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Costeo Abc

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En los últimos años y con bastante aceptación, se ha tenido en cuenta un nuevo método para la definición de los costos de los productos y servicios, el cual se basa en la cuantificación de las actividades productivas, operativas y administrativas necesarias en la elaboración y venta de los mismos, representando por ello una alternativa aplicable a operaciones no solamente productivas sino de índole administrativa o de apoyo.
Bajo esta nueva metodología, las bases de asignación utilizadas en la fijación de los costos indirectos y algunos gastos administrativos son unidades de medida determinadas por las actividades operativas más significativas realizadas durante el proceso productivo, como serían número de montajes de partes, horas de preparación de insumo; en el caso de actividades administrativas pueden estar definidas por el número de empleados atendidos, por el área ocupada, por el tiempo de dedicación, por la cantidad de líneas telefónicas disponibles.
Las bases de asignación utilizadas en la metodología de Costeo Basado en Actividades, para la distribución de los costos y gastos de los procesos de apoyo a las actividades productivas y operativas, se denominan generadoras de costos o DRIVER. La calidad y razonabilidad del Costeo Basado en Actividades radican en la definición de una base de asignación adecuada para cada proceso de apoyo o administrativo; las actividades de estos procesos pueden depender de la cantidad de lotes o servicios producidos, como los de planeación de producción, alistamiento de máquinas y movimientos de inventarios, los cuales son costos variables a largo plazo y dependen del número de actividades; otros dependen del volumen de producción y de la complejidad en la elaboración de los productos o servicios, como serían los de ensamble y corte, procesos productivos directos, estos son variables a corto plazo por cuanto su asignación depende de las horas hombre o máquina trabajadas.
En inglés es llamado A.B.C Costing System. Este método de Costos Basados en "Actividades y, (debe agregarse), Niveles de Responsabilidad", es tan sólo enfocar o ampliar el Sistema de Administración por Áreas y Niveles de Responsabilidad (conocido como "Administración por Objetivos", desde 1954), al área de Costos de Producción y cambiar o dar otro enfoque y estructura al prorrateo de Gastos Indirectos de Fabricación, exclusivamente.
Aunque para muchos el ABC es considerado como un sistema, se trata de un método de costeo de la producción basando en las actividades realizadas en su elaboración. El método es diseñado para las empresas de manufactura, sin embargo gracias a los buenos resultados en el manejo del mismo su aplicación se extiende a las empresas de servicios.
Puede simpatizar con los sistemas tradicionales. La información que proporciona se usa para corregir deficiencias, al comparar los recursos consumidos con los productos finales, más que para emplazar acciones o decisiones que conduzcan a un mejoramiento de ganancias y actuación operacional.
El ABC es una filosofía actual pero se utilizaba desde hace varios años en numerosas empresas sin asignarle un nombre las actividades desarrolladas en la producción como se hace ahora, simplemente se llevaban a cabo.
Definición Método ABC
"El Método de "Costos basado en actividades" (ABC) mide el costo y desempeño de las actividades, fundamentando en el uso de recursos, así como organizando las relaciones de los responsables de los Centros de Costos, de las diferentes actividades"
"Es un proceso gerencial que ayuda en la administración de actividades y procesos del negocio, en y durante la toma de decisiones estratégicas y operacionales".
(Cárdenas Nápoles Raúl, 1995).
"Sistema que primero acumula los costos indirectos de cada una de las actividades de una organización y después asigna los costos de actividades a productos, servicios u otros objetos de costo que causaron esa actividad".
(Horngren Charles T. , Sundem Gary, Stratton William, 2001)
Los objetivos del costeo ABC son:
Medir los costos de los recursos utilizados al desarrollar las actividades en un negocio o entidad.
Describir y aplicar su desarrollo conceptual mostrando sus alcances en la contabilidad gerencial.
Ser una medida de desempeño, que permita mejorar los objetivos de satisfacción y eliminar el desperdicio en actividades operativas.
