Free Essay

Corruption

In:

Submitted By ronnyywijayaa
Words 1245
Pages 5
Pendapatan Nasional
Pendapatan nasional adalah jumlah pendapatan yang diterima oleh seluruh rumah tangga keluarga (RTK) di suatu negara dari penyerahan faktor-faktor produksi dalam satu periode, biasanya selama satu tahun. Konsep pendapatan nasional pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Sir William Petty dari Inggris yang berusaha menaksir pendapatan nasional negaranya(Inggris) pada tahun 1665. Dalam perhitungannya, ia menggunakan anggapan bahwa pendapatan nasional merupakan penjumlahan biaya hidup (konsumsi) selama setahun. Namun, pendapat tersebut tidak disepakati oleh para ahli ekonomi modern, sebab menurut pandangan ilmu ekonomi modern, konsumsi bukanlah satu-satunya unsur dalam perhitungan pendapatan nasional. Menurut mereka, alat utama sebagai pengukur kegiatan perekonomian adalah Produk Nasional Bruto (Gross National Product, GNP), yaitu seluruh jumlah barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan tiap tahun oleh negara yang bersangkutan diukur menurut harga pasar pada suatu negara.
Ada 5 jenis pendekatan yang dapat digunakan dalam menentukan pendapatan nasional dalam suatu negara. 1. GDP = Produk domestik bruto (Gross Domestic Product) merupakan jumlah nilai produk berupa barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh unit-unit produksi di dalam batas wilayah suatu negara (domestik) selama satu tahun. Dalam perhitungan GDP ini, termasuk juga hasil produksi barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan/orang asing yang beroperasi di wilayah negara yang bersangkutan. Barang-barang yang dihasilkan termasuk barang modal yang belum diperhitungkan penyusutannya, karenanya jumlah yang didapatkan dari GDP dianggap bersifat bruto/kotor.

2. GNP = Produk Nasional Bruto (Gross National Product) atau PNB meliputi nilai produk berupa barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh penduduk suatu negara (nasional) selama satu tahun; termasuk hasil produksi barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh warga negara yang berada di luar negeri, tetapi tidak termasuk hasil produksi perusahaan asing yang beroperasi di wilayah negara tersebut.

3. NNI = Pendapatan Nasional Neto (Net National Income) adalah pendapatan yang dihitung menurut jumlah balas jasa yang diterima oleh masyarakat sebagai pemilik faktor produksi. Besarnya NNI dapat diperoleh dari NNP dikurang pajak tidak langsung. Yang dimaksud pajak tidak langsung adalah pajak yang bebannya dapat dialihkan kepada pihak lain seperti pajak penjualan, dan pajak hadiah.

4. PI = Pendapatan perseorangan (Personal Income)adalah jumlah pendapatan yang diterima oleh setiap orang dalam masyarakat, termasuk pendapatan yang diperoleh tanpa melakukan kegiatan apapun. Pendapatan perseorangan juga menghitung pembayaran transfer (transfer payment). Transfer payment adalah penerimaan-penerimaan yang bukan merupakan balas jasa produksi tahun ini, melainkan diambil dari sebagian pendapatan nasional tahun lalu, contoh pembayaran dana pensiunan, tunjangan sosial bagi para pengangguran, bekas pejuang, bunga utang pemerintah, dan sebagainya. Untuk mendapatkan jumlah pendapatan perseorangan, NNI harus dikurangi dengan pajak laba perusahaan (pajak yang dibayar setiap badan usaha kepada pemerintah), laba yang tidak dibagi (sejumlah laba yang tetap ditahan di dalam perusahaan untuk beberapa tujuan tertentu misalnya keperluan perluasan perusahaan), dan iuran pensiun (iuran yang dikumpulkan oleh setiap tenaga kerja dan setiap perusahaan dengan maksud untuk dibayarkan kembali setelah tenaga kerja tersebut tidak lagi bekerja).

5. DI = Pendapatan yang siap dibelanjakan (Disposable Income) adalah pendapatan yang siap untuk dimanfaatkan guna membeli barang dan jasa konsumsi dan selebihnya menjadi tabungan yang disalurkan menjadi investasi. Disposable income ini diperoleh dari personal income (PI) dikurangi dengan pajak langsung. Pajak langsung (direct tax) adalah pajak yang bebannya tidak dapat dialihkan kepada pihak lain, artinya harus langsung ditanggung oleh wajib pajak, contohnya pajak pendapatan.

