...Violence against women is not a new or recent phenomenon women have been the victims of violence all through the age, in all societies, cultures regions or religious communities in the world. It is indeed, ironic that in India, which has given rise to apostles of peace and non-violence, women have to bear the brunt of violence-domestic as well as public, physical as well as emotional and mental. Violence against women can be viewed in the historical perspective, for it is to a large extent, linked to her status in society. In the Vedic period, Indian women enjoyed a relatively comfortable position. Gradually violence against them beggar to be practised; the doors of educational, economic, social, political and cultural opportunities were gradually closed for them. Even their personal freedom in respect of movement, diet, dress, marriage, etc. comes to be curtailed. Every effort was made to make them meek and docile. Women also began to be enslaved and prostituted. All this brought them to the level of chattel or cattle. They became commodities which could be sold and purchased which could be tailored to perform different functions. Various obligations restrictions and regulations were imposed on them and different penalties and punishments were prescribed if women violated them. Thus violence against them came to have a societal sanction. Around the begging of the Christian era, Manu laid down the Hindu code. His laws insist that women must consider her...
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...Violence Agianst Women Violence and abuse against women is a global injustice of alarming proportions. Not only is this problem widely spread geographically, but it is also common among many people making it a typical accepted behavior. Only in recent years has the issue been brought to the open for concern and study. Incidents such as domestic violence are not isolated individual events, but rather a way for the abuser to command control over the woman. Unlike assaulting a complete stranger, domestic violence occurs in situations when the abuse is a reoccurring formality between abuser and victim. Up until recently abuse of this degree was common, and found in most societies. In this essay I will discuss the seriousness of domestic violence and it affect on women. Domestic violence or in this case abuse against women is caused specifically by the choice to engage in violent or abusive behavior. A number of factors can lead to that choice and the most common causes for that choice are chemical dependency problems with alcohol or drugs. Its shown that more then half of the incidents that occur are the cause of substance abuse. The affects of such substances can often make a person easily irritated or mentally imbalanced leading them to do things they wouldn't normally do while sober. Many people have seen abuse between parents and as adults may have issues distinguishing there actions from that of there parents making it hard for them to realize that what...
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...Preventive Measures towards crime against women Violence against women is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. Similar to a hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group with the victim's gender as a primary motive. The United Nations General Assembly defines "violence against women" as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life." The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women noted that this violence could be perpetrated by assailants of either gender, family members and even the "State" itself. Worldwide governments and organizations actively work to combat violence against women through a variety of programs. A UN resolution designated 25 November as International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Although Women may be victims of any of the general crimes such as ‘Murder’, ‘Robbery’, ‘Cheating’, etc, only the crimes which are directed specifically against Women are characterised as ‘Crimes Against Women’. Various new legislations have been brought and amendments have been made in existing laws with a view to handle these crimes effectively. These are broadly classified under two categories. (1) The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code...
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...revolution in the history of women. The evidence is everywhere; the voice of women is increasingly heard in Parliament, courts and in the streets. While women in the West had to fight for over a century to get some of their basic rights, like the right to vote, the Constitution of India gave women equal rights with men from the beginning. Unfortunately, women in this country are mostly unaware of their rights because of illiteracy and the oppressive tradition. Names like Kalpana Chawla: The Indian born, who fought her way up into NASA and was the first women in space, and Indira Gandhi: The Iron Woman of India was the Prime Minister of the Nation, Beauty Queens like Aishwarya Rai and Susmita Sen, and Mother Teresa are not representative of the condition of Indian women. Over 32000 murders, 19,000 rapes, 7500 dowry deaths and 36500 molestation cases are the violent crimes reported in India in 2006 against women. There are many instances of crime especially against women go unreported in India. These are figures released by the National Crime Records Bureau recently. While Madhya Pradesh is worst off among the states, the national capital New Delhi continues to hold on to its reputation of being the most unsafe city in India. Delhi takes the top slot for crimes ranging from murders and rapes to dowry deaths and abductions. It reflects country's law and order situation when its capital is a cauldron of crime. Instead of leading the way in tackling crime, Delhi only seems to do worse...
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...This essay has five themes. First, jurisdiction has gender. Whenever power is being allocated between state and federal courts, one must ask not only how women are treated but how the allocation affects our understanding of the problems that belong to women and to men. By drawing jurisdictional lines, polities may also be drawing gender lines. We must probe both the jurisdiction in gender, and the gender in jurisdiction. Second, I counsel against assuming that any particular jurisdiction is necessarily a safe harbor for women's equality. Equality is not an artifact of the level of a court or of a government body but of who has power within it and what their commitments are. Therefore, I am opposed to what I have termed "categorical federalism," to rigid equation of any particular level of governance with a particular set of problems or a particular view of them. Laws are not unidimensional but often affect many aspects of a person's life. Opponents of VAWA who wanted to label it a statute about families and about crime were right to understand that it did implicate family life and street crime. But they were wrong to see the provision in only those terms. VAWA was also about the relationships among violence, commerce, and equal citizenship. But proponents of equal citizenship ought not to assume that national or transnational legislation could ever suffice to alter the material conditions of women's lives. They need to look to state as well as national and international efforts...
