...The book defines productive behavior, and counter productive behavior as follows. Productive behavior is employee behavior that contributes positively to the goals and objectives of the organization (Jex & Britt, p. Page 96, 2008). Counter productive behavior is employee behavior which explicitly runs counter to the goals of an organization (Jex & Britt, p. Page 168, 2008). In this paper I will be discussing examples of both productive and counter productive behaviors, how both impact an organization and how to increase productive behavior and decrease counter productive behavior. Productive Behavior Productive behavior is generally defined as anything an employee can do to help the organization reach their goals. Productive behavior can help an organization reach the goals that they have set because each productive employee is working toward the same goal. The end results would be that the organization’s goals become the individual employees goals, and they become more motivated to reach those goals. Having an employee be invested in the organization completely is the best way to keep an employee productive. One example of productive behavior would be an employee learning different tasks than what they were originally hired for. For example, someone who was hired to do the accounting for an organization, may step in and take phone calls, or direct a meeting when necessary. This would help the organization save money, because when every productive employee can do multiple...
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...Organizational Motivation and Leadership Paper Organizational Motivation and Leadership Paper It is quite common for employees to feel indifferent towards their jobs and this is in spite of their area of work or their social and cultural setup. This indifference is often caused by ineffective management styles, unappealing work, and poor pay. Sales jobs are probably the only exceptions where employees are driven by their commission, which is their only remuneration (Paterson, 2008, para. 6). Sales agents work diligently to meet their targets and earn gainful way. Theoretically sales positions of financial representatives at Northwestern Mutual where commission is the only remuneration, is likely to be staffed by spirited people with great enthusiasm for selling as many life insurance policies as possible. However, this is not always the case. We find indifference here as much as in any other field of work. Appropriate methods of improving employee motivation accompanied by effective management can help Northwestern Mutual reduce indifference levels so that it can broaden its service offerings and cater to larger markets. Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based Northwestern Mutual is a large financial services company. The company was able to maintain its AAA ratings even during the period of recession primarily because old-school practices (Paterson 2008 para 2). The company’s target customers are people from middle and higher income levels of society who want...
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...Systematic design of 3-bit counter with D flip-flops • Follow same procedure as before, building up the transition table • The difference is in the inputs needed for the flip-flops: the behaviour of a D flip-flop is much simpler: - Qn+1 = D - i.e. Q output after clock transition = D input at transition (which depends on the present states of the flip-flops) - value of Qn (before clock transition) has no direct effect - it is just a simple memory cell (latch) • There are no “don’t care” inputs for a simple counter, which leads to more complicated logic. State transition table for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops The ‘present state’ and ‘next state’ columns are the same as for the JKs present state label 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 next state C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 B 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 inputs needed DC 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 DB 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 DA 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Because the D flip-flops are simple memories, the inputs needed are identical to the next state. Simply copy the columns across — that’s all there is to it! K-maps for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops BA DC C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 1 BA 0 1 1 0 0 1 There are no “don’t care” entries here. DC = A ⋅ C + B ⋅C + A ⋅ B ⋅C = ( A + B )⋅ C + A ⋅ B⋅ C = ( A⋅ B) ⋅C + ( A⋅ B) ⋅C = ( A⋅ B) ⊕ C DB = A⋅ B + A ⋅ B = A⊕ B DB C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 0 BA 1 1 0 0 1 1 DA C 0 1 00 01 11 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 DA = A Compare expressions for JK and D flip-flops J=K A B C D 1 A...
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...COUNTERS A counter is simply a device that counts. Counters may be used to count operations, quantities, or periods of time. They may also be used for dividing frequencies, for addressing information in storage, or for temporary storage. Counters are a series of FFs wired together to perform the type of counting desired. They will count up or down by ones, twos, or more. In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of classifications exist: • Asynchronous (ripple) counter – changing state bits are used as clocks to subsequent state flip-flops • Synchronous counter – all state bits change under control of a single clock • Decade counter – counts through ten states per stage • Up/down counter – counts both up and down, under command of a control inputMontgomery • Ring counter – formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a ring • Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter • Cascaded counter • modulas counter. Each is useful for different applications. Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature, and count in natural binary. Many types of counter circuits are available as digital building blocks, for example a number of chips in the 4000 series implement different counters. Occasionally there are advantages to using a counting sequence other than the natural binary sequence—such as the binary coded decimal counter, a linear feedback shift register counter, or aGray-code...
