...Abstract Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is the most common disease of the blood vessels. Affecting about 8.5 million people in the United States of America, PVD is more prevalent in older adults, smokers, diabetics, and people with high blood pressure. Individuals who have a family history of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and stroke are also at increased risk. In diabetics and older adults, PVD is the leading cause of disability. Although PVD can be asymptomatic, there are a few different tests which can diagnose it. There are many misconceptions about PVD. Most people, especially older adults, believe the pain associated with PVD is a sign of normal aging. Many people believe, after being diagnosed with PVD, the only treatment option involves surgery and amputation. Even though surgery is a treatment option, the use of medications and other medical...
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...Heart disease is a serious problem in the United States; every 33 seconds, a person dies from Cardio Vascular Disease in the United States. It is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Every 20 seconds, one person has a heart attack in the United States. Every day, nearly 2,500 people die in the United States due to heart disease. (3,4) The heart is a vital organ, pumping blood, which carries essential oxygen and nutrients all around the body. As a powerfully active muscle, the heart needs plentiful supply of oxygen and nutrients. The heart has its own specific blood supply, the coronary arteries. There are two major coronary arteries the right and left located on the aorta. The amount of blood that flows to the heart is determined...
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...Introduction Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) are a common disease in the world. Coronary heart diseases are the most common disease in the United Kingdom. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 150,000 people were death from coronary heart disease in the United Kingdom per year (Martin et. al., 2011). The mortality rate of coronary heart disease is increased in Hong Kong. Heart disease is the third high mortality rate, special coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014d). Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are the high risk groups of coronary heart disease. Diet as a factor is affected the risk of coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014c). Coronary heart diseases are caused by fatty material, such as saturated fat and trans-fat. The fatty material is made the vessel lumen became narrow. The blood pressure of coronary vessel increased (David et. al., 2012). The aging of blood vessel is loss the elastic and became hard and thick. It is caused not enough blood supply to the heart. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is included alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). World Health Organization suggested that 1-2 servings of fish per week and a serving need to provide 200-500 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Anon, 2014b). Omega-3 can control many of...
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...cause of coronary heart artery diseases. Heart artery plaque layer analysis is one of the most important and challenging problem, which can be determined by using Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Cross Sectional images, which is an excellent ultrasound study system for extracting and to easily identifying the plaque layer by using the shape parameter measurements. This paper presents and elucidates the new approach to find out the coronary artery plaque with the help of the artery cross sectional layers determination, which are adventitia, media, intima and lumen layers. This system measures the layer’s performance to make the clear way to identifying the plaque layer, which proposes a new method...
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...hand. There are several diseases that can be caused when a person does not control the level of stress they have in their life. An unhealthy lifestyle consists of stress, depression, eating high fat foods, and not exercising enough. The more a person knows about how to control their stress levels will help them to deal with some of the diseases that they might get and will also help them to live healthy to control the risk of getting any unhealthy diseases. In this paper I will strive to describe what the multifactorial model is and how it relates to the diagnosis of illnesses. I have also selected two health problems which I will explain what role psychology has played in understanding and managing these problems. The health problems that I have selected are coronary heart disease and menstrual problems. The multifactorial model is described as the belief that health and illnesses are a function of several factors that involve biological, psychological, and cultural domains, and how they interact with each other (Nevid & Rathus, 2005). People might wonder how some people become ill easily and some don’t, or maybe why some people are affected by health problems while others are not. According to the multifactorial model there isn’t one answer to why this happens. There are many factors that include genetics and lifestyle choices. Genes play a role in a person having a chance of getting certain diseases, but they do not guarantee that the disease will be passed down from...
