...Writing essays in French 1 1.1 Introduction Presenting the theme Origins of the problem Il y a quelques jours... - A few days ago... Depuis un certain temps... - For some time now... On parle beaucoup en ce moment de... - There is a lot of talk at the moment about... On entend souvent dire que... - It is often said that... Les récents événements de X ont mis en évidence Y - The recent events of X have highlighted Y Un problème dont il est souvent question est celui de... - A problem that often arises is that of... Tout le monde s’accorde à penser que... - Everyone agrees that... Il est généralement admis que... - It is generally agreed that... Il est bien connu que... - It is well known that... Nous vivons dans un monde où... - We live in a world where... De nos jours... - Nowadays... The question that arises Il convient donc d’examiner... We should therefore examine... La question est donc de savoir... The question therefore is... Quand se décidera-t-on à faire... When will it be decided to... Quelles vont être les conséquences de ... - What will the consequences be of ... Est-ce vraiment la solution à... - Is this really the solution to... Est-il vrai que... - Is it true that... Peut-on accepter que... - Is it acceptable for... Il est généralement admis que la télévision peut avoir une mauvaise influence sur les adolescents. […] Il convient donc d’examiner les relations entre la délinquance juvénile et la violence sur nos écrans. It is generally agreed that television...
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...The Role and Measurement of Quality in Competition Analysis 2013 The OECD Competition Committee discussed the role and measurement of quality in competition analysis in June 2013. This document contains an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD staff and written submissions: Australia, Canada, Chile, the European Union, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, United Kingdom, Ukraine, United States and BIAC. A note by Theodore Voorhees Jr. as well as a detailed summary of the discussion are also included. Competition policy is just as concerned with quality as it is with prices. While the importance of quality is undisputed and issues about quality are mentioned pervasively in competition agency guidelines and court decisions, there is no widely-agreed framework for analysing it which often renders its treatment superficial. There are a number of reasons why in practice, courts and competition authorities rarely analyse quality effects as rigorously as they analyse price effects. First, quality is a subjective concept and therefore much harder to define and measure than prices. In addition, microeconomic theory offers little help in predicting how changes in the level of competition in a market will affect quality and it is usually up to empirical analysis to determine how quality will change in response to varying degrees of competition in the context of particular markets. Given difficulties in terms of the evaluation...
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...cation A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process) Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with “what” motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”. According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied. In the first level, physiological needs exist which include the most basic needs for humans to survive, such as air, water and food. In the second level, safety needs exist which include personal security, health, well-being and safety against accidents remain. In the third level, belonging needs exit. This is where people need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. It is about relationships, families...
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...and Central Europe—A Guide to Cultures, Markets, and Practices Woodrow H. Sears, Ed.D. and Audrone Tamulionyte-Lentz, M.S. Intercultural Services: A Worldwide Buyer’s Guide and Sourcebook Gary M. Wederspahn, M.A. SIXTH EDITION MANAGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES GLOBAL LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES ST FOR THE 21 CENTURY 25TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION PHILIP R. HARRIS, PH.D. ROBERT T. MORAN, PH.D. SARAH V. MORAN, M.A. JUDITH SOCCORSY Editorial Coordinator Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2004, Philip R. Harris, Robert T. Moran, Sarah V. Moran. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete...
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...Les motivations sous-jacentes aux buts de performance comme prédicteurs des comportements sociaux : Effet des buts de performance sur la dissimulation d’informations et la dominance sociale en fonction du contexte évaluatif Fahrni Kevin, EL Jobin Martin, MT Nguyen David, MT Nguyen Ha-Phong, GC Sehaqui Hamza, GC Projet SHS de 1ère année master Encadré par Prof. Butera Fabrizio & Sommet Nicolas, Psychologie sociale Rapport accepté le 17.06.2013 Lausanne, année académique 2012-2013 SHS - Psychologie sociale | Les motivations sous-jacentes aux buts de performance Résumé Depuis longtemps, de nombreux chercheurs étudient les effets des buts de performance sur les comportements sociaux dans le cadre de la théorie des buts d’accomplissement. Récemment, certains d’entre eux ont mis en évidence le fait que ces buts n’étaient pas toujours endossés pour les mêmes raisons et qu’il pouvait en résulter des comportements très différents. Dans le cadre de ce rapport, les buts de performance peuvent être soit, sous-tendus par des motivations autonomes, c’est-à-dire que les comportements des individus sont guidés par leurs volontés et leurs choix, soit par des motivations contrôlées à cause desquelles l’individu juge qu’il n’a pas d’autres solutions que d’adopter un comportement précis ou de s’engager dans une activité donnée. Au regard de ces récents développements, il apparaît important de déterminer quels contextes évaluatifs prédisent l’émergence de...
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...THE CONCEPT OF A LEGAL SYSTEM An Introduction to the Theory of Legal System SECOND EDITION JOSEPH RAZ CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD -iiiOxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxfordis a trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United Statesby Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1970, 1980 First published 1970 Second edition 1980 Reprinted 1990, 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise...
