...The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond cf text and copyright at: www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings Abstract I anatomize a successful open-source project, fetchmail, that was run as a deliberate test of some surprising theories about so=ware engineering suggested by the history of Linux. I discuss these theories in terms of two fundamentally di:erent development styles, the “cathedral” model of most of the commercial world versus the “bazaar” model of the Linux world. I show that these models derive from opposing assumptions about the nature of the so=ware-debugging task. I then make a sustained argument from the Linux experience for the proposition that “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”, suggest productive analogies with other self-correcting systems of selfish agents, and conclude with some exploration of the implications of this insight for the future of so=ware. 1 The Cathedral and the Bazaar Linux is subversive. Who would have thought even five years ago (1991) that a world-class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several thousand developers scattered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of the Internet? Certainly not I. By the time Linux swam onto my radar screen in early 1993, I had already been involved in Unix and open-source development for ten years. I was one of the first gnu contributors in the mid-1980s. I had released a good deal of open-source so=ware onto the net, developing...
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...GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) “Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy” OCTOBER 2013- DECEMBER 2018 Contents List of Acronyms......................................................................................... 3 Foreword ................................................................................................. 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1............................................................................................... 12 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Chapter 2............................................................................................... 16 2.0 Situational Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 Chapter 3............................................................................................... 26 3.0 Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy:………………………………………26 Chapter 4............................................................................................... 45 4.0 Implementation Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………….45 Chapter 5............................................................................................... 47 5.0 Monitoring and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………………….47 Chapter 6................................................................................
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...The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number * 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00800 numbers or these calls may be billed. In certain cases, these calls may be chargeable from telephone boxes or hotels. «The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the European Commission or any of its officials» A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://www.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN 978-92-79-08008-1 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON CHLORE FREE PAPER The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia ••• 2 Preface 5 priorities identified by the Internet Governance Forum: openness, security, access, diversity and critical Internet resources. The use of the Internet in public policies will considerably grow in areas such as education, culture, health and e-government...
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...Contents Annual Report Annual Report ABN AMRO Group N.V. 2011 Notes to the reader Introduction This is the Annual Report for the year 2011 of ABN AMRO, which consists of ABN AMRO Group N.V. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Annual Report consists of the Managing Board report, Supervisory Board report, and the Consolidated Annual Financial Statements. Presentation of information The financial information contained in this Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union (EU). This Annual Report is presented in euros (EUR), which is the presentation currency of ABN AMRO, rounded to the nearest million (unless otherwise stated). All year-end averages in the Annual Report are based on month-end figures. Management does not believe that these month-end averages present trends materially different from those that would be presented by daily averages. Certain figures in this document may not tally exactly due to rounding. In addition, certain percentages in this document have been calculated using rounded figures. As a result of the integration, the current segment reporting is still subject to minor changes. This report can be downloaded from abnamro.com For more information, please go to abnamro.com/ir or contact us at investorrelations@nl.abnamro.com ABN AMRO Group N.V. Gustav Mahlerlaan 10, 1082 PP Amsterdam P Box 283, 1000 EA Amsterdam .O. The Netherlands Telephone:...
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...print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN MHID 978-0-07-813672-6 0-07-813672-5 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President of EDP: Sesha Bolisetty Editorial Director: Stewart Mattson Sponsoring Editor: Dick Hercher Marketing Manager: Sankha Basu Editorial Coordinator: Rebecca Mann Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Production Supervisor: Sue Culbertson Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman Compositor: MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Typeface: 10/12 Times New Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley-Willard All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zimmerman, Jerold L., 1947Accounting for decision making and control / Jerold L. Zimmerman.—7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:...
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...print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN MHID 978-0-07-813672-6 0-07-813672-5 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President of EDP: Sesha Bolisetty Editorial Director: Stewart Mattson Sponsoring Editor: Dick Hercher Marketing Manager: Sankha Basu Editorial Coordinator: Rebecca Mann Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Production Supervisor: Sue Culbertson Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman Compositor: MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Typeface: 10/12 Times New Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley-Willard All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zimmerman, Jerold L., 1947Accounting for decision making and control / Jerold L. Zimmerman.—7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:...
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...2014 ERC Performance Management Practices Survey 2014 ERC Performance Management Practices Survey July 2014 Conducted by ERC 387 Golf View Lane, Suite 100 Highland Heights, OH 44143 440-684-9700 | www.yourERC.com 2014 ERC/Smart Business Workplace Practices Survey Terms of Use Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this survey may be publically displayed, reproduced, redistributed or resold to third-parties, or otherwise commercially exploited, without prior written permission from ERC. Violation of these terms may result in termination of membership and/or legal action. The information contained in this report is for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon or considered a substitute for professional or legal advice. ERC will not be responsible for any loss to you or any third party resulting from any decision or action taken in reliance of this information. ERC recommends that you consult your legal counsel regarding workplace matters if and when appropriate. If litigation is brought upon your firm for copyright infringements or violation of these terms of use, your organization will assume ALL legal expenses incurred on behalf of ERC and, if a member of ERC, your membership with ERC will be suspended pending the outcome of the litigation. Notice to HR Service Providers (including, but not limited to: Staffing Firms, Consultants, Brokers and Law Firms) – Information from ERC may not be used for your organization's...
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