CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

I. Brief History

Many theories have been postulated to account for the origin of the people inhabiting the mountain regions of the Philippines. The Land Bridge Theory claims that the Philippines was part of the Southern Asia Mainland and the Northern Luzon maintain tribes that came through these bridges during the last glacial period between 1200 and 1500 B.C.

Contradictory to these assumptions is the Wave Migration Theory, which occurred thousands of years after the disappearance of the land bridges in 3,000-4,000 B.C. The theory states that groups of migrants came by boat from the neighboring lands during the Neolithic period. The Neolithic culture, which they brought with them, is still evident in the rice terraces, cloth weaving and the use of iron implements.

Scholars differ in their contentions of the mountain people’s ancestors, however, a prominent number supports the contention that the ancestors of the mountain people came from the South East Asia Mainland.

In the process of settling down, the early inhabitants became geographically isolated from one another. The long period of isolation and adaptation to the environment gave rise to variations of culture.

When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they were able to set foot in the Cordilleras as early as 1608 but with minimal influence. They were able to establish commandancias in Benguet, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao but their stay did not last long enough to pacify the people of the hinterlands when the Americans came.

When the American regime dawned upon the Cordillera wild lands, the new colonial government found the people still not pacified. The government decided to establish a separate political history for them under Act. No. 1876 of the Philippine Commission, the Mountain Province was divided into seven (7) sub provinces namely: Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao Kalinga, and Lepanto. Eight years later, and under Act No. 2772 promulgated on February 4,1920, Mountain Province was reconstituted into five provinces- Benguet, Ifugao, Bontoc and Kalinga -Apayao.

The movement for local autonomy and administrative decentralization before the authoritarian rule has preceded the establishment of the Cordillera Administrative Region. On September 3,1986, President Corazon C. Aquino met with the representatives of the Cordillera Bodong Administration (CBA) and the Cordillera People’s Liberation Army (CPLA) and the Alasiw (cessation of hostilities) to acknowledge their aspiration for autonomy.

However, pending the enactment of the organic act for the Cordillera Administrative Region, the President issued Executive Order No. 220 on July 15,1987 creating the Cordillera Administrative Region consisting of the provinces of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga - Apayao, Mountain Province and the chartered City of Baguio.

II. Regional Vision

"We the people of the Cordilleras, proud of our culture and heritage rooted in spirituality, shall have a truly autonomous region of united, enlightened and empowered citizenry who shall pursue sustainable development where responsibilities and benefits are equitably shared by all.”

The Regional Development Council is the primary institution to unify and coordinate efforts toward the development of the region as:

A bastion of rich indigenous culture and knowledge;

Champion of good governance;

Physically integrated and accessible;

Watershed Cradle;

Family-oriented eco-tourist destination

Prime educational center;

Food basket; and

Agri- and light industry producer

For an improved quality of life for the people of the Cordilleras.”

III. OVERVIEW OF THE REGION

Climate

The region's climate generally falls under types I and III. Type I is characterized by two (2) pronounced seasons dry season from December to May and wet from June to November. The provinces that fall under this type are Benguet including Baguio City; eastern part of Abra, Ifugao and Mt. Province. Type III has no pronounced maximum rain period with a short dry season lasting only from one to three months. The provinces of Kalinga and Apayao including the western part of Abra, Ifugao and Mountain Province fall under this type.

Land Resources

The Cordillera is endowed with abundant mineral reserves. These are metallic ores such as gold, copper, silver, zinc and non - metallic reserves found in Abra, Benguet, Kalinga, Apayao and Mountain Province. However, mining operations are still concentrated in Benguet where almost 100 percent of the region's mineral production in 1988 were registered. In addition, the region has untapped geothermal energy resources and underdeveloped hydroelectric power resources.

Population and Economy

The region is the least populated region in the country despite its vast land area. The total population in 1995 was 1,254,838 and grew to 1,365,220 in 2000 reflecting an average annual growth rate of 1.82% percent during the period 1995-2000. Consistently, it has bested the other regions in terms of positive employment rates indicating a vibrant and potential-laden economy. Agriculture remains to be the primary pre-occupation, which employs more than one-half of the region's work force.

Affirming its location as the geographic pinnacle of the Philippines, the budding Cordillera Administrative Region truly stands out as the incomparable frontier for development.

Geography
Location : North Central Portion of Luzon
Boundaries : North - Ilocos Norte & Cagayan South - Pangasinan & Nueva Vizcaya East - Cagayan Valley West - Ilocos Region

Political Subdivision

|Province / City |No. of Municipalities |Barangays |
|Baguio City |N/A |129 |
|Abra |27 |304 |
|Benguet |13 |267 |
|Ifugao |11 |174 |
|Kalinga |8 |152 |
|Apayao |7 |107 |
|Mt. Province |10 |144 |
|Total | | 1,277 |

Topography: Generally rugged

Elevation : Minimum - below 5 meters above sea (in Abra) Maximum - 2,922 meters above sea level level (Mt. Pulag, Benguet)

Slope : More than one half of the region has a slope of 50% and above. Thus there is a very limited area for intensive agriculture and settlement.

Soil : Clayloam

LAND AREA AND POPULATION BY PROVINCE
CAR: 1995 & 2000

PROVINCE/CITY LAND AREA POPULATION GROWTH RATE To update population (In Sq. Km) 1995 2000 1995-2000

ABRA 3,992.1 195,964 209,491 6.90
BENGUET 2,606.5 313,833 330,129 5.19
IFUGAO 2,517.8 149,598 161,623 8.04
KALINGA 7,047.6 154,145 174,023 12.90
APAYAO 4.083.0 83,660 97,129 16.10
MT. PROVINCE 2,097.3 130755 140,439 7.41
BAGUIO CITY 48.9 1,254,838 1,365,220 11.24
CAR 18,293.7 1,143,22 1,563,381 9.68

IV. TOURISM THRUST AND VISION

The Cordillera Tourism Master Plan adopts "culture" and "nature" as its main thrust and vision for development. This thrust is sufficiently embodied and summed up in what is popularly known today as "eco-tourism." The overriding goal is to preserve, conserve and enhance the area's natural environment and its rich tribal culture for people and visitors to appreciate, enjoy and learn from.

PROGRAM INTERVENTIONS:

Physical Infrastructure Program - to address accessibility problems, communications and other basic infrastructures such as water supply, electrification, sanitation and waste management.

Site Facilities Development Program - to address specific cluster/site development requirement for tourism development such as the array of accommodation facilities and support infrastructure, site enhancement projects and other tourism products to be established in each cluster/site identified. Land use planning is a critical component of site development.

Socio-cultural and Livelihood Program - includes community based schemes to enhance participation and expression of local culture by the host communities, on one hand, and tourists' appreciation of cultural values and learning experiences on the other. It also provides for opportunities to the local communities to generate livelihood and income from tourism activities.

Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program - provides appropriate interventions for ensuring environmentally friendly tourism activities including restoration and enhancement of natural assets.

Tourism Promotion and Marketing Program - to embark on a sustained tourism information development for promoting CAR tourism particularly ecotourism in the local and international markets.

Institutional/Policy Development Program - to create a conducive policy environment and acquire capabilities and resources to implement and manage a coordinated multi-sectoral effort for tourism development in CAR including encouraging private sector participation. Investment in identified programs and projects.

TOURISM STATISTICS

Tourist arrivals in the Cordillera Administrative Region registered a volume of 844,765 for the period January to December 2004. This shows a decrease of 12.09% compared to the same period last year with a volume of 960,945. The figure represents 92.94% Domestic travellers, 6.79% Foreign travellers and only .27% overseas travellers.

Baguio City remains the major contributor of total arrivals in CAR posting a percentage contribution of 76.44%. This is followed by Ifugao with percentage contribution of 10.07%, Benguet with 7.04%, Mt. Province, 3.57, Kalinga 1.54%, Abra 1.24%, and Apayao .10%.

CITY OF BAGUIO
BRIEF HISTORY

During the Spanish Era, Benguet was not a remote area for the Spaniards to explore. The vastness and promising economic potential of the place lured the Spaniards to conduct series of expeditions. Early explorers included Juan Salcedo in 1572 and Don Q.M. Quirante in 1664. Series of attempts were made to subjugate the “Igorots “ but failed. Finally in 1864, Commandante de Galvey established his Commandancia at La Trinidad, Benguet (named after his wife). Galvey went to establish the province of Benguet with 31 rancherias. The first Kapitan of Benguet was Pulito of Kafagway, now Baguio, a minor rancheria of about 20 houses.

The presidentia of Baguio was first established in the house of the Campulet at the top of the Tabacalera road at the lower end of Guisad Valley. Later, the presidentia of Baguio was moved to the present site of the Baguio City Hall.

The Spaniards established order, built churches and schools, made trails and introduced coffee during their long occupation of the area.

The Americans came early in 1900 and established their government with H. Whitmarsh as the appointed Governor of Benguet and Baguio as the capital. This was the first provincial government to be established in the Philippines and this happened a year prior to the inauguration of the civil government of the Philippines. Their best administrators and teachers were fervent boosters and promoters: Worcester, Wright, Forbes, Pack, Barrows, Eckman and others who together with Filipinos committed to make the place a haven.

Several mines near Baguio within Benguet were developed and were very productive. Business in the city also flourished with the establishment of commercial centers. Recreational facilities were also installed. Then, the city grew before the outbreak of World War II.

Baguio was bombed on December 8,1941 by the Japanese and they occupied it on December 27 of the same year. When the war ended, rehabilitation was immediately done with the supervision of the Americans based at Camp John Hay. Since then, the city became a favorite for vacationists.

The July 16, 1990 earthquake devastated the entire city with its infrastructure, buildings and its populace but it did not end here. Four years after the great earthquake, Baguio City has recovered and is standing firm and proud for its restored heritage.

Until today, Baguio City as the Summer Capital of the Philippines, is the most frequented destination in Northern Luzon by local and foreign tourists alike.

I. OVERVIEW OF THE CITY
Geography and land area

Baguio City, approximately 250 kilometers north of Manila is, situated in the heart of the Province of Benguet. The area of the city is 49 square kilometers enclosed in a perimeter of 30.6 kilometers. The developed portion of the city is a plateau that rises to an elevation of 1,400 meters. Most of it lies on the northern half of the city.

There are two great valleys found in the south and the north of the city. The more famous Guisad - Lucban Valley has an elevation that ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 meters and is centrally located towards the north. The southern valley is composed of long and narrow vales surrounded by low hills and transected by a network of hills. Some of the more important valleys are Camp 7, Loakan, Bakakeng and Crystal Cave, These valleys are arable as they are rich with alluvial deposits.

The summits on the plateau offer panoramic views. The summits that face the west: Quezon Hill, Mirador -Dominican Hill and the Bureau of Animal Industry Stock Farm which offers splendid view of the Ilocos Coastal Plain, Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea during cloudless days.

Another famous promontory is Mines View Park, which overlooks the mining town of Itogon and offers a glimpse of the Amburayan Valley. All over the city, however are sporadically scattered steep side hills and mountains. About half the area of the city has a slope of 25% or more.

Government

A popularly elected Mayor heads the city government of Baguio. He is assisted by the Vice-mayor and a 12 - man legislative council called the Sangguniang Panglunsod. The last election was conducted in May 2001.

