...IS2202 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture review pipeline and memory hierarchy EECS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture Computer Systems Architecture Review of Pipeline and cache memory concepts t Mats Brorsson, professor matsbror@kth.se, tel. 790 4121 Lec 3 – Performance + Pipeline Review Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences El t i l E i i dC t S i University of California, Berkeley http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn http://www‐inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs252 David Patterson Review from last lecture • Tracking and extrapolating technology part of architect’s responsibility • Expect Bandwidth in disks DRAM network and Expect Bandwidth in disks, DRAM, network, and processors to improve by at least as much as the square of the improvement in Latency • Quantify Cost (vs. Price) – IC ≈ f(Area2) + Learning curve, volume, commodity, margins Outline • • • • • • • • Review MIPS – An ISA for Pipelining 5 stage pipelining 5 t i li i Structural and Data Hazards Forwarding Branch Schemes Exceptions and Interrupts Conclusion • Quantify dynamic and static power Quantify dynamic and static power – Capacitance x Voltage2 x frequency, Energy vs. power • Quantify dependability – Reliability (MTTF vs. FIT), Availability (MTTF/(MTTF+MTTR) 3/28/2008 CS252-s06, Lec 02-intro 3 3/28/2008 CS252-s06, Lec 02-intro 4 1 IS2202 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture review pipeline and memory hierarchy MIPS ‐‐ A "Typical" RISC ISA • • •...
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...RUSTY CRAYFISH The rusty crayfish or the Orconectes rusticus, is a sea animal found in the United States and Ontario, Canada. It has a rusty reddish brown color with dots on it’s upper shell. It eats small plants and animals found in the sea.This crayfish is particularly small with a length of only 10.2 centimeters. Rusty Crayfish habitat The rusty crayfish (or the orconectes rusticus) can be seen in the Great lakes region , most of the Midwest U.S and Ontario, Canada. . The crayfish mostly populate lakes, ponds, and streams. if the water has logs or other debris to cover it, the crayfish will thrive.They also will reside in still waters or fast streams. Body structure This little crayfish has a distinct colour to it, dark brown...
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...CHAPTER 20 – PERSONAL MONEY MANAGEMENT Vocabulary – define the following: 1. Barter-negotiate the value of traded goods 2. budget-a plan for spending and saving money 3. credit card-a card you use in place of cash to buy something and pay for it later 4. debit card- card you use in place of cash to make purchases or withdrawals 5. deduction (withholdings)- an amount that your employer withholds from your earnings to pay for things such as taxes or insurance 6. deficit- when more money is spent than earned 7. Denomination- the face value of money 8. electronic fund transfers (EFT)- money transferred from one bank account without any actual money (paper or coins) changing hands 9. electronic funds- 10. encryption- code 11. endorse- approve or sign 12. federal income tax- the tax you pay the federal government on the income you earn 13. Federal Reserve- institution responsible for creating and tracking all of the country’s money 14. FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) – Social Security tax 15. fixed income/expense- income that does not change month to month 16. gross income- pay before withholdings 17. income- all the money that you earn or receive 18. net income- pay after withdrawals 19. payee-the person a check is written to 20. personal Identification Number (PIN)- identification number used with a debit card 21. purchasing power- the number of goods or services that can be purchased...
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...scandal didn’t happen all of a sudden; instead, it started slow and progressed over an eight year period. The EEOC was the first organization that put the spotlight on the unethical behavior depicted at the MMMA factory. The EEOC believed that as early as 1990 there had been cases of sexual harassment going unnoticed in the Mitsubishi factory, after getting complaints from some of the female workers (Cray). The EEOC claimed that the company personal, at Normal, Illinois plant, began having sex parties in 1992. The supervisors from Japan actually requested these parties, and the parties were on company time (Cray). A couple years after the EEOC made the claims about Mitsubishi’s managers, the EEOC decided to file its commissioner’s charge after it examined the MMMA plant at Normal, Illinois and found that the plant had inadequate sexual harassment policies (Cray). Soon after, the media started noticing what was going on at the Mitsubishi plants. With the EEOC and the media breathing down Mitsubishi back, the company picked up its disciplinary pace in 1995 and 1996 (Cray). However, on April 22, 1996, Mitsubishi funded a...
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...Drake, whose song “The Motto” has the hook, “You only live once, that’s the motto...YOLO, and we ’bout it every day, every day, every day.” After a video for the song was released in February, the buzzword spread quickly among the high school and college-age set by word of mouth, not just in person but through the turbocharged vehicle of social media. How quickly? Consider the lists of slang compiled every semester by students of Connie Eble, a professor of English at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. YOLO was entirely absent from the submissions by Eble’s fall 2011 classes. By the spring semester, YOLO had become the most frequently mentioned slang term among the students, just edging out “totes” for “totally” and “cray” (or “cray-cray”) for “crazy.” What accounts for the meteoric rise of YOLO, and how has it gone virtually unnoticed by nonmillennials? Its appeal to the youthful is self-evident. YOLO as a shorthand mantra defines youth, on a certain level. What is teenagehood if not the adventurous, often foolhardy, desire to test the limits of acceptable behavior—because hey, why not? YOLO! The carpe diem sentiment of “you only live once” has a long history predating its punchy acronymic clipping. Garson O’Toole, on his Quote Investigator blog, traces variations on the theme back to the 18th century, as in this line from Samuel Richardson’s novel “Clarissa”: “We live but once in this world; and when gone, are gone from it for ever.” The...
