...Đào tạo TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI THƯƠNG COSTA RICA A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and trade liberalization Nguyen Phuong Khanh Tung Student ID: 0951040062 ------------------------------ Costa Rica: A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and future political adjustments. Abstract Being probably the most economically-advanced countries within the region of Central America, Costa Rica is a very interesting example of a how a developing country would manage and regulate its economic growth and stability, much thanks to its unique regime to attract and allocate FDI efficiently. Despite having little natural endowments and regional advantages, Costa Rica has ever since been the economic vanguard among the Latin America community for the last past half decade, with remarkable level of development within knowledge-intensive industries. Furthermore, the country’s early acceptance and adoption of various trade liberalization schemes have created a destination that a number of economists have been referring as ‘investment haven’ for exported products and services. The case of Costa Rica, henceforth, is exemplary for developing countries, not only in regard to attracting pure FDI, but also supervising its spillover effects as a means to stimulate the economy. This paper does not quantify in detail the effects, but rather focuses on a sweeping analysis on Costa Rica’s political historical and possible...
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...1. The Company Costa Coffee is a specialist coffee shop concept that is part of Whitbread, a FTSE-listed British leisure company operating in UK. Costa Coffee has been growing in sales, profits and number of outlets in the past 4 years with 75%, 86% and 39% growth respectively. Table 1.1 Key Financial Ratios 2011-2015 (in GBP Millions) Ratio 2014/15 2013/14 2012/13 2011/12 Turnover 952 805 670 542 Profit (Loss) before Taxation 125 93 87 67 Profit Margin 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.12 Return on Capital Employed 44 35 34 32 Number of Stores 1931 1755 1578 1392 Employees 12645 11432 10031 8196 (Whitbread Annual Reports, 2011-2015) Graph 1.1 (Whitbread Annual Reports, 2011-2015) Competitive Environment UK coffee shop market will exceed 30,000 outlets and £15 billion turnover by 2025, driven by branded coffee chain expansion and non-specialist operator growth. Current market is valued at £7.9 billion (Allegra World Coffee Portal, 2015). Harris + Hoole has been ranked number one for coffee quality. Other players like Starbucks and Caffe’ Nero, food service chains like McDonalds, Subway, Pret a Manger and Paul all compete for the market share. Costa’s customers are mainly mature adults, students and professionals segmented to upper middle and the privileged class. The key challenges will be to retain the leading market share by changing the unique selling proposition of Costa. (Euromonitor International...
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...underwear(1) from Costa Rica and six other countries.(2) The United States initiated consultations with the countries alleged to be damaging or threatening its industry with the intention of invoking the transitional safeguard provisions of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC).(3) During the course of these consultations, three of the seven countries agreed to quantitative restrictions on the imported underwear that would be allowed into the United States. However, after failing to reach agreements with Costa Rica, Honduras, Thailand and Turkey, the United States in June 1995(4) introduced restrictions on the importation of cotton and man-made-fibre underwear backdated to take effect starting in March 1995. With the unilateral introduction of restrictions, the case was referred to the Textile Monitoring Body (TMB) for review and recommendations regarding the matter as required by the ATC. The TMB found that the United States had not demonstrated that its industry had suffered serious damage. However, it could not reach consensus on whether the existence of an actual threat of serious damage had been demonstrated, and thus recommended further consultations among the parties. The United States eventually reached agreements with Honduras, Thailand and Turkey after further consultations. However, the United States and Costa Rica were unable to reach a mutual understanding after consultations in August 1995 and November 1995. On 22 December 1995 Costa Rica began the dispute...
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...important. Today, with the evidence to climate change indisputable, successful tempering, of the climate; this ecology of heat for human comfort range cannot simply be through the air-conditioner, it can turn to GBC's as a first step, but additionally it must look to design for the climate, for regionalism, with specific techniques and strategies. This will be looked at in detail by examining the works of Costa Rican Architect Bruno Stagno, both in his designs for buildings in the tropics, his formation of the Institute of Tropical Architecture (Instituto de Arquitectura Tropical) and his various writings relating to architecture and regionalism. Included in this is his approach to eco principles and how this has, and could benefit a Costa Rican GBC adoption of LEED. Introduction With today's contemporary architectural discourse, and indeed building industry, an outsider looking in can be excused for thinking environmental design is simply the application of the of a LEED rating. LEED (leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is current rating system of choice for Costa Rica. By providing credits through a range of categories such as water efficiency, energy consumption, materials used it demands a building satisify a certain amount of these prerequisite categories and earn points in order to be awarded differing levels...