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...-1 - L’influence des entités régionales dans le processus politique national : étude du cas catalan. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de démontrer qu’en raison de son glissement vers un Etat fédéral et en dépit de réels mécanismes de représentation territoriale des Communautés Autonomes au sein des Institutions nationales, la participation de la Catalogne au processus législatif s’est organisée sous la forme d’un assemblage complexe de relations formelles et informelles menées entre les partis nationaux et régionalistes tant au niveau national qu’autonomique et lui ayant permis - dans sa course à davantage d’autonomie financière - d’exercer une influence au-delà de sa traditionnelle position de pivot aux Cortes. Les relations intergouvernementales formelles et informelles empruntent chacune des voies parallèles mais convergentes par rapport aux buts à atteindre : les relations formelles sont nouées au niveau sub-étatique entre tous les acteurs régionaux, elles ouvriront ensuite la voie à des relations informelles entre gouvernements. Ce système dual a connu des fluctuations depuis ses prémisses, captant toute la dimension de l’essor d’une capacité politique accrue de la Catalogne au sein de la sphère nationale. EXTRAIT : MOTS CLES : capacité politique régionale, relations intergouvernementales, Convergencia i Unio, semi-fédéralisme, Loi Organique de Financement des Communautés Autonomes. Introduction L'INFLUENCE DES ENTITES PERIPHERIQUES AU SEIN DES INSTITUTIONS...
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...The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud (1900) PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Wheras there was a space of nine years between the first and second editions of this book, the need of a third edition was apparent when little more than a year had elapsed. I ought to be gratified by this change; but if I was unwilling previously to attribute the neglect of my work to its small value, I cannot take the interest which is now making its appearance as proof of its quality. The advance of scientific knowledge has not left The Interpretation of Dreams untouched. When I wrote this book in 1899 there was as yet no "sexual theory," and the analysis of the more complicated forms of the psychoneuroses was still in its infancy. The interpretation of dreams was intended as an expedient to facilitate the psychological analysis of the neuroses; but since then a profounder understanding of the neuroses has contributed towards the comprehension of the dream. The doctrine of dream-interpretation itself has evolved in a direction which was insufficiently emphasized in the first edition of this book. From my own experience, and the works of Stekel and other writers, [1] I have since learned to appreciate more accurately the significance of symbolism in dreams (or rather, in unconscious thought). In the course of years, a mass of data has accumulated which demands consideration. I have endeavored to deal with these innovations by interpolations in the text and footnotes. If these additions do...
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...Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Ann´e 2007 e Num´ro attribu´ par la biblioth`que e e e ———————————— Essais en Finance d’Entreprise THESE POUR LE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES ECONOMIQUES DE L’ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES Pr´sent´e et soutenue publiquement par e e David SRAER le 29 Juin 2007 Directeur de th`se e M. Jean Tirole Directeur d’Etudes ` l’E.H.E.S.S. a JURY M. Denis Gromb, Mme. Ulrike Malmendier , M. Brunos Biais, M. Jacques Cr´mer, e Professeur, London Business School (Rapporteur) Assistant Professeur, Universit´ de Californie, Berkeley (Rapporteur) e Directeur de Recherche au C.N.R.S., Universit´ de Toulouse 1 e Directeur de Recherche au C.N.R.S., Universit´ de Toulouse 1 e Remerciements J’ai ` l’´gard de Jean Tirole un dette incommensurable : pour l’accueil chaleureux dont il m’a fait b´n´ficier ` a e e e a chacune de mes venues ` Toulouse, pour l’incroyable richesse des discussions que nous avons pu avoir tout au long a du d´veloppement de cette th`se, pour le soutien qu’il m’a toujours apport´ et pour l’extraordinaire qualit´ de ses e e e e conseils scientifiques, je luis suis infiniment gr´. e David Thesmar m’a fait d´couvrir ce qu’´tait r´ellement la recherche en ´conomie et surtout, a su m’ouvrir les e e e e yeux sur ce qu’´tait la bonne recherche en ´conomie. Sans lui, et ` de tr`s nombreux ´gards, cette th`se n’existerait e e a e e e pas. Sa cr´ativit´, son enthousiasme, sa curiosit´ tout comme son amiti´ ont ´t´...
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...GMAT GRADUATE MANAGEMENT ADMISSION TEST McGraw-Hill’s 2008 Edition James Hasik Stacey Rudnick Ryan Hackney New York | Chicago | San Francisco | Lisbon London | Madrid | Mexico City | Milan | New Delhi San Juan | Seoul | Singapore | Sydney | Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-151120-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149340-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights...
