it (McBurney & White, 2009). Population Validity: The type of validity that helps put the population as a whole into perspective is population validity. The goal is for the sample to represent the population as a whole in order to collect data. In order to conduct this type of research it has to be done at random and different locations in order to receive an accurate picture of the population as a whole (McBurney & White, 2009). Ecological Validity: The second type of external validity is ecological validity, which focuses on testing the environment and determines how much behavior is influenced. The negative aspect to this type of test is receiving a clear picture on how the experiment compares to real world situations (McBurney & White, 2009). Internal Validity: Internal validity focuses in the researchers design in regards to an experiment and makes sure that they are following the principles of cause and effect. A better way of understanding internal validity is that it makes sure that there is not another possible cause that could have affected the outcome of the behavior...
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...Q- Explain the concept of Validity and Reliability in Measurement? Also define different types of Validity and reliability discussed in lectures. Note: Remember, I want quality work, so write in your own words. In case of copy paste, marks will be deducted. ------X------X------X------X------ Validity: Validity means that how much important test measurement ant what it is design or purpose to measure validity measure in degree as a process, validation includes collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument. There are lot of statistical test which measure the validity of quantitative instruments Types of Validity: There are several forms of validity In the context of experimental design there are two terms external validity and internal validity External Validity: In external validity the result shows from a sample to a population. We take data directly from sampling when we establish external validity for an instrument. Content Validity: Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain of the concept being measured, the greater the content validity. In others words content validity is a function of how well the dimensions and elements of a concept have been delineated Face validity: Face validity is considered by some a basic and minimum index of content validity. Face validity shows that the items that are intended to measure...
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...European Journal of Marketing 30,1 8 Received October 1994 Revised April 1995 SERVQUAL: review, critique, research agenda Francis Buttle Manchester Business School, Manchester, UK SERVQUAL: a primer SERVQUAL provides a technology for measuring and managing service quality (SQ). Since 1985, when the technology was first published, its innovators Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry, have further developed, promulgated and promoted the technology through a series of publications (Parasuraman et al., 1985; 1986; 1988; 1990; 1991a; 1991b; 1993; 1994; Zeithaml et al., 1990; 1991; 1992; 1993). The ABI/Inform database “Global edition”, (September 1994) reports that service quality has been a keyword in some 1,447 articles published in the period January 1992 to April 1994. By contrast SERVQUAL has been a keyword in just 41 publications. These publications incorporate both theoretical discussions and applications of SERVQUAL in a variety of industrial, commercial and not-for-profit settings. Published studies include tyre retailing (Carman, 1990) dental services (Carman, 1990), hotels (Saleh and Ryan, 1992) travel and tourism (Fick and Ritchie, 1991), car servicing (Bouman and van der Wiele, 1992), business schools (Rigotti and Pitt, 1992), higher education (Ford et al., 1993; McElwee and Redman, 1993), hospitality ( Johns, 1993), business-tobusiness channel partners (Kong and Mayo, 1993), accounting firms (Freeman and Dart, 1993), architectural services (Baker and Lamb, 1993), recreational...
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...rule and procedure * based on fact, no opinion and interpretation iii) Empirical * Something can be through observation and experience * Can be measured iv) Systematic and accumulative v) Predictive Research procedure: 1) Selection of problem 2) Review of existing research and theory 3) Statement of hypothesis or research question 4) Determination of methodology and design 5) Data collection 6) Analysis and interpretation of data 7) Present the result in an appropriate form 8) Replicate the study Theory: statement about the relationship among abstract concepts or variable * Each theory can explain the relationship Concept/constructs * Concept=a term that express an abstract idea formed by generalizing from particulars and summarizing related...
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...This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ COMPUTER ASSISTED TESTING OF SPOKEN ENGLISH: A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SFLEP COLLEGE ENGLISH ORAL TEST IN CHINA Xin Yu and John Lowe Computer Assisted Testing of Spoken English: A Study to Evaluate the SFLEP College English Oral Test in China Xin Yu and John Lowe University of Bath Introduction ‘If you want to encourage oral ability, then test oral ability’ (Hughes, 1989:44) Since its opening up to the outside world in the 1980s and the introduction of economic reforms that have involved engagement with the global economy and wider community, the Chinese government has become determined to promote the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language among its citizens. In particular, it has mandated the study of English for all college and university students and has made the passing of the College English Test (CET) at Band 4 level a requirement for obtaining a degree. With some ten million candidates annually (and rising) CET Band 4 has become the world’s largest language test administered nationwide (Jin and Yang, 2006). In a deliberate attempt to harness the backwash effect of examinations on teaching and learning, the Ministry of Education has insisted that all college...
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