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... niche tourism can fall into more specific categories where cultural, environmental, rural and urban sectors are different components to consider when understanding the concept niche tourism (Robinson and Novelli, 2005). Drawing on key literature about eco-tourism planning and how ecotourism is marketed, this report studies the ecotourism prospects in Costa Rica. It also examines elements impacting this specific type of niche which considers the consistent alterations to make the destination more sustainable for tourists. This report will firstly focus on understanding the concept of ecotourism and the principles implemented. This leads on to discussion for focusing on the case study of Costa Rica and how it has developed into an ecotourism destination. Furthermore, a critical discussion of the approaches undertaken by the country will be conveyed, alongside stakeholder and partnerships that play a crucial role of the management of the destination. Finally, discussion will centre on the future directions and recommendations for Costa Rica in relation to help provide growth and become a leading ecotourism destination. Costa Rica is a principle example of niche tourism that explores ecotourism through planning and...
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...whole sale stores such as Wal-Mart though they maximize their modes of transportation efficiently. A product being shipped from the U.S. to Europe has a higher success rate than that same product going to Afghanistan. In Afghanistan blue, gold and purple are all colors that is highly favorable meaning signs of wealth. A known product that we acknowledge as black may require to be packed differently if shipped to this country. Global logistics is not only used for the purpose of import and export, but also international trading. Countries such as Costa Rica, Philippines, and Indonesia rely heavily on global logistics to import/export material where their country fall-short to produce on their own. For example: you may find the best quality of Rip Bananas in Costa Rica due-to the richness of their agricultures the proper sunlight, wind and rain; whereas for growing raisins California might have the best advantage. Does this mean Costa Rican’s will simply go without raisins of course not! This is just an example of why global logistics was created. Though this process is not without flaw. Three draw back to global logistics are lack-of visibility,...
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...product assortments are innovative skin care, tantalizing makeup and unforgettable fragrances. Mary Kay is currently available in 35 markets on five continents worldwide and sales of Mary Kay are about $4 billion in wholesale sales worldwide. Subsequently since 1990, Mary Kay Inc. has experienced substantial growth, opening in more than 20 new markets around the world. In June 2007 there was talk about a corporation by the name of Lugo and Alejandra Aguzzi, that would be selling the popular USA women's cosmetics brand Mary Kay in Costa Rica. Lugo and AA launched a website for online buying and telemarketing company- 24/7 hotline; with no success. There are currently no Independent Beauty Consultants nor does Mary Kay have Costa Rica listed on the website that includes 35 markets on five contents for other countries. I propose two new services: 1) No tax or shipping costs for online purchases for Costa Rican residence 2) Build a store in Costa Rica where customers can walk-in and buy; without feeling the pressure of a consultant. Need and Existing Global Market Listed below are 3 methods/ways that there is both a need as well as an existing global market for the services. A survey was conducted on skin care products and concluded the following: The cosmetic market worldwide from 2011 to 2015 made up 36.1 percent of the global cosmetic market. According to a survey conducted in March 2013. Skin moisturizing and hydrating attributes were considered the most important...
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...INVESTING IN DEVELOPMENT INTEL COSTA RICA Introduction S ince Intel’s decision to invest in Costa Rica in 1996, the case of the global electronics giant choosing the tiny country to locate its US$300 million semiconductor assembly and test (A&T) plant has been widely recounted in the field of investment promotion. A seemingly unlikely match, it is now known that Costa Rica identified a close fit with Intel through meticulous research, and then demonstrated with precision how the country’s investment climate would adapt to meet the project’s requirements. This was accomplished with the active involvement of the highest levels of government in a short timeframe against an impressive list of competitive locations. Yet how and why Intel selected Costa Rica is really only the beginning of a revealing case history of both lead players competing in a dynamic and difficult global environment. Nine years after the initial project was announced, hindsight affords a fresh perspective on Intel Costa Rica and its numerous impacts, many of which were unexpected. Beyond its obvious direct effects on the country’s economy in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade growth, Intel’s investment decision was the catalyst for a realignment of Costa Rica’s competitive platform as an investment location. Costa Rica worked resourcefully and with a novel sense of urgency to enhance the country’s technical education, incentives law, regulation, and infrastructure...