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...Running head: OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AFFECTS MENTAL HEALTH How occupational stress affects mental health Dayana Fornaris Florida National College April 15, 2011 Abstract This research paper gives us a brief idea about how occupational stress affects mental health. It describes how occupational stress has become a serious health issue, not just in terms of an individual’s mental and physical well being, but also for employers as well who had begin to feel the financial consequences of work stress. Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities of the worker. However, occupational stress can be an extremely difficult construct to define. There are certain factors that contribute to work stress like for example working long hours beyond your control; Finding it hard to say no to a task for fear of losing future work, frustration and feeling undervalued at work. This can lead to stress and tension. How occupational stress affects mental health Stress has been defined in a number of ways and the range of stress management techniques is even wider still. Essentially what most people understand by 'stress' is a physiological or psychological response to external stressors that goes beyond what is accepted as normal. Maybe 'strain' would have been a better word. Limited external stresses produce a response, a 'strain’, which...
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...British Journal of Nutrition (2006), 96, Suppl. 2, S61–S67 q The Authors 2006 DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061865 Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective ´ John H. Kelly Jr and Joan Sabate* Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA The epidemiological evidence for the cardio-protective effect of nut consumption is presented and reviewed. Four large prospective epidemiological studies of primary prevention of coronary heart disease are reviewed and discussed (Adventist Health Study, Iowa Women’s Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study and the Physicians’ Health Study). Other studies of nuts and coronary heart disease risk are addressed. The combined evidence for a cardio-protective effect from nut consumption is summarized and presented graphically. The risk of coronary heart disease is 37 % lower for those consuming nuts more than four times per week compared to those who never or seldom consume nuts, with an average reduction of 8·3 % for each weekly serving of nuts. The evidence for a causal relationship between nut consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease is outlined using Hill’s criteria for causality and is found to support a causal cardio-protective relationship. Nuts: Cardiovascular: Coronary heart disease: Diabetes: Cohort studies: Causality: Hill’s criteria Nuts have constituted a part of mankind’s diet since pre-agricultural times (Eaton & Konner, 1985), providing a complex food...
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...Research Paper The human heart is a very vital, interesting, and complex organ. It continuously pumps blood through the body for the entire life. It’s made of muscle and is very strong and yet at the same time, can be very vulnerable to disease. The heart is a very important organ. What's so unusual about it is that it is that it never gets tired. There are four parts of the heart, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and the left ventricle. Oxygen-poor blood flows from the body and to the right atrium. Blood flows through the right atrium and into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where the blood releases waste like carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The newly oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium. Then the blood flows through the left atrium and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The heart truly works in an amazing way by pumping blood through the circulatory system which is made up of blood vessels. Blood vessels are like bend-e straws except a stronger tube. Blood vessels carry blood to all the parts of the body. Blood carries fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to the body’s tissues, it also takes the body’s waste products, including carbon dioxide away from the tissues. It’s necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all parts of the body. Arteries begin at the aorta, a large artery leaving the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich...
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...The magnitude of Heart Disease in the United States Name: Institutional Affiliation The magnitude of Heart Disease in the United States Heart disease refers to a range of conditions impacting the heart (MFMER, 2018). In the US, the most prevalent form of heart disease is coronary heart disease. This disease interferes with the flow of blood to the heart. A reduction in the flow of blood results in a heart attack (CCD, 2015). There are also other diseases under the umbrella of heart disease including arrhythmias and congenital heart defects. In most cases, heart disease as a term is used interchangeably with cardiovascular disease (MFMER, 2018). However, it must be emphasized that cardiovascular disease basically describes...
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...right to health care. • Safety: I have right to receive safe and high- quality care • Respect: I have right to be shown respect, dignity, and consideration. • Communication: I have right to be informed about the services, treatment, options and costs in clear and open way • Participation: I have right to be included in the decisions and choices about the care. • Privacy: I have the right to privacy and confidentiality of my personal information. • Comment: I have right to comment on my care and to have my concerns addressed (Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, 2008) The purpose of this essay is to look at the evidence- based approaches to psychosocial intervention offer better respect and participation for a patient with Coronary Heart disease and Depression than bio-medical intervention. As described in ACHR (2008), Respect means, "all the participants in the health care system are to be treated with respect and not to be discriminated against anyway. The patient or consumers have a right to receive a care in a manner that is respectful of their culture, beliefs, values and characteristics like age and gender." ACHR (2008) defines...
