...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that makes it hard for someone to breath by limiting the airflow of oxygen in and out of the lungs. COPD is a deteriorating disease that worsens as time goes on that affects over 12 million people in the United States (U.S.). It is characterized by inflammation and severe limitation of airflow in and out of the lungs. COPD is an umbrella term used to describe a group of breathing conditions. Most people age 40 and older with a history of smoking (either current or former smokers) are more likely to suffer from COPD, although in some cases one out of six people with COPD have never smoked. (GICOPD 2001) The most common types of COPD are Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema. Many people diagnosed with COPD may have two types Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema while a few may only have Asthma. COPD is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Of the major causes of death in the U.S., it is the only to have risen in numbers since the year of 2007 while the leading causes (Heart Disease and Cancer) numbers have slightly gone down. COPD is also the second leading cause of disability in the U.S. In 2010, the cost to the nation for COPD was projected to be approximately $49.9 billion, including $29.5 billion in direct health care expenditures, $8.0 billion in indirect morbidity costs and $12.4 billion in indirect mortality costs. ((COPD) Fact Sheet 2014) In a set of normal functioning lungs...
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...COPD COPD is a term used for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is an “obstructive disease”, meaning that airflow coming out of the lungs during exhalation is blocked. The blockage of airflow with COPD ,makes it very difficult for a person to breathe. Over time, COPD get progressively worse because doctors have not yet found a cure. COPD affects more Than 5% of the adult population, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. 4 With COPD, a person will usually have two main medical conditions that limit airflow. These conditions are known as emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Emphysema causes the elasticity of the lung tissue to be lost. The alveolar walls between air sacs in the lung are damaged, and this causes them to lose their shape and become flimsy. Over time, this damage destroys the walls, leading to fewer, larger air sacs, rather than many, smaller air sacs like that of a normal lung. When this happens, the amount of surface available for gas exchange inside the lung is drastically reduced. With chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This condition causes the lining to thicken, and leads to a lot of thick mucus production forming in the airways, making it harder to breathe. With destruction of the lung parenchymal, and narrowing of the small airways, air becomes trapped due to the inability of the airways to remain open during expiration...
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...COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD COPD...
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...COPD All respiratory diseases characterized by chronic obstruction to airflow fall under the broad classification of COPD, also known as chronic airflow limitations (CAL). COPD is a condition of chronic dyspnea with expiratory airflow limitation that does not significantly fluctuate. Within that broad category, the primary cause of the obstruction may vary; examples include airway inflammation, mucous plugging, narrowed airway lumina, or airway destruction. The term COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Although asthma also involves airway inflammation and periodic narrowing of the airway lumina (hyperreactivity), the condition is the result of individual response to a wide variety of stimuli/triggers and is therefore episodic in nature with fluctuations/exacerbations of symptoms. Asthma: Also known as chronic reactive airway disease, asthma is characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, hypersecretion of mucus, and edema. Precipitating factors include allergens, emotional upheaval, cold weather, exercise, chemicals, medications, and viral infections. Chronic bronchitis: Widespread inflammation of airways with narrowing or blocking of airways, increased production of mucoid sputum, and marked cyanosis. Emphysema: Most severe form of COPD, characterized by recurrent inflammation that damages and eventually destroys alveolar walls to create large blebs or bullae (air spaces) and collapsed bronchioles on expiration (air-trapping)...
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...COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Angelia Alleyne HCS/245 May 4, 2015 Professor Lori Olson COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a long-term disease that causes breathing problems. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD, however, is a heterogeneous collection of diseases with differing causes, pathogenic mechanisms, and physiological effects. Therefore a comprehensive approach to COPD prevention will need to address the complexity of COPD. Advances in the understanding of the natural history of COPD and the development of strategies to assess COPD in its early stages make prevention a reasonable, if ambitious, goal. Prevention can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary (Rennard, Drummond, 2015). The term COPD is used to describe certain diseases that partially block airflow in the lungs. The most common kinds of COPD include: Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis and other diseases. Emphysema can cause damage to the alveoli that cannot be cured; this is the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen is put into your blood. With emphysema your lungs become less able to take in good air and get rid of carbon dioxide. Chronic bronchitis occurs when the airways in the lungs become swollen; this causes more mucus than normal to be made in the lungs. The swelling and increased mucus can cause the airflow to become partially blocked. Chronic...