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...Contents 1. Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 32. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33. Drivers to Atlas’ international strategy ................................................................................... 44. Implications of Atlas strategic options between 1989 and 2000 .............................................. 75. Atlas’ likely implementation issues of the internationalization process.................................. 96. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 117. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 12References .......................................................................... Personal identifier: Y0217531 3 1. Executive summary This repost assess Atlas’s international strategy by in the decade 1990-2000. Section 2 briefly introduces Atlas company and calculates its return on capital employed (ROCE) of the 1990s highlighting its descending trend. Section 3 presents the factors that underpinned the reasons for which Atlas undertook its international strategy. Section 4 follows with the description of the strategies implemented and their implications on the company’s...
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...Exam in GM 4640 – RBE: Latin America Format for the Final Exam: The format will be a two-hour in-class exam. You will have an essay (60% of the exam score – worth 60 points) that will be identical to the midterm. It will be closed-note, closed book exercise during the two-hour exam. You will also have 20 multiple choice questions (40% of the exam score – worth 2 points each, for a total of 40 points). As with the midterm, the essay will provide a hypothetical scenario of a company that is considering making an investment in a Latin American country. (You will not know the industry of this hypothetical company until the exam.) You will be asked to assess any TWO of the countries that we have covered since the midterm: Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, and/or Colombia. The format will be identical to what you saw in the midterm, as follows: a) provide an assessment of prospects for the continuation and sustainability of market-oriented economic reforms in [ANY TWO COUNTRIES OF THE LIST COVERED SINCE THE MIDTERM]. (NOTE: In your answer, you should use the Packenham Model as a framework for your analysis. Don't just summarize Packenham, however; USE the model to assess prospects for specific current and future market-oriented economic reforms in both countries. Also, make reference to lectures/other readings, where relevant.) [MAKE SURE TO DISCUSS BOTH COUNTRIES FULLY.] AND b) discuss any other factors that might be relevant to [THE COMPANY’S...
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...muestra. 3.3 Técnica. 3.4 Temporalidad. 3.5 Preguntas de investigación.3.6 Variables.3.7 Estadística pertinente.3.8 Discusión sobre las escalas a usar.3.9 Plan de aplicación de cuestionarios.4. Entorno de la investigación. 4.1 Gas LP en Costa Rica.4.2 Gas Nacional Zeta.4.3 Aspectos filosóficos-estratégicos de la empresa. 4.4 El Departamento de Recursos Humanos. 5. Resultados. 5. 1 Confiabilidades Alfa de Cronbach. 5.2 Relaciones resultantes entre las variables.6. Discusión. 6.1 Relación entre Desempeño y Estrés.6.2 Relación entre Desempeño y Compromiso Organizacional.6.3 Relación entre Estrés y Compromiso Organizacional7. Referencias. 8. Apéndices. | 468832455959595960616162636567677073767984858787878792103 | Indice de figuras Pág. 1.Mapa conceptual. 2. Metodos de evaluación del desempeño. 3. Modelo de demanda psicológica y margen de decisión en el trabajo. 4. Relación entre estrés y desempeño en U invertida. 5. Relación lineal positiva entre estrés y desempeño. 6. Relación lineal negativa entre estrés y desempeño. 7. Estrés y desempeño no relacionados.8. Relación entre desempeño y compromiso organizacional afectivo. 9. Relacion entre estrés y compromiso organizacional. 10. Giro comercial de una empresa gasera en Costa Rica.11. Organigrama de la Empresa. 12. Indicadores Estratégicos Perspectiva de Gestión de Recursos Humanos.13. Resultados de la autoevaluación de desempeño por departamento.14. Resultados del cuestionario de compromiso organizacional...
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...Various Tourism Options in Costa Rica There are a multitude of reasons for a tourist to travel to Costa Rica; reasons that vary from a simple vacation, to adventure tourism, ‘sex tourism’, eco-tourism, or medical tourism. Costa Rica is a relatively new tourist selection. “In the 1960’s Costa Rica warily became aware that tourism could be an important source of income.” (Tourism in Costa Rica, 2012) Since that realization, Costa Rica has become a well-traveled area. They also remain a peaceful country and prove to be so by remaining military-free since 1948. “…That tiny nation of 2.5 million which has demonstrated for nearly forty years that a country can live in peace without an army…” (Walton, 1985) Vacation Escape, getaway, relaxation, and freedom are all words that describe vacation. Costa Rica provides all of these wants. Dictionary.com describes ‘vacation’ as, “a period of work, study, or other activity used for rest, recreation, or travel; recess or holiday.” (vacation. (n.d.)) One can find a beach to relax on, a beautiful, peaceful country to escape to, and the perfect place to be free and ‘get-away’ from all of the troubles that hassle them at home, in any area of Costa Rica. Costa Rica is a spectacular and unique spot to visit due to the volcanoes that are spread out through the country. Other activities that one can partake in include a new culture, off-roading, walking through the jungle, sightseeing, navigating through rainforest, zip lining, parasailing, and...