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...The Crays decide to bring Tuna along with them on the trip. Expedition Survival! is one of Tuna’s favorite TV shows. Tuna is very disappointed to discover that Expedition Survival is completely fake. While filming, Derek is bitten several times by a water snake. Then, he is bitten on the tongue by a mastiff bat that gives him an infection. He goes delirious and steals an airboat. Derek believes that he is turning into a vampire. Expedition Survival’s staff forms a search party and looks for...
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...Halliburton Duncan, Oklahoma, in1919 a man by the name of Erle P. Halliburton had borrowed a wagon, some mules, and a pump. Building a mixing box out of wood Erle started an oil well cementing business. Halliburton became one of the biggest suppliers of products and services to the energy industry. The company employs more than 70,000 people and is in at least 80 countries. Halliburton attends the upstream oil and gas industry throughout a lifecycle of the reservoir. Halliburton has two divisions. The first is the Drilling and Evaluation, and the second is the Completion of Production; As of December 31, 2011 between these two divisions accounted for roughly 25.0 billion dollars in Revenue: 58% was in North America and the other 42% was International. In looking at the planning function of management, acquiring experience as a global organization Halliburton adjusts their many departments to the economic area that they are in. Halliburton has an office for each location that they are in. Houston, Texas, was the home of Halliburton’s main office, until they relocated their headquarters to Dubai, a Middle Eastern country. Halliburton every year holds annual planning proceedings for correcting Service Quality and HSE. PII (Performance Improvement Initiative) became about n 1997 and aids to safeguard administrative position, “The PII includes a review of past performance, and assessment of currently available tools, and the development of objectives and strategies for continuous...
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...I Was Like Dying Fear. "Fear" is a word that is flexible in its use. The simple, four-letter word has such deep meaning and power to control a person's life. The power it exudes is so cray-cray that it can cause someone to be oblivious to reality and prevent the truth from coming into the light. Personally, I used to have a fear. A fear so cray it controlled my life. A fear that occasionally prevented me from sleeping. A fear that I could not gain control over; it was so powerful that I could not arrest it and lock it in jail, and forget about it forever and ever. This fear was the fear of anesthesia. People are administered doses of this drug on a daily basis. In fact, most people love it. They love the sensation of drifting off into a deep sleep not having to worry about anything. I, on the other hand, hate it. Anesthesia was NOT my BFF. I had received it like a thousand times as a kid and a tween, and most times I was cool with it. Just like everyone else, I loved it. I loved it until the day I thought it was murdering me. While I was going under, a sharp pain maneuvered its way through...
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...Difference between Supercomputers and Mainframe computers In this report I am going to talk about supercomputers and Mainframe computers. I will also define where they are used and what is the difference between these two machines. Mainframe Mainframe is a high performance computer used for different purposes. It is known for its reliability, availability and scalability. It is a huge and powerful computer and acts as a base for enterprise IT. It consists of frames which together make a mainframe. They are produced by various companies, including IBM, HP, Honeywell, and Bull. But the leading companies who have half the market share are IBM and HP who provide the most powerful mainframes to enterprises. The other brands are providing small to medium sized mainframes. According to M. Manoj article (2009), “Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems, and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a number of virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller servers.” The features of mainframe include: It can store extremely large volume of data It has very high processing speed Simultaneous support of thousands of users Ability to communicate with other applications Almost impossible to hack into the mainframe The operating systems managing mainframes are MVS (multiple virtual storage), ESA(Enterprise System Architecture) and z/OS (zero downtime operating system). ...
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...YOLO had become the most frequently mentioned slang term among the students, just edging out “totes” for “totally” and “cray” (or “cray-cray”) for “crazy.” What accounts for the meteoric rise of YOLO, and how has it gone virtually unnoticed by nonmillennials? Its appeal to the youthful is self-evident. YOLO as a shorthand mantra defines youth, on a certain level. What is teenagehood if not the adventurous, often foolhardy, desire to test the limits of acceptable behavior—because hey, why not? YOLO! The carpe diem sentiment of “you only live once” has a long history predating its punchy acronymic clipping. Garson O’Toole, on his Quote Investigator blog, traces variations on the theme back to the 18th century, as in this line from Samuel Richardson’s novel “Clarissa”: “We live but once in this world; and when gone, are gone from it for ever.” The exact wording of “you only live once” begins cropping up in the late 19th century, and by 1937 it was popular enough to be used as the title of a Fritz Lang film noir. One wry elaboration, credited to the comedian Joe E. Lewis in 1952, is “You only live once, but if you work it right, once is enough.” Today’s young purveyors of YOLO do indeed appear to be trying to work it right, though what that means is up for debate. Eble’s students illustrate its typical use, as a carefree tag to explain an impulsive choice: “You want to park illegally in this spot? YOLO!” “Should I buy these shoes or pay rent? YOLO!” The word has also found...