Citizens participate actively in government affairs and public issues. Baguio enjoys a especially informal atmosphere, so that even the officials are not detached and removed from the populace.

Congressman: Atty. Mauricio Domogan Mayor: Atty. Braulio Yaranon Vice-Mayor: Reynaldo Bautista Jr.
Climate

Baguio is 8 degrees cooler on any month on the average than any place in the lowlands. When Manila sweats at 35 degrees centigrade of above, Baguio seldom exceeds 26 degrees centigrade at its warmest. The lowest temperature reading made by the local weather bureau was 6.3 degrees centigrade, recorded in January 18, 1961.

Baguio is very wet during the Philippine rainy season, which is from June to October. The recorded heaviest volume of rainfall in Baguio City was in 1911 when it measured 9,038.3 mm.

However from November to May, Baguio becomes a tropical paradise, a refreshing break from the hot and humid Philippine climate. Christmas season is when Baguio glows with the nippy winter air. Nights are good for bonfires.

In the summer months of March, April, and May, Baguio lives up to its title as the Summer Capital of the Philippines when thousands of visitors from the lowlands and Manila take their annual exodus to the city to cool off. Casual clothing is recommended worn with jackets or sweaters especially in the late afternoon or evenings.

Population

The population of the city as of 2000 is 252,386. The youth constitute nearly half of the population. There is a trace of longevity among the people, of who are aged over 60. The middle aged group numbers 70,511.

During the peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period, transients triple the population.
Language Spoken

English is widely spoken and understood. It is the medium of instruction in all public and private schools. Most newspapers and magazines are printed in English, hence, an English speaking traveler would not find communication problems. The national language, Filipino, is of course spoken by everyone. Ilocano is also spoken by almost everybody.

Major Industries

The three dominant industries in the city are tourism, education and integrated circuits.

Tourism remains to be a dominant industry, especially with the improved access roads. Lowlanders come to the city during the hot summer months.

Baguio has about 50, 000 college and vocational students.

Texas Instruments initiated the Export Processing Zone now Philippine Export Zone Authority (PEZA). Today, they export six hundred million dollars of products annually.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Baguio is the gateway to the wonders of Northern Luzon. The calm beaches of La Union; the fabled Hundred Islands of Pangasinan; the world famous Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao; the ancient churches, Spanish influenced houses, historical and cultural relics of Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte, the Kabayan of the tribes of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Kalinga, Apayao and Abra.

HISTORICAL
1. Marker of the Philippine Commission’s First Session in Baguio
This is the site of the building where the members of the Philippine Commission met from April 22 to June 11, 1904 and officially initiated the use of Baguio as the Philippine Summer Capital.

The Commission was composed of Governor General Luke Wright, president, and Commissioners Henry Ide, Dean C. Worcester, T Padre Tavera, Benito Legarda, Jose de Luzuriaga, James Smith and Cameron Forbes.

To celebrate the 75th Anniversary of Baguio a project was done to locate, clean and spruce up all historical markers.

2. Kennon Road and its Builder
Named after Col. Lyman W. Kennon, who was the final builder of the famous Benguet road, with the help of the industrious Cordillerans and foreign workers.

Kennon road is the shortest and the most scenic highway linking Baguio and the lowlands. The lion’s head can be found along the way.

Final construction of this road was finished in 1903. Col. L. Kennon first ascended to Baguio in 1905.

Of the original workers, the Igorots and Japanese were admired for their trustworthiness and willingness to work.

Kennon was closed to traffic after the July 16, 1990 earthquake. It is now open to light vehicles only.

3. Diplomat Hotel on Dominican Hill
In May 1911, the councils of the Province of the Dominican Order voted to construct a vacation house in Baguio on a 17-hectare property they had acquired when the American authorities were encouraging people to come here. Actual work started in 1913 under Fr. Roque Ruano and the building was inaugurated on May 23, 1925. To take advantage of the tax exemptions a school called Collegio del Santissimo Rosario was opened in June 1915 but due to the very small enrollment the school closed in 1917, reverting the building to the original vacation house.

During WWII refugees first occupied it. Later the Japanese Army Liberation Forces had to bomb out the refugees from the buildings. The five hits left very extensive damage and for a time it was left unrepaired. Reconstruction was started in 1947 and completed in 1948 with most of its pre-war grandeur and beauty restored.

In 1973, Diplomat Hotels, Inc. acquired ownership, remodeled the interior into a 33-bedroom hotel with modern facilities, but retained the unique and distinct personality of the Dominican Hill. In the 80’s the hotel ceased operations due to the death of one of its majority stockholders. Plans are underway to develop this historical religious landmark into a tourist resort.

4. Philippine Military Academy
The Philippine Commission promulgated Act No. 175, which became the basis for the creation of the Philippine Constabulary in August 8, 1905. The school for the officers of the constabulary was first located in Sta. Lucia Barracks in Manila. Later in 1908, it was relocated in Baguio on the site known as Constabulary Hill later renamed Camp Henry T. Allen, in honor of the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

With the passage of the Jones Law, the school was later changed to “Academy for Officers of the Philippine Constabulary” with a two-year curriculum. In 1908, the course was raised to collegiate level and later lengthened to three years with class 1938 as having the last graduates of that course.

When the commonwealth government was established in 1935, the Philippine Military Academy was created in place of the Philippine Constabulary Academy. Under the National Defense Act, the PMA was authorized to maintain cadet strength of 350. Because of increased population, the academy transferred to Teachers Camp in June 1936 where it remained until WWII broke out.

After the war the PMA headquarters was temporarily relocated at Camp Murphy and later at Alabang, while Camp Allen was being rehabilitated. Since May 1950 the Philippine Military Academy has found its permanent home at Fort del Pilar, Loakan, Baguio City.

5. The Mansion
This imposing and majestic mansion has a long list of Filipino Presidents and American governor-generals. It has elegantly structured building and guesthouse. Its gate is patterned after that of London’s Buckingham Palace. The Mansion has also been the site of several international conferences and a working office of the President of the Philippines during his visits to the City.

6. Camp John Hay
This former American recreational facility is currently undergoing development as a world class resort. As of March 27, 1999, the golf course was completed and is now open, The skating rink, picnic area, and the mini golf course at the Scout Hill area are likewise open.

7. Teachers Camp
It was through the vacation normal school, which began in 1908 teachers from all over, the islands were able to have a respite and some time for studies.

In a letter to the Secretary of Public Instruction, Governor William Pack outlined his plan to set up a camp in Baguio where teachers can be accommodated. The plan was approved on January 8, 1908 and the camp was opened on April 6, 1908.

For a start, four assembly tents were put up for kitchen, dining and storage purposes and two other large tents were set aside for class purposes. Later on, the “KURSAAK" was constructed in 1909 as a permanent structure and took over the functions of the mess tent, aside from being the social center for assemblies. The next year, other buildings were added, the road traversing the vast hectare leveled and the athletic field out in its hollow.

It now caters to conferences, meetings, seminars and social functions sponsored by the government sector.

CULTURAL/HISTORICAL
1. Easter Weaving Room
This school was built in 1905 under Samuel Drury with funds donated by Bishop Brent of the Episcopalian Church of the Philippines. It opened in 1906 as a church school. Dr. Benjamin Platt introduced the Easter School Weaving Room as an industrial work in the curriculum. By 1924 there were five buildings and in 1928 they inaugurated the Chapel of the Holy Innocents. Before World War II, the Easter School Compound, which had nine buildings, were raised to the ground by the American Liberation Forces. With only the Headquarters and the Nurses' Cottage standing then, rehabilitation started to complete the compound as it is now. It is the right place to visit for those who are interested in native fabrics and other handicrafts. Here one can witness the actual process of cloth weaving as practiced by the natives of the Mountain Provinces for ages.

2. Saint Louis Filigree Shop
This is a handicraft shop specializing in silver jewelry and other filigree products. Some of the craftsmen are only high school students. This shop is in the center of the city and was established in 1916.

3. Baguio Tourism Complex
Within the complex along Gov. Pack Road are the Baguio Sunshine Park, the Regional Office of the Department of Tourism and Secretary’s Cottage. The Sunshine Park features flowering garden and a covered stage with ethnic design, which is often used, for cultural presentation. The park itself is designed after a shield.
4. Baguio - Mountain Provinces Museum
This museum is temporarily located at the Baguio Convention Center. It has on display a variety of artifacts and relics showcases the cultural heritage, customs and traditions of the mountain provinces. The cluster of buildings within the complex depicts the architectural features of the native houses of the mountain provinces. The Department of Tourism and the City government of Baguio are undertaking a reconstruction of the Baguio -Mountain Provinces Museum.

5. Baguio Convention Center (BCC)
Situated across the University of the Philippines College Baguio exudes an ethnic flavor considered the most spacious edifice North of Manila. The BCC initially gained prominence when it became the site of the 1978 internationally renowned chess championship series between Anatoly Karpov and Victor Korchnoi. It was inaugurated by former Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on July 17, 1978 during the opening of the series. It continues to cater to conferences, conventions, meetings and other social functions in the City. It now temporarily houses the Baguio Mt.-Provinces Museum Foundation, Inc.

6. Educational Institutions
There are six (6) colleges and universities in Baguio. These are the University of the Philippine College, Philippine Military Academy, University of Baguio, Saint Louis University, Baguio Colleges Foundation, Baguio Central University, Pines City Colleges and the international school in the city, Brent International School.
7. SLU Museum
Located in the premise of the school (SLU), it showcases the different culture heritages of the Cordilleras and some lowland amenities. Artifacts and relics including an ancient coffin can be seen on display. A curator is always stationed for the convenience of visitors to explain the artifacts and the culture of the Cordilleras.

8. Ifugao Woodcarvers Village
Along the way to Asin, about 5 kilometers from the city, is an Ifugao wood carving village, which produces and sells beautiful hand-carved curio items at very low prices.

NATURAL
1. Asin Hot Spring
Located 16 kilometers northwest of Baguio, the resort’s main feature is a swimming pool surrounded by thermal springs, lush vegetation and several hanging bridges. It is an ideal respite. This is now eyed to be redeveloped into a tourism resort along with the adjoining tourist attractions of Tuba and Baguio.

2. Mt. Sto. Tomas
A trek up to the Mount Sto. Tomas is a hiker delight. The peak is 7,500 feet high and commands a majestic view of mountains, sea and valley. The mountain can be reached by foot or by vehicle.

RELIGIOUS
1. Lourdes Grotto
This is a religious shrine housing the image of the Lady of Lourdes. About 252 steps lead to this shrine where pilgrims brave the steep climb to offer sacrifices, devotion and prayers. One is also regarded with a beautiful panoramic view of the city.

2. Baguio Cathedral
One of the familiar landmarks in Baguio, the structure with its twin spires and one hundred steps sits on top of a hill in the heart of the city, offering church goers and visitors a chance to get a bird's eye view of the entire commercial hub.
3. Bell Church
This cluster of temples is located on the border of Baguio City and Trinidad Valley. Its exotic oriental architecture, pagodas roof, ornate gateway, dragon ornaments and Buddha - guarded windows gaze from atop a hill. The Bell Temple priest practices a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Christianity. One may even try having his fortune told.

4. Churches, Seminars and Convents
Baguio is an ideal location for meditation, contemplation and spiritual renewal hence the existence of no less religious denominations that run churches, seminaries, convents and other institutions such as hospitals and schools.