Dari kelima pendekatan diatas, yang paling lazim dan biasa digunakan adalah pendekatan GDP dan GNP. Sekilas mungkin kedua pendekatan ini terlihat sama, namun apa yang membedakan kedua pendekatan tersebut? Kunci utamanya adalah “Kewarganegaraan.” Contohnya GDP = Orang asing yang bekerja di suatu negara dan orang dari warga negara yang bersangkutan yang bekerja dinegara asing pendapatannya juga dihitung kedalam bagian pendapatan nasional. Sedangkan GNP hanya menghitung hasil dari waga negara bersangkutan yang bekerja diluar negeri.
Sementara itu apa yang digunakan oleh Indonesia dalam penghitungan pendapatan nasional? Indonesia lebih cenderung menggunakan GDP karena di Indonesia lebih banyak negara asing yang melakukan investasi dibandingkan dengan warga negara Indonesia yang melakukan investasi ke negara asing, dengan kata lain capital inflow yang dimiliki Indonesia jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan capital outflow.
Ada pula penghitungan yang dapat digunakan dalam menghitung pendapatan nasional. * Pendekatan pendapatan, dengan cara menjumlahkan seluruh pendapatan (upah, sewa, bunga, dan laba) yang diterima rumah tangga konsumsi dalam suatu negara selama satu periode tertentu sebagai imbalan atas faktor-faktor produksi yang diberikan kepada perusahaan. * Pendekatan produksi, dengan cara menjumlahkan nilai seluruh produk yang dihasilkan suatu negara dari bidang industri, agraris,ekstraktif, jasa, dan niaga selama satu periode tertentu. Nilai produk yang dihitung dengan pendekatan ini adalah nilai jasa danbarang jadi (bukan bahan mentah atau barang setengah jadi). * Pendekatan pengeluaran, dengan cara menghitung jumlah seluruh pengeluaran untuk membeli barang dan jasa yang diproduksi dalam suatu negara selama satu periode tertentu. Perhitungan dengan pendekatan ini dilakukan dengan menghitung pengeluaran yang dilakukan oleh empat pelaku kegiatan ekonomi negara, yaitu: Rumah tangga (Consumption), pemerintah (Government), pengeluaran investasi (Investment), dan selisih antara nilai ekspor dikurangi impor ()

Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat menentukan atau mempengaruhi pendapatan nasional, diantaranya :
Permintaan dan penawaran agregat
Permintaan agregat menunjukkan hubungan antara keseluruhan permintaan terhadap barang-barang dan jasa sesuai dengan tingkat harga. Permintaan agregat adalah suatu daftar dari keseluruhan barang dan jasa yang akan dibeli oleh sektor-sektor ekonomi pada berbagai tingkat harga, sedangkan penawaran agregat menunjukkan hubungan antara keseluruhan penawaran barang-barang dan jasa yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan dengan tingkat harga tertentu.
Jika terjadi perubahan permintaan atau penawaran agregat, maka perubahan tersebut akan menimbulkan perubahan-perubahan pada tingkat harga, tingkat pengangguran dan tingkat kegiatan ekonomi secara keseluruhan. Adanya kenaikan pada permintaan agregat cenderung mengakibatkan kenaikan tingkat harga dan output nasional (pendapatan nasional), yang selanjutnya akan mengurangi tingkat pengangguran. Penurunan pada tingkat penawaran agregat cenderung menaikkan harga, tetapi akan menurunkan output nasional (pendapatan nasional) dan menambah pengangguran.

Konsumsi dan tabungan
Konsumsi adalah pengeluaran total untuk memperoleh barang-barang dan jasa dalam suatu perekonomian dalam jangka waktu tertentu (biasanya satu tahun), sedangkan tabungan (saving) adalah bagian dari pendapatan yang tidak dikeluarkan untuk konsumsi. Antara konsumsi, pendapatan, dan tabungan sangat erat hubungannya. Hal ini dapat kita lihat dari pendapat Keynes yang dikenal dengan psychological consumption yang membahas tingkah laku masyarakat dalam konsumsi jika dihubungkan dengan pendapatan.