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...USFQ PROBLEMAS CONTEMPORÁNEOS Y ÉTICA CORPORATIVA Nombre: Valeria Bravo, Maritza Lema, Daniel Iza, Diego Zambrano, Eliana Saavedra. Fecha: 1 de Febrero del 2013 JUSTICIA Y EQUIDAD Caso: Pedro Delgado, y su titulación falsa. La justicia y equidad son comparativas y buscan un equilibrio. Justicia Para asuntos especialmente serios. Equidad Es más esencial. Se divide en 3 categorías. * Justicia Distributiva.- Distribución de beneficios y cargas. No aplica al caso. * Justicia Redistributiva.- Imposición de castigos y multas. Aplica al caso posteriormente. * Justicia Compensatoria.- Compensación por lesiones o actos incorrectos. No aplica al caso. La justicia como igualdad: Igualitarismo La igualdad se ha propuesto como un principio de justicia no solo por sociedades enteras sino también dentro de grupos más pequeños y organizaciones. * Igualdad política.- Participación igual en los medios para controlar y dirigir el sistema político. * La igualdad económica.- Igualdad entre ingreso y riqueza y la igualdad de oportunidades. Justicia basada en la contribución: justicia capitalista Cuanto más contribuya un trabajador a un proyecto, mas deberá pegarse a ese trabajador. * Ética del trabajo.- Valora el esfuerzo individual y cree que el trabajo duro conduce y debe conducir al éxito. Justicia Basada en Necesidades y Habilidades:...
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...Economic growth in Nicaragua via production for export Nicaragua is a relatively small country, but one where the ratio of people to land with moderate or better potential for farming is rather low. With a population of less than 5.5 million living in a land of 121,000 km^2, and 57% of the population being urban, the average rural population density is barely 20 per km^2. The country’s economic history has been one of trying to find crops that could be exported: an aim that was first realized in the late nineteenth century with the planting of coffee in the highlands. In more recent history, the economy grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s as Nicaragua converted its best lands into fields of cotton and cane, or pastures for beef cattle. As the fastest growing Central American economy at this time, by the turn of the 1970s it was also the region’s most prosperous economy. But the political and social context was one of great inequality between the landowners and those running the import-export houses that supported the agricultural export industry on the one hand, and the majority of the population who subsisted on small-holdings or were plain landless, in both cases often dependent on the seasonal earnings from working on the export crops harvests. The excesses of the dictatorial Somoza regime eventually provoked rebellion and in 1979 a radical alternative took power, the Sandinistas. Although committed to equality and redistribution, the attempt to control the key points in...
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...Introduction Overview of Costa Crociere S.p.A. and Cultural Values With revenues of 3.1 billion euros and 2.3 million total guests in 2011, Costa Crociere S.p.A. is the largest Italian travel group and Europe’s number one cruise company, comprising the brands Costa Cruises, AIDA Cruises and Iberocruceros. Costa Cruises (2012). The group is headquartered in Genoa. Costa Crociere S.p.A has Europe’s largest fleet: 27 ships with total guest capacity of around 70,000. Costa Cruises is committed to enhancing its ability to listen to, communicate with and engage with all stakeholders, to continuously increase its guest satisfaction level, to the empowerment of its people, to contributing to the welfare and development of the communities in which it operates, to respecting and protecting the environment in particular the seas in which the ship sails-and to improved safety. The company values are: 1. Passion for the customer 2. Human Resources 3. Teamwork 4. Innovation and creativity 5. Financial performance 6. Teamwork and ethics Michael Tamm, CEO of Costa Crociere comments on behalf of the company by saying “Furthermore, our Sustainability Report attests to Costa Cruises’ commitment to one of the crucial aspects of B.E.S.T 4 Certification: “continuous improvement.” This principle sets us apart and we apply it to all of the areas that we have previously mentioned through monitoring, control and prevention activities (always using the latest procedures)...
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