MAN - MADE
1. Burnham Park
It is the oldest of all Baguio parks. One can unwind from the tension of the day-to-day bustle by biking, skating or simply reflecting on the day’s experiences amid a soothing garden backdrop of colorful flowers.

It is thickly wooded and is a great place to have picnics and concerts. There are tennis and basketball courts, a football field, athletic oval and an orchidarium.

2. Botanical Garden
It is also called the Igorot village, which features native huts typical of the Cordillera architecture. This village within a village captures the ethnic spirit and cultural legacy of the Igorot dweller.

The garden is also a site of cultural presentations and other tribal meetings.

3. Mines View Park
Appropriately named for its breathtaking view of Benguet's mountain ranges where gold, silver and other ores were once quarried.

There are souvenir shops around the park offering such items as woodcarvings, woven cloth, ashtrays, shell products and other curio items.

4. Wright Park
It is sometimes mistakenly called “Ride Park” by some that identify this pine tree park reserve for kiddy horse rides. A long stairway leads to the “Pool of the Pines”, a 100 meter long pool of water lined on both sides by the famous Baguio towering pine.

5. Baguio Country Club
This club was organized with funds, which were privately contributed. They built tennis courts and cottages.
Today Baguio Country Club has 200 guestrooms and suites in a new building. It also boasts a beautiful 18-hole, 61-par golf course for its members and guests.

6. Session Road / Market
During the early years of Baguio, buildings only on the left side opposite the hill on which the church was built occupied Session Road. A big stream spanned by wooden bridge crossed the lowest portion of the road. Beyond this bridge was the swampland where bull carts parked and congregated thereby starting what is now called the market. Many of the open-air stalls spread out towards Lucban following the banks of the steam and thus determined the direction of the market expansion.

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

1. Baguio Ecumenical Holy Week (Holy Week)
- focuses on Baguio as a spiritual center. The first commemoration initiated by the religious sector of the Non-Government Organizations started last March 1991 with the theme “Baguio, a journey to spiritual renewal.”

2. “Panagbenga” or Baguio Flower Festival (February)
- focuses on Baguio as the Flower Garden City of the North. Highlights included, flower exhibits, lectures, garden tours, floral contest and a parade of floats. It was scheduled February 17-25, 2001.

3. Baguio Foundation Day (September 1st)
- commemorates the anniversary of Baguio since it became a chartered city in 1909. Art exhibits, parades, programs, cultural shows and sister-city programs are often scheduled.

4. Baguio Arts Festival (November to December)
- this is an annual event started in November 1989 sponsored by the Baguio Arts Guild, the Department of Tourism and the Cultural Center of the Philippines. This envisioned Baguio to be the permanent venue for the festival. The features of the event are visual arts, which includes photography, film, video, sculpture and art installations and ethnic arts.

5. Christmas in Baguio
- an annual Christmas activity highlighting numerous activities like cantatas, children’s mardigras, sports competition, etc. The City Government of Baguio, National Correspondents Club of the Philippines and RPN-DZBS Radio Station spearhead it.

a. Silahis ng Pasko b. Share-A-Toy c. Lucky Foreign Balikbayan d. Phil-Am Golf Tournament e. Himig ng Pasko

6. Impakabsat (November)
- a trade and Tourism Fair show casing the products and services of the Cordilleras.

7. Baguio Tossed Salad Festival (October)
- initiated by the Baguio Association of Hotels & Inns (BAHAI), this festival features the different products of Baguio and Benguet through the serving of vegetable salad to thousands of people/visitors.

PROVINCE OF ABRA

BRIEF HISTORY

Abra was created a politico-militar province in 1846, prior to which it comprised part of the old Ilocos Province and later to Ilocos Sur when Ilocos was divided into two provinces in 1818. Civil government was established in Abra on August 19,1901, but on February 1905 it was re-annexed to Ilocos Sur. Abra remained a sub-province for 12 years regaining its status as a province only after the passage of Act 2683 in March 1977.

The main economic activity is agriculture. The Abra River used to be the way in and out of the province not to forget the horses used as mode of transportation during the Spanish period.

The cultural heritage of the people is clearly manifested in their customs and practices especially the populace in the mountainous areas. Their collection of antique porcelains, jars and gongs speak of trade with the oriental countries directly or indirectly. It can be said that the cultural practices of the people are indigenous which can be substantiated by their ethnic music that people in the mountain play. There has also existed a kind of political order as evidenced by the “kalon”, a treaty practice.

When the Spaniards came, missionary work was done in Abra by the Augustinian Orders who founded the town of Bangued in 1898. They also made extensive studies of the culture of the mountain people of Abra.

The people of Abra actively participated in the national uprising in the eighteenth century. During the middle part of 1899, a revolutionary government was set up in Abra through the leadership of Don Blas Villamor. Leocadio Valera became Provincial Governor until Abra fell into the American Civil Government, which they established on August 19, 1909.

During the Japanese Occupation, subversive guerilla organization was formed to resist the intruders. Like any other place, the province was heavily damaged during the Second World War. Industries and properties of people were adversely affected. When the Americans took over after the war, a new system of government was introduced and substantial change in the social, religious, political and economic life of the people.

The province of Abra is envisioned to be developed as a North gateway to the Cordilleras highlighting its rich cultural (both upland and lowland) and historical heritage.

I. BRIEF OVERVIEW

Geography

Abra is an inland province bounded by Ilocos Norte and Mt. Province on the north, Ilocos Sur on the south, Ilocos Norte on the west and Mt. Province, Kalinga and Apayao on the east.

Abra's terrain is generally rolling hills towards Ilocos Sur with flat lands particularly in the Abra Valley which has its headwaters in the Mt. Province with the river flowing northward across the Abra Valley and exits into the China Sea through the town of Santa, Ilocos Sur. The land area of Abra is to approximately 397,555 hectares.

Political Subdivision

The province of Abra is composed of 27 municipalities and 304 barangays respectively, namely: Bangued (31), Boliney (8), Bucay (21), Bucloc (4), Daguioman (4), Danglas (7), Dolores (15), Lacub (6), Lagangilang (17), Lagayan (5), Langiden (6), La Paz (12), Licuan-Baay (11), Luba (8), Malibcong (12), Manab (11), Penarrubia (9), Pidigan (15), Pilan (15), Sallapadan (9), San Isidro (9), San Juan (19), San Quintin (6), Tayum (11), Tineg (11), Tubo (10), and Villaviciosa (8).

Climate

The climate of the province is characterized by two pronounced seasons that is dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Population

As of May 1996, Abra gained a population of 195,964 with a share of 16.33% of the region's population. It ranks third next to Kalinga of the six provinces of the Cordilleras.

Language / Dialect

Based on the 1995 census survey result, Ilocano is generally spoken by 73.65% of the region's total population. 25.18% speaks Tinguian / Itneg, 0.16% Tagalog, while the remaining 0.54% speak other kinds of dialects.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

HISTORICAL

Casa Real - A facade of the first provincial capitol of Abra, located at Bucay, Abra.

Gabriela Silang Monument - Gabriela Silang popularly known as the "Joan of Arc" of the Ilocos, led the Ilocanos' resistance against the Spaniards in 1763, after her husband Diego Silang was treacherously shot on May 28, of the same year. Today, her monument stands at the town plaza of Pidigan to remind every one of the gallant stand and the ideals she and her husband fought and died for.

CULTURAL

Pinaing (Sacred Stones) - found in Dumayco, Penarrubia, 6.62 kilometers from Bangued. In the hollow of a huge Balete Tree are found sacred stones called “pinpinaing” by the village people which symbolizes the “anito” (spirits) of their ancestors.

Don Teodoro Brillantes Family Museum - A private museum which houses the collections and mementos of the Brillantes family with a strong reflection of the Spanish culture.

Old Roman Catholic Churches - The churches are among the traces of the cultural heritage left by the Spanish colonizers. These are found in the municipalities of Bangued, Tayum, and Lagangilang. In Lagangilang, the church is not located in the town plaza unlike the churches in Bangued and Tayum where the churches are located near the town plazas and the municipal halls.

NATURAL

Abra River - This is the biggest, longest and most popular river among the numerous rivers criss-crossing the valleys of the province. It is where all rivers and streams converge together. This is an ideal place for swimming and fishing.

Boliney Hot Spring - Located at Bani, Boliney, Abra. It can be reached by jeepneys after travelling 32 kilometers of dirt road. The place is ideal for swimmers who love taking a bath in hot and cold water. Aside from its hot spring, the locality offers a vivid experience in mountain travel with a winding road cruise alongside and between mountain ranges.

Tugot ni Angalo - Translated as "Footprints of Angalo" - the Adam in Abra mythology) - It is found in Kabaruyan, San Quintin. The "footprint" is a perpetual monument of Angalo. People claim this is a real giant footprint in San Quintin, around fifteen meters long, five meters wide and ten feet deep. On a clear day, it can be seen visibly even from a distance.

Libtec Underground River - An enchanting underground river located in Barangay Libtec, Dolores. At a distance, one can see a cave protruding at the surface of a seemingly empty field. But underneath, the surface a flowing underground river mirrors the jutting stalagmites, giving one both a sense of wonder. Residents in the area claim the place is home to some "mysterious" water creatures.

Kimkimay Lake - This is one of the several lakes of the province located at Taquib, Villaviciosa. It covers an approximate area of one hectare amidst hills bordering barangays Taquib and Callao, both in Villaviciosa. Kimkimay Lake, according to legend carried by word of mouth was formerly a dwelling where several families lived. These families were however engaged in many vices so they were punished by the gods by sinking their community, submerging it in cool water. Today, the lake is a favorite place for town picnickers using the lake as a swimming pool and place for fishing. This place can be reached from Bangued travelling along a 32 kilometer winding Penarrubia-Villaviciosa- Pilar Road which as similar to the famous Kennon Road. Means of transportation is by jeepneys and mini-buses with travelling time of one hour.

Sibud-sibud Cave - This is located along the newly -constructed road of Tineg. It can be reached after traveling a distance of around 33 kilometers with a traveling time of 1 - 1/2 hours. It is an ideal place for nature lovers.

Limbo Lake - This is the second lake located at Villaviciosa. Though not as popular as the Kimkimay Lake, it offers an ideal place for campers and hikers for it cannot be reached by jeepneys and buses. The distance to travel is however negligible.

MAN - MADE

Don Mariano Marcos Bridge - Located along the Abra Kalinga National Road which is the third longest bridge in the country today with a total length of 886.812 linear meters. Said bridge is strategically located between the boundaries of Tayum, Lagangilang and Dolores at one scenic portion of Abra River.

Tangadan Tunnel - This is a forty (40) meter tunnel located along the Abra- Ilocos Sur National road. It can be reached from Narvacan Junction after cruising a winding 9-kilometer road cut through the hills bordering Abra and Ilocos Sur. The tunnel is a popular benchmark to most of the provinces' populace as well as to visitors where dignitaries and other prominent visitors are being welcomed.

Lusuac Dam - This is the gravity irrigation dam located at Lagayan. It can be reached by traveling along the Abra-Ilocos Norte Road and the La Paz - Lagayan Provincial Road. Traveling time takes one to one and half-hours. This is an ideal place for fishing and swimming with its clear water.