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...known to affect China), predict earthquakes (that are common in Asia), design cars and create movie effects. 2) Titan Also runs on a Linux version specific to its inventors which is “Cray” Linux environment and was previously the number one super computer before The Tianhe-2. Its main purpose surrounds research in energy (alternatives) and climate change. 3) Sequoia This US based supercomputer runs on the Linux and was dethroned by the Titan himself. Its main purpose surrounds the NNSA (National Nuclear Security Administration)’s management of the country’s nuclear stockpile. 4) K Computer The Japan based super computer runs on the Linux OS and just like the previous 2 supercomputers was dethroned. Its purpose revolves around power sustainability of the world’s resources, health care, climate change, and industrial as well as space exploration issues. 5) Mira Is another US based supercomputer that also runs on Linux OS. Its purpose includes solve complex calculations that the INCITE (Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment) Program sees fit, research leadership computational challenges, and also calculate computations that are urgently needed to be done. 6) Piz Daint The Switzerland based supercomputer runs on the same “Cray Linux environment” as number 2 on the list. Uses of this super computer includes: simulating projects of importance in the scientific community and parsing of massive data sets. 7)...
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...TYPES OF COMPUTER Let us discuss the different types of computers that we see today. Although they belong to the fifth generation they can be divided into different categories depending upon the size, efficiency, memory and number of users. Broadly they can be divided it to the following categories. 1.Microcomputer: Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the computer range in terms of speed and storage capacity. Its CPU is a microprocessor. The first microcomputers were built of 8-bit microprocessor chips. The most common application of personal computers (PC) is in this category. The PC supports a number of input and output devices. An improvement of 8-bit chip is 16-bit and 32-bit chips. Examples of microcomputer are IBM PC, PC-AT . 2.Mini Computer: This is designed to support more than one user at a time. It possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mini computer is used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type of computer is generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation. They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks (LAN). 3.Mainframes: These types of computers are generally 32-bit microprocessors. They operate at very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the work load of many users. They are generally used in centralised databases. They are also used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN). Example of mainframes are DEC, ICL and IBM 3000 series...
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...GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and missteps, from the years in which the company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University – March 2016 Sustainability Operations Professor: Brad Bergman | GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and missteps, from the years in which the company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University – March 2016 Sustainability Operations Professor: Brad Bergman | GE's Sustainability Assessment Introduction General Electric, (GE) the 1892 brain child, and merger of two companies Thomson-Houston Electric and Edison General Electric. Early on the main products included light bulbs, motors, toasters, elevators, and other appliances. From the humble beginnings the General Electric Company (GE) has grown into a monolith. The company now manufactures products such as engines for airplanes, petroleum production equipment, power and nuclear generators. Also GE is a common household name and has long been one of the top providers of household appliances. GE is reponsible for producing some of the greatest innovations that the world has known. GE, while famous for big innovation is also recognized...
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...Whorwell 1 JoEllen Whorwell ME 1352: Anatomy and Physiology II Maggie Lilly, RMA October 24, 2011 Emphysema and COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition when the cells lining the lungs swell to a point at which they restrict air flow. COPD has doubled over the past two decades, and is the nation’s fourth cause of death in the United States. Because of the blocked air passages, it causes a strain to the heart. COPD increases the blood pressure in the lungs called pulmonary hypertension, and can make the heart enlarge. Emphysema is a lung disease that is classified as COPD. Emphysema causes irreversible lung tissue damage. Emphysema involves permanent damage to the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs that are destroyed and lose the ability to stretch. This leads to insufficient exchange of gases. Carbon dioxide stays in the lungs and has less room for oxygen. As a result, the body does not get the oxygen that is needed, and this causes difficulty in breathing. COPD and emphysema are preventable. In North American tobacco use is the primary cause of COPD, but air pollution, asthma, and respiratory infections also play a role (Thibodeau and Patton pg. 477). However, emphysema does have an inherited disorder called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This is a substance that is made in the liver and is released in the bloodstream. It helps protect the lungs against damage from other chemicals in the blood. Having alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency means that the...
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...and monitoring system, incorporating patented technology and proprietary features to ensure 100% revenue accountability, increased resident satisfaction, and more. • Offers payment options of credit card, debit card, or coin. • The only payment system that is available with a choice of “central payment” or “pay at machine” architecture. • The only payment system that is equipped with LaundryView® monitoring, providing unique benefits for both residents and property management that will provide customers with a more efficient time saving. People will be able to use credit cards, debits and coins if they like. Also this machine called Change Point and the machines will be connected to a network called Mac-Cray incorporation that has been around since 1927. Mac-Cray is a company specialized in the latest high-efficient...
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