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Contracts Law

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Introduction

Le présent avis juridique a pour objectif de faire ressortir les droits que Julien possède. Pour y arriver, nous examinerons d’abord les faits dans la cause afin de soulever les questions juridiques pertinentes. Par la suite, nous étudierons les éléments du consentement contractuel qui se rattachent à la jurisprudence pour afin passer à l’analyse de ces questions par rapport aux faits pertinents.

L’exposé des faits

Un pianiste de Cap Noir, Julien, possède un bateau de pêche, LE MUSIQUE PLUS. Sachant que Louis, un pêcheur de Cap Rouge en cherchait, il lui l’offre (le sien) pour 35 000 dollars puisqu’il aimerait s’acheter un piano à queue avec cet argent. Julien lui envoie une offre par courrier indiquant que Louis devait lui répondre avant le 30 aout 2010. La lettre est rendue chez Louis le 19 aout 2010, mais puisqu’il était en prison pour pêche illégale, ce n’est qu’au 26 aout 2010 qu’il prend connaissance de la lettre. Le 27 aout 2010, Julien se rencontre avec Louis pour examiner Le MUSIQUE PLUS. Le lendemain, Louis offre à Julien 30 000 pour le bateau mais il dit qu’il réfléchira là-dessus. Par la suite, Louis veut obtenir un prêt de la banque mais elle lui le refuse en raison de son casier judiciaire. De ce fait, Louis téléphone à Julien pour lui apprendre qu’il ne pourra pas acheter le bateau, mais Julien est parti à la recherche d'un piano. Il explique donc la situation à son frère Sylvain.

Julien avait posté une lettre le 28 août 2010 dans laquelle il acceptait, sans conditions, l’offre de Louis. Lorsqu’il est de retours chez lui, Sylvain lui dit que Louis ne serait pas en mesure d’acheter le bateau faute d’argent. Questions Juridiques :

Est-ce que Julien peut fonder une action sur rupture du contrat contre Louis?
Sous questions :
a) Étant donné que la lettre d’acceptation a été postée le même jour qu’il y ait eu une révocation de l’offre, existe-t-il toujours une offre? Un contrat a-t-il véritablement été formé?
b) N’ayant pas parlé à son destinataire directement, est-ce que la révocation de l’offre a véritablement été communiquée?
¬c) Est-ce que l’utilisation de la poste constituait un moyen d’acceptation raisonnable?

Analyse : a) Étant donné que la lettre d’acceptation a été postée le même jour qu’il y ait eu une révocation
La présente affaire s’agit d’une étude sur la formation du contrat et nous porterons une attention particulière à l’acceptation et à la révocation d’une offre. Celles-ci se sont réalisées dans un délai très rapproché, donc nous examinerons la chronologie des évènements pour déterminer l’existence du contrat. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons de la doctrine, de la jurisprudence et des règles de lois applicables. Avant de rentrer dans l’analyse de cette première question juridique, il est aussi important de savoir que la contre-offre de Louis fait qu’il est devenu le pollicitant et Julien, le destinataire. Il est aussi important de savoir qu’avant il ait eu un contrat, Julien ne magasinait pas pour un piano à queue, mais lorsque qu’il ait eu un consensus ad idem à l’égard du contrat, Julien fait les courses.

John D. McCamus nous enseigne que l’offre est révocable en tous temps avant son acceptation . Après la communication de l’acceptation, le contrat est obligatoire et une partie contractante ne peut révoquer son consentement . De ce fait, pour avoir gain de cause Julien doit utiliser la règle de l’envoi pour prouver qu’il a accepté l’offre avant qu’une révocation ait lieu. Dans l’arrêt Household Fire Insurance Co. c. Grant , la cour définit la règle de l’envoi; un contrat peut être formé par le moyen de la poste et aussitôt que la lettre d’acceptation est mise à la poste, le contrat prend naissance . Autrement dit, pour assurer consensus ad idem, lorsque l’accepteur met son offre à la poste, il désigne le bureau de poste comme mandataire de l’offrant. Une communication à un mandataire est donc équivalente à une communication aux parties eux-mêmes. Bref, comme nous l’avons vu dans l’affaire Grant, l’acceptation de Julien s’est faite au moment que sa lettre d’acceptation était mise à la poste.

Analyse : b) N’ayant pas parlé à son destinataire directement, est-ce que la révocation de l’offre a véritablement été communiquée?
McCamus dit que la révocation ne prend effet qu’au moment où l’acceptant en prend connaissance . Ceci qui veut dire que Julien doit aussi prouver que la lettre de révocation ne lui a pas fait part avant que son acceptation fût communiquée. Dans l’arrêt Byrne c. Van Tienhoven , il eu acceptation de l’offre après que la lettre de révocation était mise à la poste. Pour trancher cette question, au lieu d’utiliser la règle de l’envoi, la cour applique la règle de la communication : « an uncommunicated revocation is for all practical purpose and in point of law no revocation at all » . La cour a statué qu’il n’y a pas eu révocation de l’offre jusqu’à ce qu’elle soit communiquée. Le cas en espèce s’associe à l’affaire Byrne puisque Julien avait posté une lettre le 28 aout 2010 dans laquelle il acceptait, sans conditions, l’offre de Louis. Julien n’a donc pas pris connaissance de la révocation de l’offre avant qu’il soit revenu de son magasinage et Sylvain communique son incapacité de payer Julien, alors que Julien a déjà posté sa lettre d’acceptation.
Nous avons aussi appris dans l’arrêt Dickinson et Dodds que la communication d’une révocation à un tiers constitue un moyen légitime. Ici, l’offrant avait révoqué son offre par des vois indirects car l’acceptant avait pris connaissance indirectement que l’offrant avait contracté avec quelqu’un d’autre. L’offrant a implicitement fait connaître sa révocation et le tribunal dit qu’il était trop tard pour accepter. Dans le cas en l’espèce, Julien a pris connaissance de la révocation en parlant à un tiers, mais l’acceptation est toujours valide puisque la conversation a eu lieu après que la lettre d’acceptation soit envoyée.