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...Cardiovascular disease also called heart disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can stop the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke (“What is Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease)?”). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the risk factors associated with a previous client that I cared for in the clinical setting and to include rationale and some behaviors that could reduce these risks. The patient that I will be focusing on is a 56 year old female of polish descent whom I will refer to as I.G. She was admitted to UMC with a chief complaint of left knee pain. Her admitting diagnosis was a left distal femur fracture and has a medical history of congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertensive disorder, GERD, and diabetes. She admitted that diabetes runs in her family and she also has a history of smoking and obesity evidenced by her BMI of 32.1. Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is associated with a reduced life span, largely as a result of cardiovascular disease and most patients die as a result of a thrombotic event. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for CVD. This risk affects women more than men and is influenced by the client’s...
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...range of translated articles reaches approximately 140,000 (New England Journal of Medicine.org, 2006). The NORVIT study was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blind, intervention study. It included 3,749 men and women who had suffered and acute myocardial infarction within the last 7 days. The rationale behind the study was that high homocysteine levels are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Bonaa et al, 2006). The aim was to measure how effective lowering blood serum homocysteine levels with B vitamins was in preventing a secondary event. A collaborative meta-analysis published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, states that homocysteine levels are an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease and that studies on disease risk of genetic variants affecting homocysteine may help establish whether homocysteine is causally linked to vascular disease (2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). The meta-analysis suggests that a large randomized trial of vitamin supplementation to lower homocysteine levels and the effect on heart disease should be carried out (The Journal of the American Medical Association 2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). Looking at a study by in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which looked at the lowest dose of folic acid associated with the maximum reduction in homocysteine concentrations...
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...revealed that there is not a distinct straightforward answer to the multitude of questions that arise. When determining how one’s health and susceptibility to stress-related illness is affected, the multifactoral model illustrates a wide range of factors that consist of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors as well as the interactions of each. This paper will discuss potential health problems associated with each factor and how psychology’s role helps to recognize and control these health concerns. Biological factors are one of the apparent roles that help to determine the risk of an individual illness. Because biological factors are linked to an individual’s genetics, these factors are not able to be controlled by individuals. Some of these biological factors include inoculations, age, gender, injuries, birth defects disabilities, and family history disease. Most of these issues are a lifelong factor that begins in an individual’s childhood. Considering an individual’s genetics, one can determine if a person can acquire a behavior trait or become diagnosed with breast cancer or heart disease. One example would be an individual that drinks alcohol excessively triggered by his or her genetics and family history. The person’s immune system would be in danger because the liver to limit the amount of hormones necessary to fully operate causing illness. Another example is a woman taking the required test to determine whether or not she carries the...
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...Competency Assessment WUT Task 1 Pamela L. Taylor RN-C(OB), BSN Western Governors University June 2016 A. Disease Process For the purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial infarction (MI) evidenced by impaired myocardial metabolism and ischemic...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Name Institution Date Background Throughout my years of occupation as a dental hygienist, I have come across various dental problems. Children as well as adult are capable of succumbing to the various dental illnesses. Nicholas (2011) attests that there underlies a great relationship amid oral inflammatory issue and cardiovascular processes. In other words, Nicholas’s research aims at showcasing that most oral inflammatory issue are likely to lead to cardiovascular dilemmas. The ultimate implication on this particular study is that regular dental care processes play a pragmatic role in preventing most cardiovascular diseases. The following paper is a comprehensive research in which in which I seek to uncover the history of cardiovascular disease as well as how it affects dental practices. History An American Heart Association commonly abbreviated as (AHA) describes the various heart disease as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular illnesses are a leading cause of death throughout the world. Cardiovascular disease dates from several years back. The period at which the disease is said to have come into existence is commonly known as the ancient Egypt. However, it is worth to note that the vast society has only become enlightened regarding the cause a well as the effects of the cardiovascular illnesses just in the wake of the 20th Century despite the ancient history of the disease. As a health practitioner, the implication underlying this revelation...
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