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...Case 1 R.S. has smoked for many years and has developed chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2 = 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is using an inhaled ß2 agonist and theophylline to manage his respiratory disease. At this clinic visit, it is noted on a chest x-ray that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be consistent with pneumonia. Discussion Questions 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are two clinical findings as a consequence of COPD. 2. Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? Respiratory acidosis = PaCO2 > 40mmHg and it is caused by decreased in minute ventilation (hypoventilation). Respiratory acidosis is a condition that causes an excess of carbonic acid. Metabolic alkalosis = HCO3 > 24mEq/L and it is caused by acid loss or HCO3 retention. 3. What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? COPD/chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis/COPD results in chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa resulting in scarring as a consequence there is no proper oxygenation and a potential airway obstruction...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an irreversible debilitating disease of the airway that is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is rising. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is treatable but currently there is no known cure and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. COPD causes reduction in airflow during the ventilation cycle due to the loss of air way elasticity, narrowing of the airways, chronic airways inflammation and over active mucous production (Frace, 2008). Known risk factors for development of COPD include tobacco use (including second hand smoke), air pollution, dust and exposure to chemicals used in the production of coal, cotton and grain. There are many complications of COPD, the most common are pneumonia, pneumothorax, cor pulmonale, atelectasis, and in severe cases there maybe respiratory insufficiency and failure (Bare, Cheever, Hinkle, & Smeltzer, 2010). Nursing management for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease begins with assessment; gathering information from the patient including detailed medical history, present symptoms and evaluate findings of diagnostic tests. Symptoms vary with each patient, but may include chronic cough, clubbing of the fingers, chest tightness, weight loss, cyanosis, difficulty breathing with a higher rate of respirations and difficulty sleeping (Weber...
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...9 Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal http://www.mrdata.net/books/9reasons.htm EE: [ Home | Links | Searches | Books | Writings | HTML ] Discuss abortion in the MrData.Net Abortion Discussion Forum. Introduction: Planned Parenthood has written 9 Reasons Why Abortions are Legal. In response, I have written 9 Reasons Why Abortions should be Illegal. Nine Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal Actually, I have been laughing to myself at Planned Parenthood's list, because it is so easy to defeat. It's not Planned Parenthood's fault--there are no good reasons to support abortion, other than serious health issues of the mother or baby. Also, I believe that Planned Parenthood serves many valuable functions. I agree with many things they do. I strongly disagree in their support of abortion. I only chose to debate their particular opinions because a) They are a large, national, pro-abortion organization. b) They have made a list, and my debate tactic suits such a list. I invite you to read the following debate with an open mind and consider the validity of the two opposing opinions. If you can find any error in my facts or reasoning, I hope you will let me know. I am an unmarried, conservative male. I have always been supportive of the life of the unborn. However, in the past my opinion was, "Well, the country is evenly divided on this issue. Although I am personally against abortion, there are others who don't agree with me. I won't force the issue unless there is...
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...Information on what is COPD COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. It is a common and serious chronic lung disease (2014, April 26). Over time, it gets worse due to the lack of air going into the lungs (2014, April 26). It makes it hard to breath. Smokers have a high risk of getting COPD. Other factors that lead to lung irritation are air pollution, chemicals fumes, smoke, or dust (2014, April 26). COPD has two main forms. COPD can generate from chronic bronchitis. It is a long term caught with mucous (2014, April 26). The second form is emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time (2014, April 26). COPD Symptoms: Symptoms typically worsen within time. Daily cough and sputum is one of the main symptoms. Other symptoms are shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. Wheezing, chest tightness, lack of energy, weight loss, frequent repertory infections, blueness of the lips or...
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...Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term, debilitating disease characterised by progressive airflow limitation.(1) It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide,(2) and is expected to become the third highest cause of death and the fifth highest cause of disability adjusted life years by 2020.(3) The global cost of illness for COPD was US$2.1 trillion in 2010 and is expected to increase to $4.8 trillion by 2030.(4) COPD is associated with various systemic manifestations including skeletal muscle wasting and weakness, dyspnea, fatigue, and functional decline.(1, 5, 6) Frailty has been described as a syndrome in which cumulative deficits in the reserve capacity of multiple physiological systems result in an increased vulnerability to dependency or mortality when the frail individual experiences a stressor event.(7-9) Fried and colleagues...