Investasi
Pengeluaran untuk investasi merupakan salah satu komponen penting dari pengeluaran agregat. Karena investasi merupakan salah satu sumber dana yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu negara yang secara otomatis dapat meningkatkan pendapatan nasional.

Contoh Soal Pendapatan Nasional

Diketaui data perekonomian suatu negara sebagai berikut:
Fungsi konsumsi C = 100+0,8Y
Pajak Tx = 0,25Y
I = 250–25i
Pengeluaran transfer Tr = 75
Pengeluaran pemerintah G = 200
Ekspor X = 200 ; Import M = 50+0,1Y
Pertanyaan: A. Cari ekulibrium semu di pasar barang maupun pasar uang. B. Pendapatan ekuilibrium terjadi pada suku bunga berapa. C. Apabila perekonomian mempunyai tingkat full employment income sebesar 2200 apa yang terjadi dalam perekonomian tersebut. D. Untuk mengatasi hal diatas pemerintah melaksanakan kebijakan Fiscal (G) berapa nilainya.

Jawaban A. Y = C + I + G + (X – M)
Y = 100+0,8(Y+75-0,25Y)+250- 251+200+(200-(50 +0,1Y))
Y = 100+0,8(0,75+75)+250- 251+200+(200-50 -0,1Y)
Y = 100+0,6Y+60+250-251+200+150-0,1Y
Y = 100+60+250+200+150+0,6Y-0,1Y-25I
Y = 760+0,5Y-25I
Y = 1520-50I

MD = MS
0,25Y-50I = 250
0,25Y = 250+50I
Y = 1000+200I B. IS = LM
1520-50I = 1000+200I
1520-1000 = 200I-50I
520 = 150I
I = 2,08

C. Ye = 2200
Y =1000+200(2,08)
Y= 1416 (Deflationary Gap)

D. KG = 1/(1-b)
KG = 1/(1-0,8) = 5
KG = Y/ G
5 = 784/ G G = 156,8

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Corruption

...about people and perceptions.The principal aim of using this method is to describe the degree of perception,as it existed at the time of the study. Moreover,the profile of the respondents and the data gathered were being analyzed,after which the results were described and interpreted accordingly. Subject of the Study Globalization has raised the salience of corruption as an area of academic study. The Workshop on the Study of Corruption aims to bring together faculty interested in the issue from across the University. Topics covered may include, but are not limited to, the emergence and spread of corruption in societies; the association of corruption with economic liberalization; the globalization of corrupt practices; culture and corruption; retail (individual) and wholesale (institutional) corruption; transparency and corruption; lobbying and corruption; anti-corruption activism and reform efforts; and anti-corruption as a business model. The workshop meets once per semester over lunch in a small group of about ten. Each meeting is led by a Harvard faculty member who is engaged in research or teaching of corruption-related issues. Typical pre-reading for the lunch includes a working paper, a book chapter, a teaching case, or a course syllabus. Occasionally, the faculty member leading the discussion may invite a non-faculty practitioner (such as an activist, entrepreneur, or lawyer) who can contribute to the conversation at hand. The goal for individual meetings is to provide...

Words: 390 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Natalie Inzero CJ104 What makes corruption in the Kansas Police Department SCORE Unit a reality? Basically, in spite of the overwhelming results of police corruption is a tireless continuation of promotions and recognition from their numerous leaderships, regardless of the possibility that this is unlawful. This state of mind is so dug in, particularly in high-wrongdoing regions. By lifting the significance of truthful blame in an individual case over their ethical and moral obligations to themselves and to general society they serve, numerous cops have ended up adapted to trust they are not acting wrongly when they deceive convict offenders. The Kansas Police Department SCORE Unit does seem to repeat itself concurring counter-legitimate standards, and that the training one gets in police institutes, does not promote unethical behavior. The department showed no remorse and neither did their supervisors; it’s the “norm” kind of behavior. In order for this to change The Kansas Police Department SCORE Unit leaders ought to concentrate on honesty, enhancing enrollment and preparing, when employing newcomers and considering all leaders capable about respectability and the trustworthiness of their subordinates; considering managers in charge of transforming legitimacy advancement and task; changing police society; making preparing projects in uprightness for enlisted people and in-administration faculty, especially first-line bosses; making a successful inward uprightness observing...