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...Analysis of New England Foundry In this analysis of New England Foundry we need to make a comparison with each of the models or layouts, the first combined counter with the new mentioned model with separated counters, for the determination of time saved with the new layout and then the amount that could be saved per hour with the same. For the layout with combined counter there is 2 servers with a single waiting line, the queuing model that is being used is the M/M/s, because of this queuing pattern consists of single phase and multiple servers. The arrival rate of 7 (4+3) per hour and service rate of 5per hour, which gives the average time in the system W=0.3922hours or 23.53minutes (refer to Excel) the time taken per trip is as follows: For maintenance people it will be 23.53+6 (walking time taken) =29.53minutes. For molding people 23.53+2= 25.53minutes. For the new layout with separate counters, Bob for the maintenance shop and Pete for pattern shop both of them follow M/M/1 model with single-server and single-waiting line. Bob providing for the maintenance people, serves 6per hour at an arrival rate of 4per hour, giving the average time in the system W=0.50hours or 30minutes(shown in A5) with the time taken for trip is 2minutes 30+2=32minutes, this is an increase of time, 2.47minutes compared with the other layout for maintenance dept. Pete serving the molding people, serves 7per hour at an arrival rate of 3per hour, giving the average time...
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...Lab 9. Counter design. 1. Objectives - Design of the synchronous finite state machine (FSM) with D-flip-flops and multiplexers - Verification of the circuit behavior with a CAD tool 2. Problem description Design the synchronous 4-bit counter which outputs follow the predetermined repeated sequence of states. The sequence of states represents the sequence of decimal digits of your ID number with the following exceptions: (1) digits which appear more than ones have to be deleted; (2) digit 9 has to be added at the end of the sequence if your ID has no 9. For example, for ID number 105123456 the second 1 and 5 are deleted and 9 is added at the end resulting in sequence 10523469. In the binary form the sequence is shown in Figure 1. The initial state is not critical. State 9 should be decoded to generate special signal SYNC shown in denominator in Figure 1. In the prelab: the circuit behavior has to be verified in OrCAD. The maximum clock frequency has to be calculated using timing specs of the flip-flops and multiplexers (logical gates) from datasheet. In the experiment: first, the functionality of the counter has to be tested with a pushbutton that controls the clock and a 7-segment LED display connected to the outputs. Finally, the counter sequence should be demonstrated with the logic analyzer synchronized with SYNC signal, 4inputs of the logic analyzer should be grouped into a bus. 3. Approaches Outputs of four D-flip-flops Q3Q2Q1Q0 serve as outputs of the counter. Next states...
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...this lady a digital camera from the display cabinet. She’s been waiting half an hour and then……” Alright Chris I can help you out for a little while…..” two hours later, Kyle exited the electronics department disheartened. That’s no way for a store manager to spend his afternoon. There’s got to be a logical way to solve this, thought Kyle. He walked back to his office and wrote down the facts as he knew them. 6. Store policy allows customers to check out other items at the electronics counter if they are making purchases in that department. {This makes sense especially if the customer wants to write a check for the entire purchase.} Sebenarnya pelanggan layak membuat pemeriksaan sebelum dan selepas membeli. Ini kerana pelanggan mempunyai hak untuk mendapatkan barang dan perkhidmatan yang terbaik. 7. Store clerks must monitor the locked cabinets and stay with a customer who wants to view an item from the cabinet. 8. Because of the size of the enclosed department, only two checkout counters will fit in electronics. 9. Moving the electronics department to the front of the store would not be wise because shoppers tend to pick up impulse items on their way to the center of the...
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...1- Implement Asynchronous Counters Theory: 1. What makes a counter asynchronous? The counter is asynchronous because its clock is only applied to a single flip-flop. 2. What is the modulus or count range of the following counter? 16 cycles will count from 0-15 Planning: 3. What is the purpose of the ELVISmx Dig In instrument? display the output of the counter Test Procedure: 4. Record the observed values from Lab 5 Table 5-1. Record the state number, the value of QDQCQBQA, the hexadecimal and decimal values. StateNumber | DataLine 7 | DataLine 6 | DataLine 5 | DataLine 4 | Hexadecimal | Decimal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | A | 10 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | B | 11 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | C | 12 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | D | 13 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | E | 14 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | F | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------- Part 2- Implement Synchronous Counters Theory: 5. What makes a counter synchronous? Because its clock is applied to each of the flip-flops. 6. What is the purpose of the ~U/D control signal for the 74191 Synchronous Counter? when low, counts up, when...
