...H&M Case Study H&M is a Swedish retailer in fashion apparel industry and was founded in 1947 by Erling Persson. The fashion apparel industry is often regarded to be one of the most difficult branches to operate in, due to short product cycles, volatile demand and fierce competition in an increasingly globalized world. Mass-market pioneer in fast-fashion business Structure: 1) Name model 2) Mention why and/or when to use 3) Analyses PESTEC * Political factors that affect businesses include new legislation such as the national minimum wage and setting tax rates such as VAT or Corporation Tax. * Economic factors that affect firms are inflation and unemployment, interest rates and exchange rates (if importing or exporting goods abroad). * Social factors that can affect businesses include fashions, tastes and trends, and also demographic factors such as the ageing population of the UK. This has seen the rise of what is called the 'grey pound' – an increased number of wealthier older people with a disposable income. * Technological factors consist of the rapid automation of factory and industrialised work, or the worldwide increase of retailing online, e-commerce. * Environmental factors that affect firms are mainly concerned with being sustainable and being ethical. Examples of these issues are the recycling of used products, whether products are bio-degradable and the disposal of industrial waste. * Competitive factors is concerned...
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...Section 1 Organizational Culture: set of artifacts, values and assumption that emerge from the interaction of organizational members Open social system operating a dynamic environment. CRITERIA to identify something as culture: 1. Deeply felt or held 2. Commonly intelligible 1. Accessible to a cultural group Organization = Ordered and purposeful interaction among people. Purposeful, because its members produce (supero-rdinative) goal-directed activities. Organizational communication is a continuous process through which organizational members create, maintain and change the organization. (it includes business communication) N.B. All organizational members take place in it; messages are produced to create a shared meaning of messages, but it is not always achieved. Those messages vary in form according to various factors (power distances, roles, goal, method, non-verbal), and to be fully understood have to be considered in their contexts Culture: "the collective programming if the mind that DISTINGUISHES the members of one group tor category of people from another" (Hofstede 2001) Is both a process and a product; is confining (imitates groups) and facilitating (gives us a way to better understand what is happening) Cultural Symbol = physical indicators of organizational life (Rafaeli & Worline 2000) ARTIFACTS: visible/tangible, are also part of them norms, standards, customs and social convention. Norms: pattern of behaviors or communication...
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