Proporcionar herramientas para la planeación del negocio, determinación de utilidades, control y reducción de costos y toma de decisiones estratégicas.
Es la asignación de costos en forma más racional para mejorar la integridad del costo de los productos o servicios. Prevé un enfrentamiento más cercano o igualación de costos y sus beneficios, combinando la teoría del costo absorbente con la del costeo variable, ofreciendo algo más innovador.
Historia del costeo de ABC
El costeo por actividades aparece a mediados de la década de los 80, sus promotores: Cooper Robin y Kaplan Robert, determinando que el costo de los productos debe comprender el costo de las actividades necesarias para fabricarlo y venderlo y el costo de las materias primas.
El Método de "Costos Basados en Actividades" (A.B.C.) mide el costo y desempeño de las actividades, fundamentado en el uso de recursos ,así como organizando las relaciones de los responsables de los Centros de Costos, de las diferentes actividades.
El Costeo Basado en Actividades, ABC Costing, es un procedimiento que propende por la correcta relación de los Costos Indirectos de Producción y de los Gastos Administrativos con un producto, servicio o actividad específicos, mediante una adecuada identificación de aquellas actividades o procesos de apoyo, la utilización de bases de asignación -driver- y su medición razonable en cada uno de los objetos o unidades de costeo.
El modelo ABC permite mayor exactitud en la asignación de los costos de las empresas y permite la visión de ellas por actividad, entendiendo por actividad según definición dada en el texto de la maestría en Administración de Empresas del MG Jaime Humberto solano "es lo que hace una empresa, la forma en que los tiempos se consume y las salidas de los procesos, es decir transformar recursos (materiales, mano de obra, tecnología) en salidas".
Otras ideas extraídas de otros autores la señalan a la actividad como: La Actuación o conjunto de actuaciones que se realizan en la empresa para la obtención de un bien o servicio. Son el núcleo de acumulación de los costos.
Metodología
Su metodología se basa en el tratamiento que se les da a los Gastos Indirectos de Producción (GIP) no fácilmente identificables como beneficios.
Muchos costos indirectos son fijos en el corto plazo, ABC toma la perspectiva de largo plazo, reconociendo que en algún momento determinado estos costos indirectos pueden ser modificados por lo tanto relevantes para la toma de decisiones.
Las actividades también reciben el nombre de "transacciones", los conductores de costos (cost drivers) son medidas del número de transacciones envueltas o involucradas en una actividad en particular. Los productos de bajo volumen usualmente causan más transacciones por unidad de producción, que los productos de alto volumen, de igual manera los proceso de manufactura altamente complejos tienen más transacciones que los procesos más simples.
Entonces si los costos son causados por el número de transacciones, las asignaciones basadas en volumen, asignarán demasiados costos a productos de alto volumen y bajos costos a productos de poca complejidad.
Anteriormente en la mayoría de los centros de costos el único factor de medida para asignar los costos a los productos era usando factores en base a las horas máquina u horas hombre, que pueden reflejar mejor las causas de los costos en su ambiente específico.
El costo ABC utiliza tanto la asignación (cost drivers) basada en unidades, como los usados por otras bases, tratando de producir una mayor precisión en el costo de los productos.
Establecimiento del método ABC:
Definir objetos de costo, actividades clave, recursos y causantes de costo relacionados. Definir actividades que apoyan beneficios (out puts) como causa de esas actividades.
Desarrollar un diagrama basado en procesos que represente el flujo de actividades, los recursos y la relación entre ellos. Definir la vinculación entre actividades y beneficios (out puts)
Recopilar datos pertinentes que se refieren a costos y flujo físico de las unidades del causante de costo entre recursos y actividades. Desarrollar los costos de las actividades.
Calcular e interpretarla nueva información basada en actividades. La administración ahora dispone de información de costos más exacta para la planeación y la toma de decisiones.
En el proceso analítico de definir actividades y sus vínculos, los gerentes se ayudan a evaluar y reducir los costos de las estrategias.