Words: 490 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption In India “Corruption is Social Evil” “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” In its simplest sense, corruption may be defined as an act of bribery or misuse of public position or power for the fulfillment of selfish motives or to gain personal gratifications. It has also been defined as "Misuse of authority as a result of consideration of personal gain which need not be monetary". In recent Centuries India has earned a place among the THREE most corrupt countries in the world. Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now no longer considered a soft state. It has now become a consideration state where everything can be had for a consideration. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribe was paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. It is well established that politicians are extremely corrupt the world over. In fact, people are surprised to find an honest politician. These corrupt politicians go scot-free, unharmed and unpunished. Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri or Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel are a rare breed now who had very little bank balance at the time of death. The list of scams and scandals in the country is endless. Now Recently Before Start 2010 Commen Wealth Games Corruption is playing major role with commen wealth games. The Bofors payoff...

Words: 734 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption In India “Corruption is Social Evil” “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” In its simplest sense, corruption may be defined as an act of bribery or misuse of public position or power for the fulfillment of selfish motives or to gain personal gratifications. It has also been defined as "Misuse of authority as a result of consideration of personal gain which need not be monetary". In recent Centuries India has earned a place among the THREE most corrupt countries in the world. Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now no longer considered a soft state. It has now become a consideration state where everything can be had for a consideration. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribe was paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. It is well established that politicians are extremely corrupt the world over. In fact, people are surprised to find an honest politician. These corrupt politicians go scot-free, unharmed and unpunished. Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri or Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel are a rare breed now who had very little bank balance at the time of death. The list of scams and scandals in the country is endless. Now Recently Before Start 2010 Commen Wealth Games Corruption is playing major role with commen wealth games. The Bofors payoff scandal of...

Words: 734 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption Hi friends I choose to speak on now-so-hot topic “corruption” I don’t want to be a pseudo intellect and do the blasphemy of judging the way of the protest implied by anna. Instead let us revisit what we have known since long. In a theological form corruption can be defined as deviation from the ideal. Deviation from the ideal is not always wrong. It is when it inclines towards a moral degradation then it creates a grave concern. We have witnessed corruption in nearly all the system we interact with. And stating the de-facto status of no system being perfect, we can expect some form of deviation from the ideal. Again it is when the level of deviation is maligned then an alarming condition is reached. It does not seem likely to limit the number of ways one can adopt to corrupt practices. But let me state some different forms which are pretty common. 1. Abusing the system. This may refer to using the rules and regulation meant to protect the system in order, instead, to manipulate the system for a desired outcome. The desired outcome may not always be with a immoral intent. 2. Bribery. It is an act implying money or gift given that alters the behavior of the recipient. 3. Nepotism 4. Cronyism 5. Embezzlement 6. Patronage 7. Lobbying I wish to produce this endless list to highlight the fact that corruption is deep rooted in our system and is quite well spread. ndia is amongst the most corrupt countries of the world with a score of...

Words: 277 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption Mbogo .w. Apollo( Moi). Professor’s Name Institution Name Course Name Date Corruption Corruption in a broad sense can be defined as the process in which an individual uses his/her power and influence to achieve what he/she wants. This usually happens in a number of ways ranging from corruption carried out by a single person to the one involving multiple individuals. Regardless of the tradition that one is affiliated in, the concept of corruption is both unethical and an unnecessary evil that works to retard development both at the micro and macro environments (Johnston, 2006). Attempting to inculcate corruption in certain cultures and justifying its desirability, is only a superficial effort, which at the long run legitimizes the already corrupted. Corruption is not a western concept; it is applicable in all societies, specifically because of the repercussions it poses. There is very shallow evidence presented to suggest that corruption is part of certain socio-cultural practices. Furthermore, holding that corruption is an inherent part of human culture is undermining efforts and the hope of improving their livelihood. This creates a culture of fear and consequently corruption thrives. Corruption exists in all societies more so in developing societies. The only difference that arises is that certain societies conceptualize it differently in an attempt to escape its consequences. Dealing with corruption is like an evolutionary process. The most developed...