Victoria National Park - This is located atop a hill overlooking the town of Bangued and neighboring municipalities of Tayum, La Paz, Pidigan and Penarrubia. A shrine of the blessed mother cradling Infant Jesus was built near the reservoir of Bangued waterworks. A swimming pool is also available for swimmers.

Borikibok Resort - This is located at San Miguel, Bucay, and Abra. It can be reached after traveling the winding 16 kilometers Penarrubia-Bucay Road. It offers a cool, shady and cozy ground for picnic lovers with its heart shaped swimming pool, dancing conference square located under the shady atmosphere of trees.

Brima Resort - This is located in Penarrubia, Abra with a traveling distance of seven and a half kilometers along asphalt and partly gravel road. The resort boasts of a swimming pool under shades of mango trees. Thus, the place is ideal for swimmers who love cool water and cozy atmosphere.

Malamsit Calm Spring
- This is one of the first resorts developed by a private citizen and is located in the historic lowland Tingguian town of Penarrubia. It offers a shady swimming pool with clear and calm water amidst ornamental plants and shady fruit trees. This place is accessible by land transportation using jeepneys, mini-buses and chartered tricycles through seven (7) kilometers. of gravel road.

Manabo Irrigation Project - This is a P6 million project which was jointly undertaken by the Miserdor, an association of German Catholics, the Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and the people of Manabo. This is an ideal place for students to visit with its Roman-inspired aqueducts, a spacious swimming pool and one kilometer tunnel. The Manabo Irrigation Project is a monument that shows the undying cooperation of the local folks with agencies, private or public, in pursuit of a better quality of life. The project site can be reached by mini-buses and jeepneys after leisurely cruising along a winding 32 kilometers gravel road. The tunnel and swimming pool is 4 kilometers away from the town proper of Manabo.

Palayan ng Bayan - This is a vast tract of barren land converted into an agricultural land when the Palayan ng Bayan program was launched in the province in 1974 as a sister program of the Masagana '99 program. The site covers a sprawling 56 hectares atop a hill.

Abra River Irrigation Project - A project of the church in Abra and the National Irrigation Administration designed to irrigate approximately 3,900 hectares of farmland in the municipalities of Tayum, Bangued, Pidigan and Penarrubia. This project enables the people of the said municipalities to harvest crops twice a year.

Provincial Capitol - This is a three-storey building situated north of Bangued Town Plaza and northwest of Bangued Municipal Hall. Its cool atmosphere provided by the trees surrounding the building is a suitable place for government officials and employees to perform their functions as servants of Abrenians. It is in this building where tourists gather data and information about the province. Beside it is the Provincial Library, which provides additional knowledge and information through textbooks, newspapers, magazines and other, reading materials. Landscape in front of the Capitol and Provincial Library Buildings enhance the panoramic view.

Mary Barbero Park
- This is the town plaza of the municipality of Tayum, which is located 5.6 kilometers northeast of Bangued. It boasts of a man-made lagoon and a playground for children, not to mention the century-old acacia trees surrounding the landscaped plaza. This park was named in honor of Mrs. Mary V. Barbero, the wife of the late Deputy Minister Carmelo Z. Barbero.

Malanas Dam - This is a gravity irrigation dam located at San Juan, Abra. It taps the water resources of Malanas River irrigating a sizable portion of the ricefields of San Juan. It can be reached by riding a mini bus traveling along Bangued-Dolores-San Juan Provincial Road, which is asphalted. Travelling time is thirty minutes to one hour with a traveling distance of around .6 kilometers.

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

Arya Abra (March 9)
- A celebration commemorating the creation of the province in March 1917 by virtue of Act 2683. The occasion is cupped by a grand cultural parade depicting Abra in its historical stages starting from the early pre-Spanish era to the present times.

Tingguian Festival
- an ethno-cultural festival featuring the rich and colorful dances, rituals and songs of the Tingguians.

PROVINCE OF APAYAO

BRIEF HISTORY

Available historical accounts show that Spanish missionaries first stepped in Apayao in 1608 where they established their foothold at the present day municipality of Pudtol. They found the Mandayas later known as Isnegs already in their organized communities. It was also on this year that Father Geronimo Molina started his missionary work in the province.

Towards the latter part of the 18th century, the Spaniards could only claim to have conquered the lower part of Apayao where they established their politico-militar commandancias. Evidence of this are the ruins of the Spanish churches at barangays Mataguisi and Emilia.

On June 18,1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted creating four separate independent provinces namely: Benguet, Ifugao, Mt. Province and Kalinga-Apayao from the original Mountain Province.

When Executive Order No. 220 was signed and issued by Her Excellency President Corazon C. Aquino on July 15,1987, creating the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), the provinces of Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao of Region 2 and Abra of Region 1 were included in the territorial coverage of the CAR.

In 1994, Congressman Elias K. Bulut filed a bill in congress for the possible separation of Kalinga and Apayao which on February 14, 1995, Republic Act No.7878 was signed into law. This Act provides for the conversion of the province of Kalinga-Apayao into regular province to be known as the provinces of Apayao and province of Kalinga, amending Republic Act No.4695.

As a new province, the Apayao Provincial Government has no buildings to house its offices. Hence, these offices are temporarily housed in privately owned houses in the poblacion of Kabugao, the capital town of Apayao.

The province has its own natural attractions not found in the rest of the region. It was the " Cordillera's Last Frontier for Nature Richness".

I. BRIEF OVERVIEW

Geography

The province of Apayao is located at the northernmost tip of the Luzon mainland. It is bounded on the east by the province of Cagayan, on the west by Ilocos Norte and Abra and on the south by Kalinga. The province’s total area is 392,790 hectares, which is about 21 percent of the total land area of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR).

Political Subdivision

It is made up of seven municipalities with 131 barangays and composed of the following municipalities, namely:

MUNICIPALITY LAND AREA (has.) NO. OF BARANGAYS

Calanasan 1,138.90 16
Conner 694.40 21
Flora 324.40 21
Kabugao 806.40 16
Luna 655.40 22
Pudtol 238.90 22
Sta. Marcela 70.00 15

Topography

The province is classified into upper and lower. Upper Apayao with 3 municipalities occupies 67.2% of the total land area and has a mountainous topography characterized by towering peaks, plateaus and intermittent patches of valleys. Lower Apayao on the other hand with 4 municipalities is 32.8% of the total land area is generally flat land with rolling mountains and plateaus.

Climate

The prevailing climate in the province falls under corona’s Type III Classification. It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain occurs during December to February while the month of May is the warmest.

Population

The province has a total population of 74,720 for the year 1995. This marked an increased of 1.34% from the 1990 population of 74,004. The Isnegs are the dominant ethnic group in the area.

Language/ Dialect

Ilocano is the dominant dialect spoken by almost half of the 26,812 households in the province followed by Isneg and Tagalog. The rest of the 25 dialects are spoken in small numbers of the household.

Industries

Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares and agricultural support.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

NATURAL

The Apayao River
- unpolluted, traversing 6 Apayao municipalities navigated by motor boats, with wildlife and fishes still visible along its banks.

Various Water Falls of different sizes along Apayao River.

POTENTIAL SCENIC SPOTS

Dacao Irrigation Intake - Flora
Negritos Village - Flora
Jamboree Site - Flora
Proposed Panay Airport Site - Sta. Marcela
5. Swan Hilltop view - Pudtol (overloking Apayao river and 4 municipalities of Apayao).
6. Mt. Solo - Pudtol, the highest peak in Apayao
7. Lizardo Brooks - Pudtol
8. Turod View Deck - Luna
9. Blue Haven - Calanasan
Agamata Park - Calanasan
Various Waterfalls of different sizes along Apayao River

POTENTIAL GAMES and RECREATION

Waton Subterrian River - Pudtol
Agora Wildlife Sanctuary - Pudtol
Anag-Sicapo Wildlife Sanctuary - Kabugao
Apayao River - Calanasan to Luna
Purit Cave and Danao Lake - Calanasan
Anganupan Cave - Paco Valley
Malabanag Hot Spring - Paco Valley
Malabisin Lake and Underground River - Paco Valley
Gululan Falls - Bacubac, Paco Valley
Bayugao Lake - Dibagat, Kabugao
Ladda Pond - Musimut, Kabugao
Bacut Dam - Sta. Marcela
Abbot Cave and Lover’s Lane - Luna
Nalvo and 7 other caves - Luna
Swan Ogee Dam - Pudtol

HISTORICAL SPOTS

Spanish Church at Barangay Mataguisa, Pudtol one of the oldest in the Philippines.

Spanish Church Ruins at Barangay Emilia, Pudtol

MAN - MADE

Dacao Irrigation Intake Structure - located at Flora
Bacut Dam - located at Sta. Marcela
Swan Ogee Dam - Pudtol
NPC Tunnels - located at Ginned Pudtol

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

Annual Apayao Day Celebration (February 14)
- cultural activities presenting pageants and sports

Say-Am-Talip-Tadoc
- a festival featuring their ethnic songs, dances and rituals.

Pudtol Town Fiesta
- every last Thursday, Friday and Saturday of May, Agro-Trade Fair Pageant and Sports.

Conner
- every third week of May Cultural Presentation, Trade Fair and Pageant Sports.

PROVINCE OF BENGUET

BRIEF HISTORY

Early in the 19th century after the Spanish explorer Guillermo Galvey's report of his expedition, the Spanish government organized the mountain region into six (6) commandancias politico-militar namely: Benguet in 1846, Lepanto in 1852, Bontoc in 1859, Amburayan in 1889, and Kayapa and Kabugao in 1891. The province of Benguet, as now constituted, have portions of which were parts of the districts of Lepanto, Bontoc and Amburayan.

Early commandancias were divided into rancherias. The commandancia of Benguet consisted of 41 rancherias with La Trinidad, named after Galvey's wife, as capital.

In 1899, the Katipunan came to Benguet and united the Igorots and established Benguet under the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Ora Juan Carino of Tublay was appointed Governor of Benguet and Chairman of the Board. In La Trinidad, Miguel Picarte was appointed as president but their terms were short-lived since the American colonizers came in the 1900's.

Under the American rule, civil government was established under Act. No. 48 in the following townships of Benguet; Adaoay, Ambuklao, Ampusongan, Atok, Balakbak, Bokod, Buguias, Kabayan, Kapangan, Kibungan, Daclan, Gallano, Itogon, Palina, Sablan, and Tublay. The government of each township was vested in the president and council composed of one representative from each barrio of the township. When Act. No. 1876 was passed on August 13, 1908, Benguet province became a sub-province of the Mountain Province. Under this Act, the sub-province embraced by the Mountain Province were Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga and Lepanto.

The original nineteen (19) townships of Benguet as embodied in Act No. 48 dated November 22, 1900 were reduced to thirteen (13) municipalities. The township of Baguio became a chartered city on September 1, 1909, creating in its place the township of Tuba. The townships of Ambuklao, Adaoay, Balakbak, Galiano, Palina and Loo were abolished under Executive Orders issued by the government of the Philippines.

Today, the province of Benguet still hold claims as the "Salad Bowl of the Philippines" because of its huge production of upland vegetables.