Aplicaciones del ABC
Involucrarse en el análisis de actividades, identificarlas y describirlas, determinando como se realizan y como se llevan a cabo, cuanto tiempo y que recursos son requeridos, así como, que datos operacionales reflejan su mejor actuación y que valor tiene la actividad para la organización.
El proceso de asignación de costos de las actividades a cada objeto de costos usando "cost drivers" apropiados que se puedan medir cuantitativamente.
Los costos por una actividad se convierten en "pool" de costos y el "cost driver" es usado para asignar los costos a los productos o servicios.
Toma de decisiones en ABC
Los gerentes de producción muchas veces se ven en la necesidad solicitar investigaciones especiales sobre los costos sobre todo cuando se quieren conocer las causas de las variaciones en los costos.
ABC se desarrolla para asignar costos, corrigiendo deficiencias al comparar los recursos consumidos con los productos finales, sin embargo se requiere como refinamiento conservar la separación de costos fijos y variables, permitiendo a la gerencia hacer decisiones racionales entre alternativas económicas.
Es importante que la base de asignación de costos (cost drivers), sean beneficios (out puts) valiosos y en beneficio del cliente, entonces se provee una base para asignar costos unitarios a los usuarios y si no, ABC, elimina conductores (drivers) que no son beneficios (out puts) con valor.
ABC asigna a cada producto los costos de todas las actividades que son usadas en su manufactura y si se separan adecuadamente los costos fijos y variables, los gerentes podrán aplicar las técnicas apropiadas para reducir el desperdicio, administrando aspectos como: la capacidad de la producción, diseño de procesos y métodos y prácticas de producción que se encuentran dentro de su campo de decisiones.
ABC pretende la simplificación del costo del producto, al ir acumulando los costos de realizar cada actividad para generar el producto.
Los beneficios
Claramente visualizar, los logros sobre los costos de los productos y descubrir las fallas en las asignaciones de recursos, por lo tanto, de costos.
Precisar la manera de valuar o no las actividades
La información confiable para soportar decisiones estratégicas.
Alienta el trabajo en equipo en las áreas de Producción y Contabilidad, ya que sin ello, no se puede tener la idea clara de Ingeniería de Producción y la diversidad de Costos, surgiendo la interacción de áreas.
Identifica y precisa los costos de cada actividad.
Para lograr el punto anterior, se necesita una revisión de estructura, en cuanto a "Áreas y Niveles de Responsabilidad", de la Organización.
Importancia del sistema de costeo gerencial ABC
Es un modelo gerencial y no un modelo contable.
Los recursos son consumidos por las actividades y estos a su vez son consumidos por los objetos de costos(resultados).
Considera todos los costos y gastos como recursos.
Muestra la empresa como conjunto de actividades y/o procesos más que como una jerarquía departamental.
Es una metodología que asigna c

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...March 14, 2013 Anthropology 101 Dr.Tovar As far back as time goes many old cultures adapted a lifestyle of hunting and gathering food for themselves in order to survive. This was known as a foraging and it is one of the oldest methods of survival for small groups of tribes everywhere. However, this method had its good days and bad days. Sometimes hunters could bring back enough food to last them for a few days at a time, and then sometimes they wouldn’t find anything at all. So, the bond of kinship began to form amongst the tribe. The premise of a kinship bond was to share your goods and food with someone less fortunate. For example, in the San tribe if a group of hunters went out and only some came back with food, the other hunters would share some of their spoils as to help one another out. So as you can see and will find out, this lifestyle and kinship bond has the ability to help the San tribes prosper a long time. The San tribes of southern Africa live in the Kalahari Desert and have so for a long time thriving through foraging. Their concepts and principals of kinship ties are so straightforward and understandable that it is easy to see why they have flourished for centuries. Specific examples of kinship are shown through how this tribe thinks, how they act, and how they live their lives. When it comes to living day by day, the San use their women to gather all sorts of berries, nuts, and fruits to bring to eat while the men go and bring back the meat. Although they...

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