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...USA $25.95 CANADA $27.95 • W h y do our headaches persist after taking a one-cent aspirin but disappear when we take a 50-cent aspirin? • Why does recalling the Ten Commandments reduce our tendency to lie, even when we couldn't possibly be caught? • W h y do we splurge on a lavish meal but cut coupons to save 25 cents on a can of soup? • W h y do we go back for second helpings at the unlimited buffet, even when our stomachs are already full? • And how did we ever start spending $4.15 on a cup of coffee when, just a few years ago, we used to pay less than a dollar? hen it comes to making decisions in our lives, we think we're in control. We think we're making smart, rational choices. But are we? In a series o f illuminating, often surprising experi ments, M I T behavioral economist Dan Ariely refutes the common assumption that we behave in fundamentally rational ways. Blending everyday experience with ground breaking research, Ariely explains how expectations, emotions, social norms, and other invisible, seemingly illogical forces skew our reasoning abilities. N o t only do we make astonishingly simple mistakes every day, but we make the same types of mistakes, Ariely discovers. We consistently overpay, underestimate, and procrastinate. We fail to understand the profound effects of our emotions on what we want, and we overvalue what we already own. Yet these misguided behaviors are neither random nor senseless. They're systematic and predict able—making us predictably irrational...
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...Décentralisation au Burkina-Faso : une approche en économie institutionnelle Thèse présentée à la Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales de l’Université de Fribourg (Suisse) par Abraham KY du Burkina-Faso pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès sciences économiques et sociales Acceptée par la Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales le 18.02.2010 sur proposition de Monsieur Prof. Bernard Dafflon (premier rapporteur) et Monsieur Prof. Thierry Madiès (deuxième rapporteur) Fribourg 2010 « La faculté des sciences économiques et sociales de l’Université de Fribourg (Suisse) n’entend ni approuver, ni désapprouver les opinions émises dans une thèse : elles doivent être considérées comme propres à l’auteur (Décision du Conseil de Faculté le 23 janvier 1990). » Dédicace A feue Sima Catherine, ma chère maman qui est partie dix jours exactement après la soutenance publique de cette thèse. Naan, tu peux reposer en paix, ta foi et ta générosité naturelle, ton humilité et ton intégrité forment un legs incommensurable. Ce legs-là, constituera pour moi un horizon indépassable tout au long de ce pèlerinage sur cette terre d’exil ! Remerciements Pour deux raisons au moins, je me dois d’adresser mes premiers mots, chaleureux et de grande reconnaissance, au Prof. Bernard Dafflon, titulaire de la Chaire de finances publiques et de gestion des politiques publiques. La première raison tient en l’éthique de ce dernier, son éthique de l’humain d’où qu’il vienne. En effet, alors qu’il...
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...ago. Patanjali is not the inventor of yoga, but rather yoga's most popularly known scribe. What has become known simply as the "Yoga Sutras" (sutra means thread) or almost equally as common, as the "Yoga Darshana" (the vision of Yoga), is actually a compendium of an ancient pre-existing oral yoga tradition consisting of both practical advice and theoretical context. The most accepted format of the Yoga Sutras consists of four chapters (called padas) written in the Sanskrit language approximately 2000 years ago in Northern India while utilizing the terminology of the time, i.e., Samkhya philosophical trappings. The dates ascribed to the Yoga Sutras vary widely from 250 BC to 300 AD. 250 AD is very improbable based on comparative analysis with similar texts, grammar, and concurrent philosophical ideas of the era. This latter date is a conjecture based on the lack of any prior commentaries on the Yoga Sutras before this date. What can be said is that Patanjali's era was proto-tantric, Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, and eclectic. Because...
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...Starting an Online Business FOR DUMmIES ‰ 4TH EDITION by Greg Holden TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Starting an Online Business For Dummies®, 4th Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, e-mail: brandreview@wiley.com. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates...
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...République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Abou Bekr Belkaїd de Tlemcen Faculté des Sciences Economiques et de Gestion THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES ECONOMIQUES Thème Microfinance et Pauvreté : Quantification de la Relation sur la population de Tlemcen Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Mr. SMAHI Ahmed Sous la direction du : Pr. BENHABIB Abderrezak (U. Tlemcen) JURY Professeur Bendi Abdeslem Professeur Benhabib Abderrezak Professeur Derbal Abdelkader Professeur Ait Ziane Kamel Docteur Maliki Samir B.E Docteur Baba Abdelkader Université de Tlemcen Université de Tlemcen Université d’Oran C.U.Khémis Méliana Université de Tlemcen Université de Mostaganem Président Encadreur Examinateur Examinateur Examinateur Examinateur Année Universitaire : 2009/2010 Remerciements Au terme de ces années de recherche, mes premiers remerciements s’adressent au professeur Abderrezak Benhabib, mon directeur de thèse qui m’a apporté un précieux soutien dans ce travail, en s’avérant toujours disponible et exigeant pour l’achèvement de ce travail. A vrai dire, le choix de ce thème lui revient en toute sincérité vu l’intérêt qu’il portait à l’enrichissement de la thématique celle de la pauvreté. Je remercie Mr Benhabib aussi pour son soutien et ses conseils, la confiance qu’il m’a accordée et la grande liberté qu’il m’a laissée dans la réalisation de ce travail. Certes, nous avons appris beaucoup...
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