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...CoPD Education has always had a huge impact on the world, and especially in today’s times. In their article, “Enhancing Teacher Competency through Co-Teaching and Embedded Professional Development,” LaShorage Shaffer and Karen Thomas-Brown share their strong attitude towards the Co-teaching Professional Development (CoPD). Shaffer and Brown reveal how effective the CoPD is on students with disabilities. From the beginning, Shaffer and Brown start off with discussing how the teaching profession has come a long way. “The teaching profession has evolved and become one in which expertise from multiple fields are integrated to support the education outcome of all children” (Shaffer & Brown). By doing this, Shaffer and Brown allow the reader to know how important education is to all students. It is important that every educator has the proper skills and competency to provide sufficient and effective knowledge to all students even...
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...The most important cause of COPD is smoking; however, smoking is not the only cause for COPD (Ko & Hui, 2012). Evidence suggests that prolonged exposure to noxious particles and gases is related to the development of the disease (Ko & Hui, 2012). Traffic and other outdoor pollution, second-hand smoke, and biomass smoke exposure are all associated with the development of COPD (Ko & Hui, 2012). Outdoor air pollution in urban areas is a major public health problem due to emissions of air pollutants from motor vehicles and industrial plants (Ko & Hui, 2012). There is some evidence that supports that outdoor pollution and traffic-related air pollution have adverse health effects on the lung development in people between the age of 10 and 18 years...
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...Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) The medical diagnosis I chose to write about from my patient I had at clinical’s is COPD. COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is made up of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Approximately 12.7 million people in the United States have COPD and 24 million have impaired lung function with probable underlying COPD. (P. 303) Smoking has a big role in the cause of emphysema and chronic bronchitis along with some air pollution, dusts, and gases. Emphysema is the destruction of alveolar and alveolar-capillary walls, as well as narrowed and tortuous small airways. (P. 303) Shortness of breath is by far the most common of emphysema symptoms. Most people with emphysema first notice something's wrong when they become winded during a previously routine activity. Chronic bronchitis is the excess secretion of thick, tenacious mucus that decreases ciliary function and interferes with airflow and causes inflammatory damage to the bronchial mucosa. (P. 303) To be diagnosed with COPD,...
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...COPD is group of conditions with the characteristic of airflow obstruction. The main pathological conditions of COPD are chronic bronchitis which is combination of mucus hyper-secretion and an obstructive ventilator pattern. COPD is characterized by permanent airway obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio < 0.7) (Fig.no.2) [21]. Emphysema is the another conditions found in COPD in which air sac of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness that might play a role in the development of airflow obstruction (Fig.no 3) [22]. Pulmonary function test is primarily used for to confirm the diagnosis of COPD and to measure the airflow obstruction in COPD patients. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are the major parameters in spirometry. The most sensitive indicator for early diagnosis of COPD is decreased ratio of FEV1/FVC...
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...Blaser 3. SCRAPBOOK Antibiotics works well against COPD exacerbations Nurse.com published on Sept. 5, 2011 published findings of a study funded by the National Heart and Lung Institute.(http://news.nurse.com/article/20110905/ED02/309050030) The clinical study found that by adding the antibiotic Azithromycin, 250 mg daily in addition to the daily treatment regimen of the COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary) patient; acute COPD exacerbations decreased; which was the objective to the study. COPD Exacerbations: are sudden and present with labored breathing, wheezing, coughing accompanied with excessive phlegm production, precipitated by either viral or bacterial infections. This was an experiment; a longitudinal (in a one year time span) observational study. The population was the total of COPD participants in the study. One group of the population; 570 patients was prescribed 250 mg of Azithromycin daily plus their regular regimen. The other group; 572 COPD patients, only received their usual care and regimen. The objective was addressed. The 570 participants taking Azithromycin and receiving usual care averaged 1.48 acute exacerbations. The 572 participants, who received only their usual care without antibiotics, averaged 1.83. The reduction in...
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