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...1(a) F(w,x,y,z) = wʹxʹyʹzʹ + wʹxʹyzʹ + wxʹyʹzʹ + wʹxyʹzʹ + wʹxyz + wʹxyzʹ + wxʹyzʹ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimal sum of products form: F(w,x,y,z) = x’z’ + w’z’ + w’xy (b) F (w,x,y,z) = xz’ + w’z’ + w’xy (using Only NAND Gates) F F (c) (i) | | | | | | | | S (p,q,r) = p | | | | | | | | T (p,q,r) = pq’ + p’q = p XOR q | | | | | | | | U (p,q,r) = q’r + qr’ = p XOR r (ii) (d)(i) Multiplexer How it works: * A multiplexer is a combinational circuit which connects multiple input lines to a single output, allowing only a single selected input signal to be passed to the output line at a time. * An Input signal is selected to be passed to output based on selection code which is implemented as two select lines. Typical Inputs and Outputs: * Consider a 4 -to -1 Multiplexer, typical inputs include four input lines labelled C0, C1, C2 and C3, along with two select lines labelled S0 and S1. * Output include single output line labelled F. Labelled diagram of 4-to-1 Multiplexer: (ii) Jk Flip Flop How it works: * A JK flip-flop is a sequential circuit which has two inputs that are similar to that of an S-R flip-flop, however all possible combinations of input values are valid...
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...Asynchronous Counter: 2 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 1 12/11/2013 MODULUS OF A COUNTER: The modulus of a counter is the number of unique states that the counter will sequence through. The maximum possible number of states (maximum modulus) of a counter is 2n. Where n is the number of flip-flops in the counter. TRUNCATED SEQUENCES: Counters can also be designed that have a number of states in their sequence that is less than the maximum of 2n.the resulting sequence is called a truncated sequence. Muhammad Usman Arif 3 12/11/2013 ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER: To obtain a truncated sequence, it is necessary to force the counter to recycle before going through all of its possible states. For example, the BCD decade counter must recycle back to the 0000 state after the 1001 state. One way to make the counter recycle after the count of nine (1001) is to decode count ten (1010) with a NAND gate and connect the output the clear (CLR) input. 4 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 2 12/11/2013 ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER: 5 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 PARTIAL DECODING: Notice in the figure that only Q1 and Q3 are connected to the NAND gate inputs. This arrangement is an example of partial decoding; in which the two unique states (Q1 = 1 and Q3 =1 ) are sufficient to decode the count of ten because none of the other states (zero through nine) have both Q1 and Q3 HIGH at the same time. When the counter goes into...
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...Timers and Counters Exercise 2.2 1. Define the following timer bits: timer enable, timer timing, and timer done. ANSWER: Timer enable bit: The enable bit is true when the rung input logic is true, and the enable bit is false when the rung input logic is false. When the EN bit is true the timer accumulator is incrementing at the rate set by the timer time base. Timer timing bit: indicates when timing action is occurring and can be used to control timed events in automation applications. Timer done bit: the end of the timing process by changing states from false to true or from true to false depending on the type of timer instruction used. 2. Compare and contrast the true and false states of the timer timing bit for the on-delay timer, the off-delay timer, and the retentive timer. ANSWER: In the true states for all three have the accumulator value is less than the preset value, but for off-delay timer the timer rung is false unlike the retentive timer and on-delay that the timer rung is true. In the false states for all three have the accumulator is equal to or greater than the preset value. Like the true state retentive timer and on-delay timer both have the same condition and that are false if the timer rung is false, but the on-delay timer has other condition that are false if the timer done bit is true. The off-delay has a condition that are false if the timer done is false. 3. What is the difference between a retentive timer and a non-retentive timer? ...