Words: 829 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Discussion Board #2 Key Term: Corruption BUSI 604 Corruption I chose corruption as my key term since it has proved to be a serious problem for many countries throughout the world. It shockingly affects governments, businesses and institutions at all levels. I know while working in the banking industry, I had to follow many procedures put in place to help ensure that employees were not participating in corrupt activities or if there were it would be found rather quickly. What is corruption? It seems as time goes by it is harder to define corruption. The definition of corruption and what constitutes corruption may vary among the numerous countries around the world. But Transparency International defines it as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”. Many see corruption as a costly problem that is plaguing businesses, government and institutions. In a study conducted by Transparency International, a vast majority of the 107 countries surveyed thought corruption had increased within their own country. Forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, larceny, fraud and extortion. Although it is quite difficult to estimate the costs of corruption, the World Bank was able to measure the amount of bribes paid annually worldwide. They conservatively estimated one trillion dollars in bribes are paid each year. Seeing as corruption is such a costly problem, in many respects, many countries have been trying to combat corruption in a variety of ways such as laws and...

Words: 564 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption: The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. In the film Blue Chips corruption overshadows true meaning of sports tournament. There are two challenging issues in the film dealing with money and morals. Bribery is used to save the athletic reputation of the university. A college basketball coach finds himself battling between his morals, integrity of the team and institution he works for.            Pete Bell a basketball coach at Western University. Coach Bell has an impeccable reputation at WU, coaching the number one basketball team in the nation. During his coaching career, WU has won two national championships; eight conference titles and has never had a losing season. His life passion is basketball and his greatest fear is losing a tournament. Making a six-figure salary and being responsible for a team that 15,000 people came to watch, one could say he was completely pleased. His work was honored especially the way he always played by the rules. He knew of many coaches that would bribe their recruits or players for fixed games. Bell despised coaches who played parts in suchcorruption.       During one season his greatest fear came reality. His team lost, this was a major failure to WU Corruption: The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss...

Words: 797 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Corruption

...“Want to get some work done; take something in your pocket”. These are the words which must be stuck round everywhere. Yes, truly speaking about the widespread corruption in India. Today corruption has become an inevitable issue. Corruption is seen in almost every part of Motherland. Viewing from working post regard almost each one has dipped himself into this sinful act. “As you sow, so shall you reap” is almost violated everywhere. Evil consideration of money as everything actually depraves oneself. Money pave as a way for all sorts of luxuries required in comfortable life. “Be shameless and enjoy” slogan has been encouraged in this world. No one realizes the suffering and pain of another. “HONESTY is the best policy” is an old and outdated saying today. It would be better to amend LIC, BIMA. A financially weak person can hardly think about producing vital governmental certificate comprising of nativity, etc. He better keeps himself away from this and thus deprive of facilities. This also makes the country more and more regressed. India today has many other problems too which slows the rate of progress. Eradication of corruption will reduce the problem to great extent. Many of us are really patriotic. Love for country, destine of sacrificing for motherland can only syncope the corruption today. Many desire to try their useful hands to eradicate this, but are suggested or advised that the smaller wheels of a machine has to work as the bigger one do. A trash one will be crushed...

Words: 1367 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption is spiritual or moral impurity or deviation from an ideal. Corruption in India is a major issue that adversely affects its economy. According to my view it is also a big threat to our democracy. In 2012 India was ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, this is very poor considering that we are the largest democracy in this world. Scandinavian countries dominate this chart with Denmark being the least corrupt followed by Finland, Sweden and Norway. In year 2008, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office. This is in fact a direct attack on our democratic framework since our institution believes in right against exploitation and this clearly a breach of that right. Our control of corruption percentile is just 36% and it is very minimal considering that how much of attention we give to it. A democracy like ours cannot function like this for too long before a mass movement comes and engulfs it. Who knows we might even be struck with a military coup like our neighbour Pakistan, which would be the most disastrous. The government efforts and just not enough to curb this humongous problem. In fact the government functioning itself raises many questions whether it is committed towards it. People have to bribe for every legal document procurement, even a single stamp of an officer costs hundreds of thousands of rupees...