I. BRIEF OVERVIEW

Geography

Benguet lies in the southernmost part of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Pangasinan bound it on the south, on the east by Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya, on the north by Mountain Province, and on the west by La Union and Ilocos Sur. The province has a total land area of 261,648 hectares. It is located between 16'33" north latitude and 120'34" to 125'52" east longitude. Its capital, La Trinidad, is 256 kilometers north of Manila and 6 kilometers north of Baguio City. The municipality of Itogon has the largest area with 49,800 hectares of which the Benguet Corporation and Itogon-Suyoc Mines, Incorporated used a large portion for mining activities.

Political Subdivision

Benguet has thirteen municipalities namely: Atok, Bakun, Bokod, Buguias, Itogon, Kabayan, Kapangan, Kibungan, La Trinidad, Mankayan, Sablan, Tuba and Tublay. There are 140 barangays.

The road network leading to the province is serviced by 411.122 kilometers of national road, 300.870 kilometers of provincial roads and various municipals and barangay roads accessible. Major transportation arteries for Benguet and Baguio City are the Marcos Highway, Naguilian Road and Kennon Road from Metro Manila and the lowland provinces. To the north are Halsema Highway (Mountain Trial), Bokod-Kabayan-Buguias road and the Benguet-Nueva Viscaya road.

Climate

Benguet belongs under the Type 1 climate by the coronas system of classification with pronounced district seasons, wet season from May to October and dry season during the rest of the year. The area is pleasantly cooled comparable to spring in temperature countries. Temperature ranges from as low as 8.60 degrees Celsius during the month of January to as high as 26 Celsius does in the month of April. The average daily temperature is 18.55 degrees Celsius. Wind velocity is 1.43 meter per second and average rainfall ranges from 7.50 mm/month to 950.40 mm/month.

Population

The population in 2000 was 252,386 with an increase of 11.24% from the population in 1995 of 226,883.

Language/Dialect

There are three (3) major ethnolinguistic groups in the province. These are the Kankan-eys, the Ibaloys and the Kalanguyas. Traditionally, the Kankana-eys are the native miners while the Ibaloys are the agriculturists. The Kankana-ey dialect is related to the Lepanto dialect, while the Ibaloy dialect or nabaloys sounds similar in some ways to the Pangasinan dialect. The Kalanguya dialect is a combination of the Kankana-ey and the Ibaloy dialects.

The Kankan-eys occupy the northern part of the province: Bakun, Mankayan, Kibungan and Buguias while the Ibaloys occupy the southern municipalities of Bokod, Itogon, Tuba, Sablan and Tublay. The municipalities of Atok and Kapangan share the Ibaloy and Kankana-ey tongues. The Ibaloys originally occupied la Trinidad.

Other ethnic groups are the Ikaraos of Bokod, Iowaks of Itogon, and the Kalanguyas found in the municipalities of Tuba, Kabayan and Buguias.

While these ethno-linguistic groups are divergent from each other, they do live harmoniously.

Major Industries

There are various major kinds of industries in the province. These are agriculture, small and large scale mining, gold panning, silver craft/ brass wares, gift and toy making, strawberry production, livestock and poultry, tiger grass production and broom making.

These industries are locally based making use of locally produced materials, which provide employment to individual entrepreneurs and organized groups.

Existing rural industries are: gifts, toys and house wares which includes silver craft/ brass wares, woodcraft, loom weaving, handmade paper decors and novelty items, and garment - knitting wearable. Sericulture and fruit vegetable processing such as strawberry jams, fruit jellies, candies and preserves.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

HISTORICAL

1. Batarangan Airstrip (Kibungan) - used as landing site by the U.S. Airforce during World War II.

2. Camp Utopia (Kapangan) - this was the camp of the 66th Infantry Battalion during the 2nd World War. It was where the late Majors Bado Dangwa and Dennis Molintas led the defense of the Igorotlandia.

3. Darew Ancient Ruins of Civilization (Kapangan)
- The ruins were the earliest known settlements.

4. Kaliwaga Cave (Kapangan)
Burial place of the British soldiers of fortune who came to Benguet in the 15th century.

5. Guerilla Saddle (Km 26 Halsema Highway) - Battleground of the famous Infantry Battalion and guerillas who fought the Japanese Imperial Army. Seesaw battles ensued until finally, the Igorot defenders won.

6. Hill WW II (Mankayan)
- Site where the 66th Infantry Battalion and guerillas fought to make their way to Besang Pass. The capture of Hill WW II opened the right flank guard of the Japanese Imperial Garrison to bombardment and constant attack by Igorot freedom fighters.

7. Lamtang
- escape route of then President Sergio Osmena and party who was escorted by a detachment of the 66th Infantry Battalion to Camp Valhalla, Kapangan to San Gabriel, La Union during WW II.

NATURAL

1. Mount Kabunian (Bakun)
- believed to be the dwelling place of the gods. This rocky mountain stretches for kilometers displaying its multifaceted profile.

2. Timbac Caves (Kabayan)
- another mummy abode which can be reached by hiking from a jump-off point along kilometer 52 of the Halsema Highway.

3. Opdas Cave (Kabayan) - located about 300 meters from the municipal building is a spot that cannot be missed. Considered as one of the biggest burials caves in the municipality, it has 200 skulls and bones neatly piled on ledges reminiscent of the catacombs of Rome.

4. Apo Anno Cave (Natubleng Buguias)
- the famed 12th -century mighty hunter of Benguet orally told and foretold as a demigod in Benguet tales whose remains have been mummified has been peacefully laid to rest in his original burial site. Benguet leaders have persistently searched for his remains for over 80 years. Upon his recovery, Apo Anno was given a hero's welcome.

5. Tinongchol Burial Rock (Kabayan)
- this burial rock almost as big as a regular three-storey building houses centuries old mummies. This came about through the labor of people during the olden times that bore hold on the solid boulders where they interred their dead.

6. Mount Pulag (Kabayan)
- this is the highest mountain peak in Luzon towering at an altitude of 9,640 feet above sea level and considered as the playground of the gods by local folks. It is home to many species of highland flora and fauna, including the dwarf bamboo, which covers its bald peak.

7. Mount Santo Tomas (Tuba)
- an eighteen (18) kilometer rugged road leads to the peak which offers one view of the most significant sunrises and sunsets, a clear view of the Lingayen gulf. It is ideal for picnics and out - of - town excursions.

8. Colorado Falls (Tuba)
- located a short distance off Kennon Road, these falls have been the favorite watering hole of Baguio residents for some time. Three giant falls drop into a natural pool almost ten (10) feet at its deepest. Vacationist troop to this place during weekends.

9. Mountain Lakes (Kabayan)
- Lakes Incolos, Bulalacao and Letep-ngepos can be found at the base of Mt. Pulag. With their crystal clear water, these can be reached by hiking through scenic Oak Forest that grew densely around the base of the mountain. Bulalakao Lake has been awarded as a "Three - time Consecutive Winner" under the Cleanest Lake for the Cordillera under the Gawad Pangulo sa Kapaligiran.

10. Ambongdolan Caves (Tublay)
A cluster of caves and cavelets (Bengao-ngao, Ketong, Bongis, and Tey-tey) found in Ambongdolan which is an ideal spot for spelunkers and nature trippers.
11. Badekbek Sulfur Springs (Bokod) a natural spring with boiling mud pools emitting smoke located in Daclan. People find this attraction a continuing source of wonder and amazement.

12. Tukang Cave (Tuba)
- It is a multi-chambered cave along the Bued River and the historic Kennon Road at Twin Peaks. It is a spelunker's delight.

13. Other Scenic Sites:
Inodey Water Falls (Mankayan) Dalupirip Hot Spring (Itogon)
Towing Water Falls (Sablan) Cabacab Plateau (Mankayan)
Bridal Veil Falls (Tuba) Loo Valley (Buguias)

MAN - MADE

Marker of the Highest Mountain Highway System
- in the country at 7,400 feet above sea level (Atok)

2. Benguet Provincial Capitol (La Trinidad)
- a three- storey edifice situated at Capitol Hill, La Trinidad. It encompasses an entire view of La Trinidad Valley. It houses provincial and some national offices and is a symbol of the progressive stance of Benguet province.

3. Benguet State University (La Trinidad)
- the alma mater of most of the leaders in the mountain region which occupies a good portion of the La Trinidad valley. Only 6 kilometers away from Baguio City, its various projects on floriculture, penology, animal husbandry, poultry raising and vegetable growing are worth visiting. Home made strawberry and blueberry preserves and freshly baked bread are available at its cooperative.

4. Kennon Road - more popularly known as Zig-zag Road, it is a breathtaking and impressive stretch of cemented and asphalted winding road. The upward climb reveals picturesque heights and lush greenery, which is best appreciated when viewed at the Kennon viewpoint pas the famous Lion's head.

5. Ambuklao and Binga Dams (Bokod and Itogon) built in the 1950's, these dams are the source of power of major areas in Luzon.

6. Madaymen (Kibungan)
- a vegetable growing area which is known as the "Switzerland of Benguet." There is frosting during the cold months and children leave water and sugar out overnight to make icicles.
7. Asin-an Sulfur Springs (Buguias)
- beautiful terraced mountainsides planted with cabbage, Baguio beans, carrots, and other vegetables draw praises from motorists passing the Halsema Mountain Highway because of their neat rows and upright trellises.

8. Mining Districts: Lepanto Consolidated Philex Mines

These mining sites are complete communities in themselves with all the necessary services inherent in a community.

9. Other Scenic Sites:
Halsema Mountain Highway Naguey Rice Terraces (Atok)
Haights place (Atok) Palina Rice Terraces (Kibungan)
Marcos Bust (Tuba)

SPECIAL INTEREST:

1. Mount Pulag Climb (Kabayan)
- Mountain climbing expeditions organized by the Municipality of Kabayan supported by the Province of Benguet and its Provincial Tourism Council are being done during the months of December and April.

2. Strawberry Picking in La Trinidad - an activity which aims to focus on the rich products of Benguet. Strawberry is a fruit so much associated with Baguio City and Benguet.

3. Balatoc Mines Tour
- this is the first-ever in the Philippines underground mining tourist attraction primarily to showcase the thrilling and educational world of mining heritage of Itogon, Benguet. With its facilities and tunnels fully maintained and refurbished, the Benguet Gold Operations has opened its underground to tourists.

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

1. Bendian Festival
- in the past, it is a sacred ritual made during abundant harvest. It is a thanksgiving to "Kabunian." Today, it is a special event/s celebrated.

2. La Trinidad Foundation Day - a celebration for the foundation of La Trinidad as a municipality which falls every June 15.

3. Benguet Foundation Day
- agro-industrial, trade, tourism and cultural shows are done every June 18. For the year 2000, the Benguet foundation Day shall be celebrated November 22 to coincide with the millennium anniversary.

|PROVINCE OF IFUGAO |

BRIEF HISTORY

Ifugao was formerly a part of the old Mountain Province. It was created as an independent province on June 18,1966 by virtue of Republic Act No. 4695, otherwise known as the “Division Law of Mountain Province.” Under this law, Mountain Province was divided into four (4) provinces namely: Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain Province.

The name is derived from the word IPUGO. Pugo means “hill” while the prefix I means “from”. The Spaniards changed "Ipugo" to "Ipugaw" and was finally changed by the Americans to Ifugao.

The Ifugaos are one of the different tribes that inhabited the old Mountain Province. Their culture and tradition, being unique and striking, have made them subject of many studies by foreign scholars.