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...วงจรนับ (Counter) วงจรรีจีสเตอร์ (Register) 1. บทนำ วงจรนับและรีจีสเตอร์เป็นการประยุกต์เอา ฟลิปฟลอป มาใช้งาน วงจรนับเป็นวงจรที่เกิดจากการนำ ฟลิปฟลอปมาต่อรวมกันหลายตัว เพื่อทำหน้าที่นับจำนวน คล๊อก (Clock) หรือพัลซ์ (Pulse) ที่ป้อนเข้าทางอินพุต หรือบางที่อาจเรียกว่าวงจรหารความถี่ ส่วนรีจีสเตอร์ก็เช่นเดียวกันโดยจะประกอบด้วย ฟลิปฟลอปเป็นพื้นฐาน ใช้ทำหน้าที่เก็บข้อมูลก่อนนำไปประมวลผลและใช้เลื่อนข้อมูล ซึ่งเรียกว่า ชิฟรีจีสเตอร์ (Shift Register) ในบทนี้จะได้กล่าวถึงรายละเอียดต่อไป วงจรนับแบ่งได้เป็น 2 ชนิด ได้แก่ วงจรนับแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ (Asynchronous) และวงจรนับแบบเข้าจังหวะ (Synchronous) 2. Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) วงจรนับแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ โดยพื้นฐานจะใช้ J-K Flip Flop มาต่อเรียงกันดังวงจรในรูปข้างล่าง สถานะเอาท์พุตของ ฟลิปฟลอปแต่ละตัว (ฟลิปฟลอป 1 ตัว จะแทนเลขฐานสองได้ 1 บิท) ขึ้นอยู่กับสถานะเอาท์พุตของฟลิปฟลอปตัวก่อนหน้า คือ ฟลิปฟลอปตัวแรกจะส่งสัญญาณ (Pulse ) จาก Q ไปกระตุ้น (Trigger) ที่ Clk ของฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สอง และฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สองจะส่งสัญญาณไปกระตุ้น (Trigger) ที่ Clk ของฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สาม ไปเรื่อย ๆ ตามลำดับ การทำงานของวงจรแบบนี้มีลักษณะไหลเป็นระลอก จึงทำให้มีชื่ออีกอย่างหนึ่งว่า วงจรนับแบบริบเปิล (Ripple Counter) 3. Binary Counter Binary Counter เป็นวงจรบันเลขฐานสอง ตัวอย่างวงจรข้างล่างเรียกว่า วงจรนับเลขฐานสองแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ (Asynchronous Binary Counter) ใช้ J-K ฟลิปฟลอป และ ฟลิปฟลอปทุกตัวต่อในอยู่ในสถานะ Toggle คือ ให้ J และ K เป็น "1" เพื่อเตรียมพร้อมที่จะให้ ฟลิปฟลอป เปลี่ยนสถานะเอาท์พุต เมื่อมีคล็อก (Clock) ชนิดขอบขาลง...
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...In this paper an excerpt titled “Theoretical” from Engels’ Anti-Dhüring will be examined in reference to Engels’ ideologies regarding materialism, the social work order, and the fundamental problems confronted in the clash between the social production and capitalist appropriation. In the chapter titled Theoretical, Engels lays out the basic conflict between what we know as socialism and capitalism, doing so by first examining what he calls the “Materialist conception of history” (Engels 1939, p. 292). In his materialistic history he claims that the exchange and bartering of products, and their production is the “basis of every social order” (Engels 1939, p. 292). He states that in every society that has ever appeared in history, the distribution and production of goods and the division of society into estates and classes is “determined by what [and how it] is produced… and the exchange of [said] product.” (Engels 1939, p.292) Thus, according to Engels, the basis of our society revolves around production, and consumption, which can clearly be seen even today. Historical Materialism can then be defined as the forces of production, the exchanges of products, and the division of labor according to one’s ability to produce. However in society, often people live from the work of others often called the Bourgeoisie by Engels (p. 292), and it is because of the capitalist mode of production that such a ruling class could be created, and benefit from the work of others. It is here then...
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...water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next. Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx’s famous theory of dialectical (or historical) materialism." Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is a theory of socioeconomic development according to which changes in material conditions (technology and productive capacity) are the primary influence on how society and the economy are organised. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. Social classes and the relationship between them, plus the political structures and ways of thinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands of Marxist thinkers. It now has many Marxist and non-Marxist variants. Objectives of Study: • To define Historical Materialism. • To discuss about the basic philosophy behind the concept of historical Materialism by Karl Marx. • To study...
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...such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent. · Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages. · Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as...
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