Words: 481 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Police Corruption

...Police Corruption The problems within our police departments Police corruption has become a very difficult and touchy topic to handle. Not only is it detrimental to the department, but it is something we can’t have in our community. Unfortunately it has become more and more common amongst the police departments in the United States. It has led to very bad cases such as crash in California and even the New Jersey state police lords of discipline. Police corruption can be easily solved, and it is very important to have programs like Internal Affairs to keep the officers in line. A lot of people feel that with the structure of our system and so many loopholes everywhere else that it may be easy for a cop to be corrupt. The biggest reason that police corruption occurs is because the officers abuse their given authority because they feel they have the power to do what they want when they want. Another reason police corruption happens is because they hit a bust on drugs and a cop likes the drugs so they take a little bit and don’t tell anyone. This not only is wrong for an officer, but for anyone to do and it gives the criminal less of a charge because they weren’t sentenced with as much stuff as they really had when busted. Police corruption falls into two different categories internal corruption and external corruption. Internal meaning it involves the people that work within the department, and external involves police contacts within the public. There are 3...

Words: 524 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Corruption In Prisons

...Within any establishment there is always chance for corruption. Not only prison staff, whose main goal is the reformation an inmate convicted of criminal wrongdoing, are immune. Correctional officer corruption can happen in many different type of methods might be smuggling, sexual favors for inmates, or wrongdoing of inmates. There are a different reasons of motivators or for correctional officers to become involved in this illegal acts. Corruption is a repeated hap in prisons in the nation and around the globe. The reason behind this is that jail/prison atmosphere provide for the variety of people with lost rights and people with power, plus not strict monitoring. This creates the likely possible corruption. This situations takes place under the certain circumstances. Once the wrong-doing is caught, a sort of correction process happens and wrongs are fixed. For this reason, the primary step in a promising plan to fix corruption from prisons/jails would be a strict monitoring and video tape all activities inside the prison/jail, and to give full access of operations to reliable media sources....

Words: 556 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Business and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 2, No.6; June 2012 Corruption: Causes and Effects in Pakistan’s Case (A Review Research) *Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan1, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan2, Sheraz Ahmed3, & Khalid Mehmood4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN 2 Postmaster General, Pakistan Post, Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN, 3Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN, 4Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences Hazara University, PAKISTAN *tariq_phd@yahoo.com Abstract There is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. The increasing public interest and concern over corruption have resulted in a large amount of scholarly research on the subject. The concept of economic rent is important in corruption. In Pakistan, the corruption is deep rooted and has many dimensions. There are several causes and remedies for the public policy makers to root out corruption in Pakistan. Key Words: Corruption, Economic rent, Developmental obstacle. Social evil, Remedies Introduction Corruption is a universal curse around the world and exists in all the countries as a common phenomenon, both in developing or poorer countries and developed countries. The difference is only of the degrees of corruption. In the last five years, leading politicians in U.K., Belgium, France, Spain and Italy have been convicted of corruption and in fact, the entire European Commission resigned because...

Words: 7080 - Pages: 29

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption is efforts to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gain at public expense; or a misuse of public power for privat e benefit. Corruption like cockroaches has co- existed with human society for a long time and remains as one of the problems in many of the world’s developing economies with devastating consequences. Corruption as a phenomenon, is a global problem, and exists in varying degrees in different countries (Agbu, 2001). Corruption is not only found in democratic and dictatorial politic s, but also in feudal, capitalist and socialist economies. Christian, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist cultures are equally be deviled by corruption Corruption in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Political corruption | Concepts | * Bribery * Cronyism * Kleptocracy * Economics of corruption * Electoral fraud * Nepotism * Slush fund * Plutocracy * Political scandal | Corruption by country | | Europe | * Albania * Armenia * Belgium * Bosnia * Denmark * Finland * France * Germany * Croatia * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Georgia * Greece * Iceland * Ireland * Italy * Kosovo * Latvia * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macedonia * Moldova * Montenegro * Netherlands * Poland * Portugal * Romania * Serbia * Slovakia * Slovenia * Spain * Sweden * Switzerland * Ukraine | Asia | * Afghanistan * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Cambodia * China...

Words: 8076 - Pages: 33

Premium Essay

Corruption

...Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries. https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=corruption Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, andhuman trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions...

Words: 6310 - Pages: 26