For the Ifugaos, custom is the basis of all laws. But these customs would mean nothing if these were not supported by ancestry knowledge. Among the Ifugaos, extensive pedigrees exist. They are the graphic representation that puts in evidence one of the most basic principles of the Ifugao culture. “We can not but do what our ancestors told us” (Lambretch CICM 1964).

During the Spanish regime, the Spaniards confined their activities in Kiangan (Quiangan at that time) but it was the cross not the sword that conquered the people. During their stay in Ifugao, the Spaniards were able to organize pueblos (towns) headed by the Alcalde Municipal and barangays (barrios) headed by the Cabesa de Barangay. In 1888, the Spanish rule and influence ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

During the American regime, a significant accomplishment made was the setting of boundaries of the five (5) ethnic groups in the Mountain Province in 1920 namely: Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao. The main thrust of the American rule in the region was the development of the natural resources. Farming and industries were developed. The construction of schools and roads were also built all over the province.

During the Japanese occupation, Ifugao became the center of warfare during the last stages of World War II. It was in Ifugao, particularly in Mt. Napulawan in Ifugao where Gen. Yamashita, the known Tiger of Malaya decided to put his last stand against the Filipino and American forces. He informally surrendered to Capt. Grisham of the 6th US Army in the Philippines based in Kiangan, Ifugao before he was flown to Camp John Hay where he formally surrendered.

In 1905, Ifugao was made a sub-province of the old Mountain Province. The sub-province was administered by a Lt. Governor, which was later changed to Deputy Governor. Captain Pedro Bulan was the first native and last official to assume the office of Deputy Governor. Hon. Luis Pawid of Kiangan became the first Deputy Governor during the regime. At the outbreak of the war in 1942, five (5) municipal districts were created in Ifugao namely: Burnay (later changed to Lagawe by virtue of R.A 3380 and the capital town of the province), Kiangan, Banaue, Hungduan, and Mayoyao. The municipalities of Potia, now Alfonso Lista, and Lamut were created after the war.

Ifugao finally gained provincial status on June 18,1966 with the municipality of Lagawe as the capital town. The first provincial officials were: Gov. Gualberto Lumauig, Vice Gov. Manuel Tuguinay, and Board Members- Napoleon Hangdaan and Gaspar Ponchinlan. They were inducted into office on March 26, 1967.

I. OVERVIEW

Location

Ifugao, a land-locked area located at the foot of the Cordillera Mountain Ranges, is bounded on the west by the province of Benguet, Nueva Viscaya on the south, Isabela on the east and on the north by Mountain Province. It is located at 120 degrees 40’ longitude and 16 degrees 35’ latitude.

Area

The total land area of Ifugao is 251,778 hectares, which is about 13.76% of the region’s total land area. Of these, Aguinaldo covers the most (45,451.04) hectares followed by Lista (43,474.7), Lamut (28,220.30), Asipulo (25,400.00), Mayoyao (22,246.36), Banaue (18,240.46), Tinoc (14,948.17), Kiangan (14,534.61) Lagawe (14,411.70), Hungduan (13,394.70) and Hingyon with the least area of (11,455.96) hectares.

Political Subdivision

As of 1988, the province is politically sub-divided into eleven (11) municipalities and 178 barangays with Lagawe serving as the provincial capital town. Of these, Mayoyao has the highest number of barangays (27). The rest are Alfonso Lista (20), Lamut (18), Banaue (18), Aguinaldo (16), Tinoc (12), Hingyon (12), Hungduan (9), Asipulo (9) and Kiangan (14).

Climate

The climate of the province is described as having dry season from November to April and the rainy during the rest of the year. The hottest months are March and April while the coolest months are November up to February.

Population

Census data from the NSO (2000) indicates that Ifugao has a population level of 161,623. Table 1 presents the municipal population.

Table I
|Municipality |Population |
|Aguinaldo |16,377 |
|Asipulo |12,294 |
|Banaue |20,563 |
|Hingyon |9,769 |
|Hungduan |9,380 |
|Kiangan |14,099 |
|Lagawe |15,269 |
|Lamut |18,731 |
|Lista |17,552 |
|Mayoyao |14,191 |
|Tinoc |9,504 |
|Total |161,623 |

Language / Dialect

The most common mother tongue used in Ifugao is the Ifugao dialect. Based on the NSO data of 1995 regarding the distribution of household population by mother tongue. 83% speaks the Ifugao dialect followed by the Ilocano dialect with 17%.

Major Industries

Based on the DTI accomplishment report of 1997, there are about 564 firms in Ifugao. The table below shows the distribution.

|Major Industries |No. of firms |
|Trading Industry |264 or 49% |
|Gift, Toys & House wares |117 |
|Services |79 |
|Other Manufacturing |42 |
|Garments & Textiles |29 |
|Other (Agri) and |17 |
|Food & Beverages |16 |

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Ifugao is endowed with historical, cultural, natural and man-made tourist spots and attractions, which can lure any nature-loving tourist. The range of attraction offered in Ifugao is clustered according to municipalities

HISTORICAL

Philippine War Memorial Shrine (Kiangan) - Gigantic memorial shrine to commemorate the end of World War II. It is a concrete pyramid type structure, which resembles an oversized Ifugao native house located at Linda, Kiangan. It depicts historical events from Filipino opposition, to the Death March and the role of the Ifugao and American troops in the defeat of General Yamashita. It could be used as a viewpoint of the Poblacion, other neighboring barangays and the capital town of Lagawe. The shrine is ten (10) kilometers away or 15 minutes drive from the capital town.

Million Dollar Hill - The hill overlooking the Poblacion of Kiangan. It got its name from the last war when the allied armies spent millions of dollars worth of bombs and ammunitions to annihilate the enemies in the area.

General Yamashita’s Surrender Site - houses relics memorializing the end of W.W. II in the Philippines. Details of the surrender and signing are available. From here, General Yamashita was brought to Baguio for his formal surrender to the victorious Allies.

Mt. Nagchayan - the site where Japanese troops fought fierce battles during W.W. II. The mountain has several grottos stone walled trenches and foxholes. One can also find rusty shells on this old battleground.

CULTURAL

Ifugao Museum (Kiangan) - This museum displays Ifugao artifacts and is under the supervision of the National Museum of the Philippines. It is 32 meters away facing the shrine and 300 meters away from the Municipal Hall.

Tam-an Village - a typical village situated 240 steps down from the Banaue Hotel's swimming pool. Woodcarving and hand woven products are produced and sold to travelers.

Bokiawan Village - 12 kilometers from Banaue located in the center of the Bokiawan rice terraces where traditional Ifugao practices of land use and livelihood still exist.

Pula and Cambulo Native Village - is a rustic village in the first leg of the trekking route from Banaue viewpoint to Banga-an. This cobbled stone village offers a native house stay. The ancient craft of bark cloth weaving thrives here.

Apfo’or Burial Tombs - these are large stone mausoleums containing the bones of the town’s ancient warriors and elite. The construction of these Igloos represents the resourceful use of Ifugao stoning technique.

Makaliwagha & Lebhong Burial Caves
- are filled with wood coffins and the remains of the first people of Mayoyao. A legend tells of an attentive lizard leading people to these three chambers designating each one for men, women and children.

Lumauig Stone
- is a huge enchanted black rock held by only three smaller stones in the middle of the Balangbang river. It is believed to mean that Mayoyao people will stay strong and happy as long as the stone stands.

OTHER SCENIC SITES: Bocos Village Poitan Village Batad Village Hapao Village Bangaan Village Ducligan Village

These villages are characterized by the presence of a wholesome community where the livelihood activities are within the surroundings, and the houses are clustered in a designated area. They showcase the typical Ifugao community.

NATURAL

Bintakan Cave (Lagawe) - It is located at the rocky slope of Ibulao, which is about 2 kilometers from the provincial capitol. The mouth of the cave is overlooking the Ibulao River. It is a three-room cave with dripping water that forms stalactites and stalagmites of different beautiful shapes. It can be reached by tricycle ride and 20-minute ascent to the mouth of the cave.

Nah-toban Cave (Lagawe) - The cave is much larger than Bintakan Cave and has a descending entrance with four rooms but there are still other rooms unexplored. It is located at Boliwong, Lagawe, about 4 kilometers hike from the Poblacion passing through trails. Huge quantities of guano are found in the cave.

Tocucan Sulfur Hot Spring (Tinoc)
- A sulfuric hot spring at Barangay Tukukan in the Municipality of Tinoc. This can be reached by a two-hour hike from Monsoyosoy, Buguias, and Benguet.

Guihob Natural Swimming Pool (Banaue) - A four kilometer drive from Banaue, Poblacion. One has to hop and jump over huge boulders to reach the crystal clear waters of Guihob. It is a perfect place for those who prefer a cool and refreshing swim.

Tappiya Waterfalls (Banaue)
- About 30 minutes from Batad Village is a cascading waterfall with its enormous natural pool for swimming. A visit to Batad would be incomplete without seeing this beautiful waterfall.

Buyukan Waterfalls (Hungduan)
- This can only be reached by a three-hour hike from Poblacion, Hungduan. This is located in Barangay Abatan and is near the border of Hungduan and Tinoc municipalities.

Ambuwaya Lake (Kiangan)
- Legend says that the area was once a large sitio that became a lake because some children killed and made fun of the leeches in the spring. The lake is deep and good for swimming and boating. The shaded surroundings is an ideal place for picnics. It is now the site of a research on fishing culture. The lake is four (4) kilometers from the town center of Kiangan and can be reached by four-wheel drive vehicles.

Ducligan Hot Springs (Banaue) - These hot springs are found at the bank of Ducligan River and adjacent to a deep pool. Ducligan is 21 kilometers away from the Poblacion.

O’phaw Mahencha Falls
- (Leap of Mahencha) Located about six kilometers from the town proper is a series of high cascading falls. Local folklore says that a beautiful Mahencha had to jump 13 to 5 meters into the water to retrieve her native amber necklace which fell while she was taking a bath.

Tenogtog Water Falls
- Located five kilometers from town, it has three natural pools rising about 12 meters from each other. The water falls from the pool cascades to the next in beautiful succession. Untouched by human hands, these natural pools provide clear cool mountain spring water.

Bagnit Waterfalls and Numbungug Waterfalls
- are located in Julongan barangay. Bagnit is a stunning series of cascading falls running over 250 feet, while Numbungug Waterfall is a single majestic fall of over 80 feet into height falling to the Ibulao river tributaries.

Chuyong Viewpoint
- is located near the town proper which affords a panoramic vista of the Mayoyao World Heritage site cluster. The glory of the site is unrivaled.

Kibayuyong Stone
- this is a legendary stone which lies next to the Hapao river. The site offers an adventurous spot for river swimming and diving.

Bogya Hot Springs
- is located in Ba-ang that lie in the Hapao river which serves as delightful respite after trekking.

MAN - MADE

Banaue Rice Terraces (Banaue) - dubbed as the Eight Wonder of the World. The rice terraces start from the base of the mountain range and reach up to several thousands feet high. It is said that its length, if put end to end would encircle half of the globe. Made 2,000 years ago, these rice terraces manifest the engineering skill and ingenuity of the sturdy Ifugaos. In 1995, it was inscribed in the UNESCO Heritage List as a “Continuing Cultural Landscape.”