Analyse : c) Est-ce que l’utilisation de la poste constituait un moyen d’acceptation raisonnable?

En l’espèce, il y a eu un lapse de temps entre la toute première offre et l’acceptation finale car Louis a rappelé Julien avec une contre-offre. Celle-ci constitue une modification des termes de l’offre et l’addition potentielle des termes nouveaux que l’acceptant doit respecté. Julien a donc pris du temps pour réfléchir et penser.

Puisque il n’y a pas eu un consentement simultané et que Louis n’a pas stipulé une date d’expiration de la contre-offre Julien avait un délai raisonnable pour communiquer son acceptation . Dans l’arrêt Barrick c. Clark , l’acceptation d’un délai de 20 jours n’était pas jugé raisonnable. L’offrant avait insisté sur une réponse rapide (télégramme) et il avait une grande demande pour l’achat de ce terrain à vendre. En regardant le commerce entre Louis et Julien, l’acceptation de l’offre s’est fait la même journée sans qu’il ait une insistance de la part du pollicitant ou des éléments qui suggèrent que le délai devrait être court.

La question est maintenant de savoir s’il est raisonnable d’envoyer l’acceptation par la poste. Julien n’a pas besoin d’avoir la permission d’utiliser bureau de post, il faut déterminer ce qu’une personne raisonnable aurait fait dans les circonstances. Dans l’arrêt Henthorn c. Fraser la cours a regardé aux faits et aux usages usuels pour trancher la même question. La cours dit que les deux parties ne résidaient pas dans le même endroit et que c’est normal d’utiliser le bureau de poste pour communiquer l’acceptation. Il était logique de croire que le demandeur aurait posté l’acceptation de l’offre. De plus la partie acceptante n’a aucune raison de penser qu’il y aura une révocation donc, il serait injuste de lui imposer le risque de la révocation. Ici, nous constatons que les parties résidaient à 100km de l’autre. Il est logique de croire que la poste soit un moyen de communication raisonnable. D’ailleurs, le téléphone et la poste constituent les moyens de communication utilisés pendant les négociations. Il n’est donc pas inattendu que Julien utilise la poste comme moyen d’accepter l’offre. Arnold J. Goldman, et William D. Sigismont nous enseigne que l’offrant assume le fardeau, étant donné qu'il a le pouvoir d'imposer le moyen de communication de l'acceptation . Il doit assumer la responsabilité des pertes car il aurait pu dicter au destinataire de l'offre un autre moyen pour la transmission de l'acceptation. Bref, en faisant du recul face à la jurisprudence, il est vrai Julien a agit de façon raisonnable.

L’offrant ne peut modifier les termes du contrat ou imposer une condition suspensive lorsqu’il a déjà eu acceptation. Si Louis aurait ajouté une condition suspensive qui faisait dépendre le contrat sur l’approbation de financement de la banque, selon la cour Suprême du Canada, Julien ne pourrait pas poursuivre en action de bris de contrat puisque « no contract exists until the condition is fulfilled » . Cela dit, l’approbation de financement par la Banque n’a jamais été énoncée comme terme du contrat, ce qui donne à Julien l’occasion de se lancer et accepter l’offre qui lui a été dirigée. Il vaut aussi la peine de dire que Louis a offert la somme de 30 000$ en argent comptant, ce qui ne causera pas d’inquiétude pour Julien.

Conclusion

La jurisprudence et la doctrine soulevées dans ce texte nous illustrent qu’il est possible de poursuivre Louis pour l’inexécution du contrat. Étant donné les circonstances, la poste constitue un moyen d’acceptation raisonnable. Louis n’a pas fait sa part pour assurer que la révocation soit bien transmit à son destinataire. De plus, la naissance du contrat a précédé la révocation puisque l’acceptation s’est fait lors de sa mise à la poste. Étant donné la situation, il est peu probable que Louis ait les fonds pour payer pour le bateau mais Julien a quand-même droit à des dommages-intérêts.

Doctrine

John D. McCamus, The Law of Contracts, 7e éd, Toronto, Irwin Law Inc., 2005.

Olivier Moréteau, Droit anglais des affaires, 1ère éd., 2000. Éditions Dalloz (Paris)

Arnold J. Goldman, William D. Sigismond, Business Law: Principles and Practices,

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...Contract [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Contracts Introduction A contract is a legal agreement between two parties. For a contract to be valid, it must meet all prerequisites of the law, should bind the involved parties, and should be implementable in a legal court. Legal Competency: This means that the contract must be legally recognizable, i.e. both the parties entering into the agreement must have reached legal age (Miller, 2010). 1. Mutual Agreement: Also known as mutual consent, this means that both the parties entering the contract must be willing (and able). 2. Consideration: This refers to the payoff of the contract for both the parties involved. It can be monetary (valuable consideration) or in the form of physical items (goods consideration). 3. Stated Contract: The contract should be written in clear terms, in order to be clearly understood by both the parties (Beale et al 2010). Therefore, in light of the above framed notions, the case of Don Willetts will be deciphered. Moreover, this paper will address 2 questions in order to meet the pretext of the paper. Q1: What should you do about continuing to do business with Don? Answer: In the context of this case, the business with the Don should be stopped right away. As he took advantage of the 17 year old boy and made him sign the contract. Although the 17 year old should have told about the contract. The business with the Don should be stopped on the basis of ill intention...

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