Batad Rice Terraces (Banaue)
- these rice terraces are shaped like of an amphitheater and is located in barangay Batad. It can be reached by a twelve-kilometer ride from Banaue Hotel and a 2-hour hike uphill through mountain trails.

Mayoyao Rice Terraces (Mayoyao) - this spot is 44 kilometers away from Poblacion, Banaue. The Poblacion of Mayoyao lies in the midst of these rice terraces thus upon arrival in the town, one is awed with a breathtaking view of the rice terraces where all the dikes are tiered with flat stones.

Hapao Rice Terraces (Hungduan) - this is another stonewalled rice terraces located in the municipality of Hungduan and is 55 kilometers from the capital town of Lagawe.

Magat Dam (Alfonso Lista) - it is reputedly the biggest dam in Asia. This is located near the municipality of Alfonso Lista and about 25 kilometers from the town center of Santa Maria.
Nagacadan Rice Terraces - are found in Kiangan and these show how forest management and rice terracing are complementary.

SPECIAL INTEREST

1. Mt. Amuyao

This 8th highest peak in the Philippines with an elevation of 2,702 meters (8,865) above sea level is located between the boundary line of Banaue and Mayoyao and between Ifugao and Mountain Province. Its summit provides the climber with a breath-taking panorama of Mountain Province, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya and Ifugao. Mayoyao legend says that the first Ifugao couple, Bugan and Wigan took refuge in this mountain during the 40-day deluge that inundated the province. Being the only survivors, they became the first ancestors of the Ifugaos.

Mount Napulawan

Located in the municipality of Hungduan, this mountain is very accessible to mountain trekkers. The thick tropical rain forest and its rare flora fascinate conquerors of this peak. Trees near the peak are unusually short.

Mount Anapawon

Centrally located in Ifugao, this mountain peak is considered a potential camping site to be developed in the province. It provides a breathtaking view of Hungduan municipality, and the low-lying municipalities of Lagawe and Kiangan and the rice terraces of Hingyon.

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

1. Banaue Imbayah
- this is a three-day festival, which is celebrated every after 4 years. Activities on this event include an ethnic parade portraying the evolution of the Ifugao culture followed by ethnic games participated by barangay delegations. This festival though has not been sustained to date. The event was set on December 5-8, 1997

2. Tungoh and Hungduan -held in April, Tungoh are rest days for the farmers in Hungduan after the planting season. The rest of the municipality and tourists are invited to a cultural night of songs and dances, ethnic parades featuring authentic Ifugao ethnic wear, interesting ethnic games such as guyyud and dopap. Held on a mountaintop, amidst the highest mountain peaks of the Cordilleras the one-and-a half-hour climb up the mountain range is a very enriching and refreshing experience.

3. Ti-ghaw Festival -this festival is also held in April. Tig-ao is traditionally a victory feast among the Mayoyaos. Its celebration today commemorates ancient rituals and features ethnic games.

4. Gotad ad Hingyon, Gotad ad Kiangan -as the ancient Ifugaos did it, Gotad is one special day in 12 feasts celebrated by the royal class to please their gods. Modern Ifugaos celebrate Gotad in April in the municipality of Hingyon with cultural parades, ethno-modern sports and booth competition where the best of Ifugao crafts are displayed.

PROVINCE OF KALINGA

BRIEF HISTORY

The name Kalinga is derived from the Ibang and Gaddang Kalinga, which means headhunters. In the past, headhunting was considered noble and it symbolizes bravery. Tattoos, a status symbol which men respect and which women admire are given to warriors as reward. Thus a mingol or warrior enjoys a high status in Kalinga society.

The Bodong to the Kalingas or peace pact is an indigenous socio-political system that defines intertribal relationships. This was developed to minimize traditional warfare and headhunting and serves as an institutional renewal, maintenance and reinforcement of social ties. Recently, the Bodong was expanded into a multi-lateral peace pact providing a means of strengthening unity in some parts of the Cordilleras.

The Spanish missionaries and politico-military forces successfully penetrated into the forbidding Apayao and Kalinga Tribal territories as early as 1608 when Father Geronimo Molina started his mission work in Pudtol (Apayao) and also in 1689 at Tuga (Kalinga) where the first Catholic Mass was celebrated.

During the short-lived Philippine Republic, President Emilio Aguinaldo in his flight to Palanan, Isabela crossed the upper Kalinga areas in his vain attempt to elude his American pursuers. For 35 days, President Aguinaldo established his headquarters at Lubuagan since March 18,1900. Here he issued his orders to his military generals and the civil officials of his revolutionary government until he was forced out of Lubuagan upon learning that his pursuers were sighted at Mabongtoto. This prompted him to escape towards Tabuk in that historic last leg of his flight to Palanan where he was later captured.

On February 4,1920, Act No. 2772 was promulgated reorganizing the Lepanto-Bontoc Province into Mountain Province constituted by the five provinces of Benguet, Bonito, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao. Lubuagan was the capital of Kalinga while Kabugao was the capital town of Apayao.

On June 18,1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted creating from the old Mountain Province five separate and independent provinces: Benguet, Ifugao, Mt. Province (Bonito) and Kalinga-Apayao. On March 26, 1967, President Ferdinand E. Marcos administered the oath of office to the new officials of the four newly born provinces.

The first appointed provincial officials of Kalinga-Apayao province were Ceferino B. Ramirez, Provincial Governor; Amado B. Almazan, Vice Governor; and Board Members Castro B. Lammawin and Carlos Deguiom.

Presently, Kalinga is fast emerging as an “Eco-tourism Discovery of the Cordilleras” since its operation as a regular and separate province on February 14, 1996.

I. OVERVIEW

Location

Nestling on an elevation ranging from 300 to 5,000 feet above sea level of northsouth assemblage of mountain ranges within the Cordillera Central, Kalinga has been dubbed as the Prince of the Highlands Philippines.

A glance of the Philippine map will easily reveal the similarity of the physiography of Kalinga to that of a bust of a man, akin to Ex-President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The province’s geographic feature is characterized in the western portion by sharp crested interlinking peaks of the steep slope, isolated flat lands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern portion generally rolling gradually sloping foothills. Interlocking wide tracks of flat lands and flood plains along its main drainage system, this rare geography interposes a great role expected of the province in national development pursuits.

Political Subdivision

The province is composed of eight (8) municipalities. These are Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Rizal, Tabuk, Tanudan and Tinglayan.

Climate

The prevailing climate of the province is categorized under type III classification of the Weather Bureau. The relatively dry season occurs from the month of November to April while the rest of the year is generally wet. Heaviest rain occurs during the month of September with an average rainfall of 2,000 mm. Typhoons frequently occur during the period from July to October.

Population

Kalinga has a total population of 174,023 as of 2000.

Industries

The updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture making, garment craft, food processing, gifts and housewares and agricultural support.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

HISTORICAL

Aguinaldo Hill
- it is located at Barangay Asibanglan-Pinukpuk Road at Allaguia junction. Gen. Aguinaldo used this hill as a common post during the Philippine-American war.

CULTURAL

Mini-Museum of Kalinga
- a mini-museum was initiated and established by the Kalinga Special Development Authority situated in their office building at Bulanao, Tabuk.

NATURAL

Sungang ViewPoint
- the viewpoint affords a majestic view of the valley villages and mountains of Tinglayan, Tanudan, Tabuk and Lubuagan. A very good view of the Tulgao and Dananao Rice Terraces can be seen at the viewpoint.

Palan-ah falls and hot springs
- this waterfalls is located at Tulgao West, Tinglayan. The name is derived from the native term “Pinalpallang-ah” which means chair. The falls spray down from approximately 100 meters above forming a pool where during a sunny day, one practically swims at the end of the rainbow.

Mt. Mating-oy Dinayao (Sleeping Beauty)
- these fabled mountain ranges in the border of the municipalities of Tinglayan and Tanudan and they take the form of a sleeping lady supinely lying at its back. A vantage view of the profile can be seen from the Sungang view or from Basao.

Tinglayan Rice Terraces
- from the Sungang View Point, the Dananao and Tulgao Rice Terraces can be viewed. These rice terraces are like an amphitheater along the whole mountain slopes.

Lubo and Mangali Rice Terraces - the rice terraces surrounds the villages of Lubo. The best time to view the rice terraces is during the planting season and when the rice terraces are already ready for harvest.

Mount Binaratan
- this fabled mountain is located in Dacalan. It is the entry point of General Emilio Aguinaldo during his retreat to Kalinga.

Taga-aran aran Kabunian
- this area is located above Barangay Lubo at the source of Gaburao Creek. At the side is a cave where Kabunian stayed while sawing lumber for his house.

Ugid Maling Subterranean River
- located four kilometers away from Poblacion, Balbalan and a good three and half hours ride from the Capital Town. It is a maze of cavernous boulders and rocks atop each other forming a cavern.

Balbalasang National Park
- this is a monument of the opposition of the Kalingas against the logging companies.

Buaya Caves
- it is similar to Sagada Caves with stalactites and stalagmites formations. The caves are interconnected with each other and cover the whole mountain slope.

Aciga Tree
- this is perhaps the biggest acacia tree in Kalinga within a village. It is found at the school ground of the Aciga Elementary School and it is rumored that the tree is a landmark for the treasures of Yamashita.

Bonnong Lakes and Asibanglan Lakes
- these are a mountain lakes in Pinukpuk where eels thrive and can be recommended area for research.

Aguinaldo Hill
- this the hill where the Katipuneros made their last stand in Kalinga from the pursuing the Americans from Abra.

Padcharao Lake
- the name is derived from the plants that abounds in the lake called “Chargo” in the Pasil and is located approximately from 1, 800 to 2, 000 meters above sea level.

Pasil Natural Dam
- it is located at Puapo, Dangtalan and was formed after the mountain side eroded. It is ideal for boating and picnic site during the summer months.

Kabunian Bridge and Springs
- these two natural landmarks are found in Maglucsad and Galdang respectively.

Guinaang Village
- this village has its historical importance to Kalinga as the retreat haven of Pres. Aguinaldo. This is where the Headquarters were located and the campsite.

Mabilong Weavers Village
- this is the center of the ethnic weaving industry in the province. The village is along the road and one can buy souvenirs right from the weavers.

Bananao and Manangol Viewpoint
- this is along the road towards Tinglayan and one can have a panoramic view of the Chico River.

Elephant Hill
- this is located in Rizal and is a site of an archeological digging where the other half of the remains of the elephant war dug.

Capitol Tourism Plaza
- the tourism plaza is located at the Capitol Ground and one can have a view of the Tabuk Valley.

Rizal Lagoon
- a man made Lagoon fronting the Rizal Municipal Hall.

MAN-MADE

Chico Dam
- project located at Sitio Ngipen, Calanasan, Tabuk, constructed by the National Irrigation Administration.

Rice Terraces
- rice terraces at Barangay Tulgao East, Tinglayan, 14 kilometers from the National Highway Road could be reached by vehicle. Father Gilbert Obin, a catholic missionary assigned in Tinglayan, constructed the barangay road. It offers a better panoramic view of the rice terraces and the sprawling villages of the different barangays of Tinglayan.

3. Capitol Tourism Plaza
- the tourism plaza is located at the Capitol Ground and one can have a view of the Tabuk Valley.

III. FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

Kalinga Province Foundation Day - a provincial celebration marking the creation of Kalinga as a separate province with cultural and trade fairs held every February of the month.

“Ullalim Festival” Kalinga Day (Feb 13-16) - a cultural festival showcasing the life of the Kalinga through sports, crafts including indigenous food.

Salidummay Festival
- a festival featuring the ethnic songs, dances and rituals of the municipality of Lubuagan, Kalinga

Matagoan Festival
A showcase of the cultural practices of the eight sub-tribes of Tabuk (Biga, Tobog, Dallac, Malbong, Naneng, Gaddang, Guilayon, Colminga). It is celebrated every 16th of June as a culminating activity of Tabuk Day.
Dornat – strenthening of the Bodong ties between two tribes
Presentation of cultural songs and dances
Matagoan Run – a 6-kilometer run from Bulanao up to the front of the Municipal Hall in the Poblacion.

PROVINCE OF MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

BRIEF HISTORY

The history of the province is replete of intriguing past as many varied stories and circumstances were recounted by elders. Suffice it to say that the origin of the province has not been recorded.

Spanish exploratory attempts to conquer Mountain Province were made between 1566 to 1665. Total subjugation of the area was never achieved throughout the three (3) centuries of Spanish rule because the fierce, warlike and hostile Igorots and formidable travel obstacles intimidated the Spaniards. Spanish occupation of some portions of the Cordilleras ended on September 3, 1899 when the Spanish headquarters in Bontoc was taken by Filipino forces.

Some brave Igorots joined their lowland brothers in the fight against the Americans in 1898. After the establishment of the civil government during the American occupation in 1901, Mountain Province became a special province of the Philippines in 1907. Bontoc-Lepanto, Amburayan, Ifugao, Kalinga, Benguet and Apayao comprised the sub-provinces. Samuel Cane, the provincial supervisor, was appointed governor and Bontoc was made the capital town.

In 1908, the old Mountain Province was created with seven (7) sub-provinces which later was merged into five (5) provinces: Benguet, Ifugao, Bontoc, Apayao, Kalinga (BIBAK). In 1967, the division of these five provinces gave birth to four (4) new provinces namely: Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain Province. The sub-province of Bontoc retained its name Mountain Province and maintained Bontoc as its capital town. On March 25, 1967, Mt. Province became an independent province. Then President Ferdinand E. Marcos, appointed and inducted into office the first provincial officials. This new province came into operation on April 7, 1967, hence, this day is celebrated as Mountain Province Day.

On June 15, 1987, Mountain Province became part of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR).

I. OVERVIEW

Geography

Mountain Province is bounded on the north by the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao and Abra; on the south by the mountains of benguet and Ifugao; on the east by Isabela and the west by the province of Ilocos Sur. It extends to an area of 229,231 hectares where 83% is mountainous while 17% make up hills and valleys .

Principally, the province is composed of high mountain ranges, limited terraces and floodplains. It is a province of rivers, falls, mountains and caves. Such a terrain nurtures a sturdy and hardworking people.

Political Subdivision

Mountain Province is composed of ten (10) municipalities namely: Bontoc, Barlig, Bauko, Besao, Natonin, Paracelis, Sabangan, Sadanga, Sagada and Tadian.

The province has 144 barangays comprising the ten municipalities and its distribution is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Municipalities w/ corresponding number of barangays

|Municipality |Number of Barangays |
|Barlig |11 |
|Bauko |22 |
|Besao |14 |
|Bontoc |16 |
|Natonin |11 |
|Paracelis | 9 |
|Sabangan |15 |
|Sadanga | 8 |
|Sagada |19 |
|Tadian |19 |

Climate

The province has two (2) seasons - dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year. The maximum rain periods are not very pronounced with a short dry season lasting only from 1 to 3 months.

Population

Mountain province has a population of 140,439 in 2000, total household of 27,721 and land area of 229,231 hectares (NSO). The natives are mostly Bontocs who occupy the central and northern part of the province. Tthe Aplai who are predominantly found in the western part and the Balangaos in the eastern portion.

Language/Dialect

Mountain Province boasts of being the first province to be evangelized by the American missionaries and so most of its people particularly, the elders could speak English. Aplai is the major dialect. The inhabitants could also speak Ilocano and Filipino.

Major Industries

The furniture industry is a growing venture in the province. Fixtures and furniture are made from raw materials like pinewood, bamboo and steel.

Backstrap weaving which was also an old-age handicraft expanded to use of loom. Colorful costumes are now designed for product lines like bag, purses, tapestry, ethnic costumes, blankets, linen and other fashion accessories.

II. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

HISTORICAL

Rizal Memorial Plaza (Bontoc)
- found at the heart of the capital town. The statue of Dr. Jose Rizal stands towering the plaza, which serves as a good respite and also as a playground and meeting venue for programs and other gatherings.

CULTURAL

1. Bontoc Village Museum (Bontoc)
- located within the Catholic Sister's Convent and Saint Vincent's Elementary School. Sister Basil Gekiere, ICM, founded it. It features a range of artifacts crafted by the Igorots for domestic purposes, to be used for traditional celebrations or practices. Inside the museum, one could appreciate the distinct richness of the Igorot's way of life. Beside the museum building is a model of traditional Bontoc village, which highlights some of the various aspects of the Bontoc material culture.

2. Backstrap and Loom Weaving Houses
- loom weaving is done in Sabangan and Sagada. Samoki, a village in Bontoc specialize in backstrap weaving. Various colorful woven materials like knapsacks, placemats, bags and purses among other products.

3. Ato/Dap-ay
- traditionally, it is a place where the council of elders hold various ceremonies, meetings and happenings which maybe religious, social and political in nature. It is a public structure used as a dormitory by the bachelors, widowers, young boys and visitors in the village. A fireplace is built at the center and a wooden pole stands opposite it where heads of animals butchered and sacrificed are hung.

NATURAL

1. Mainit Hotsprings
- 18 kilometers up from Bontoc; 30 minutes by chartered of Public Utility Jeepney ride (Bontoc-Mainit - 1:00 to 2:00 p.m.) or two (2) hours by foot.

2. Mornang Hotspring
- 4 kilometers from Barlig proper

3. Sadanga Hotspring
29 kilometers from Poblacion Bontoc (with bathroom facility)

4. Caves / Hanging Coffins
- feature shimmering underground streams with golden or silvery stalactite and stalagmite formations and cool nature pools inside. Hanging coffins placed high steep rock formations.

5. Sagada
- Matangkib Cave, Sugong Cave, Lumiyang Cave, Sumaguing Cave, Balangagan Cave, Nangongogan Cave, Latipan Cave, Cansil Cave

6. Besao
- Liang Burial Cave (can be reached through regular jeepney ride to the poblacion and hiking to reach the caves).

7. Lakes/Waterfalls
- found amidst tall, green pine trees evoking feelings of freshness and tranquility

8. Sagada: Bumod-ok Falls Danum Lake
Bodong Lake Aguid
Fidelisan Waterspots.

9. Besao: Banao Lake

10. Tadian: Gawaan Lake

*accessibility - regular public utility jeepney and foot trekking to site

MOUNTAINS WITH MAJESTIC TOWERING PEAKS AND SHARP RIDGES:

11. Mt. Clitoris (Tadian)
- formerly Mount Mogao is a canonical shaped and stands proudly over 3 villages. It is considered as sacred and appears serene and solemn at dusk or dawn.

12. Mt. Amoyao (Barlig)
- thickly forested and beckons for wilderness walk and site of ABS-CBN and RCPI satellite

13. Mt. Calawitan (Sabangan)

14. Mt. Polis and Mt. Pagturao (Bontoc)

15. Mt. Ampucao (Sagada)

16. Besao Sunset (Besao)
- a primitive formation of two rocks where farmers can determine seasons by how the sun's rays fit into the crevices in the rock formation.

17. Alab Petroglyphs (Bontoc) - a huge rock inscribed with bows and arrows believed to tell the ancient fertility rites of the natives.

18. Chico River Panoramic View
- the mountain tops and mountain sides provide panoramic/scenic viewing of the winding Chico River meandering through ricefields, rocks and sand as well as good vantage points to humble dwellings of the villagers.

Viewpoints: Gala (Sabangan) Mt. Polis Pagturao (Bontoc) Maligcong

19. Cagubatan Enchanted Eels (Tadian)
- the eels thriving in the Cagubatan spring are conceived to be sacred and thus could not be eaten, they are believed to maintain the continuous flow of water to irrigate the rice fields.

MAN - MADE ATTRACTIONS

1. Mountain Province Trade Center
- a mini-shopping center managed by the Department of Trade and Industry where skillfully crafted indigenous products are sold.

2. Rice Terraces
- mini stairways to the sky, distinct from the Banaue Rice Terraces because they are made up of perfectly engineered stone riprap.

Bauko: Bagnen Rice Terraces

Besao: Besao Rice Terraces, Bucas Rice Terraces

Bontoc: Maligcong Rice Terraces, Bayyo Rice Terraces, and Bontoc
Poblacion Rice Terraces, Dalican Rice Terraces

Sagada: Kiltepan Rice Terraces, Tanulong Rice Terraces, and Suyo Rice Terraces Bulongan Rice Terraces, Bangaan Rice
Terraces, Ambasing Rice Terraces, Fidelisan Rice Terraces

Sadanga: Sadanga Rice Terraces, Focong Rice Terraces

Natonin: Natonin Rice Terraces

Barlig: Barlig Rice Terraces

III. FESTIVALS

LANG-AY Festival (Mt. Province Foundation Day)
- a week-long agro-industrial trade, tourism and cultural affair with tribal dances and songs in full regalia. A native term which showcases the living tradition of the people of Mountain province to celebrate festivities, to share happiness, foster family solidarity, hospitality and nurture friendship all with a toast of home brewed wine. (April 7)

Menaliyam Festival
- A mini-Lang-ay Festival that showcases the tribes’ “best” as the Balangao, Baliwon, and Barlig tribes converge to be reminiscent of their old and living customs and traditions in merriment and amidst the sound of gongs and chanting of sacred prayers (May 27-28)

Begnas
- (January, June, April, September, November) ethnic offering of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest where pigs or chicken are butchered for the family or clan members to partake of.

Chom-no or Chonno - the grandest and most expensive wedding celebration which usually happens once in four or five years where the number of carabaos butchered reflect the economic status of the family, accompanied by much dancing and singing.
Special Interest

Nature Trekking through the Bontoc Circuit Trail
- trudging through the mountains and valleys to best appreciate the natural wonders and beauty of the province in their natural state by trekking through the trails established through the help of the Philippine airlines Mountaineering Club around the province interconnecting the tourism assets amidst the hospitable communities.

Some trekking routes: Guina-ang - Dalican - Aguid
Bontoc Poblacion - Dalican
Bontoc Poblacion - Caneo Mainit - Maligcong - Belwang

Mountain Climbing - these are mountains great for scaling:

Mount Amoyao (Barlig) Mt. Calawitan (Sabangan) Mount Pagturao (Bontoc) Mt. Ampacao (Sagada) Mt. Clitoris (Tadian) Mt. Polis (Bontoc) Barlig Forest

Sagada Spelunking

River Rafting
- the Chico River offers a challenging and thrilling route for rafting especially on the rainy months of June and August.

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