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...Crime against women. Image Credit: Indian Express. Crime is an act of wrong doing by voluntary and intentionally. It is very dangerous to the individual and the society. Generally, it involves the violation of social law, moral law and country’s law with the objective to cause harm or injury to other. According to Paul Tappan ‘Crime is an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law committed without defense or justification’. Mowrer has defined crime as an anti social act. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘it is an action which constitutes a serious offence against an individual or the State and is punishable by law. Cause of Crime against Women (1) Situational Cause: The criminal are always active around such places. The crime is committed because of neither of the victim’s behavior nor of the offender’s psychopathological personality, but rather, because of the chance factor like working women or college girl living alone away from home, women coming alone from their working place or parties at late night. Conflict over money matters, ill treatment of husband’s parent may provoke the husband to assault his wife or man employer taking advantage of his female employee finding her alone in his office which creates such situations. (2) Man’s Supremacy: Violence against women is an outcome of the social structure and ideology of gender domination. Man always keeps his supremacy over his wife and other female members of his families. (3) Effect of moves, cheap...
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...Prateek Sharma | PG20111185 | Submitted to | Ms. Mehak Bansal | Subject | Problem Framing | Submitted on | 13-04-2012 | Marks Allotted | | Remarks(if any) | | In NCR the crimes against women are on a high. Incidents of molestation, rape and murder are quite frequent – the recent being the incident of rape outside a nightclub in Gurgaon. Haryana Police has directed all nightclub owners and other commercial enterprises not to allot work shift to women after 8 o'clock in the night. This stance of police has come under a lot of flak from different quarters. “A woman who worked at a Gurgaon pub was gang-raped” “21-year-old Radhika Tanwar was shot dead by a suspected stalker in New Delhi” “23-year-old girl was allegedly abducted and gang-raped in a moving car by a neighbour and his friends in Noida” These are some instances showing crime rate against women in National Capital Region. The Delhi-NCR region has thrown up numerous such instances of police apathy in rape cases. When asked to explain the rising instances of rape, the cops have invariably blamed the women, an array of extraneous factors or resorted to specious arguments instead of looking inwards and focusing on police reforms. The most disturbing aspect of this is the rank misogyny that underlies it. Crime against National Capital Region is alarming. Usually every day a single case of rape is reported in every city area of India. So it is wrong to say NCR alone. But The National Capital Region...
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...Figure of Speech A figure of speech is the use of a word or words diverging from its usual :meaning. It can also be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it, as in idiom, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure or a locution. Not all theories of meaning have a concept of "literal language" (see literal and figurative language). Under theories that do not, figure of speech is not an entirely coherent concept. Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the material. For this goal, classical rhetoric detected four fundamental operations[1] that can be used to transform a sentence or a larger portion of a text: expansion, abridgement, switching, and transferring. Simile A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things, usually by employing the words "like" or "as"... "if " or "than" are also used though less commonly. A simile differs from a metaphor in that the latter compares two unlike things by saying that the one thing is the...
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...What is Psychology? Psychology is considered as a boring subject or something which would definitely make one a "psycho-case"...One of my freind gave a comment,"Psychology is the science of madness and it does not contribute any positive effort towards the society!" I think she was not wrong, just because she did not know what Psychology is..Let's read this article and we all will get to know about this boring subject. Definition of PSYCHOLOGY: Science is a complete body of knowledge arranged in a systematic order. Psychology is a biological science which deals with the behaviour and minds of animals and human beings, both. It was derived from two Greek words; psyche: 'soul' and logos which means to talk. So the literal meaning of Psychology is: to talk about soul. Historical background of PSYCHOLOGY: Earlier psychology was a part of Philosophy. It was never considered to be a science. Four hundred years ago, a Greek Philosopher PLATO, studied life. In his theories, life and soul are said to be the beginning of Psychology. Morgan, a Philosopher said, "Psychology is the scientific study of activites of an individual." Boring, another Philosopher said: "Psychology is the study of human nature." Then, Robbinson said: "Psychology is the science of human and animal behaviour." According to Aristotle: "Psychology is the science of soul." Titchner, rejecting this view said: "Psychology is the science of mind." Welhelm, then said: "Psychology is the science of consciousness. "J...
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...Some Types of Grammars I. Phrases Phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb. There are different kind of phrases: -Noun Phrases: A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers. Example: -The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog. -It was a story as old as time. -Verb Phrases: A verb phrase consists of a verb and all its modifiers. Example: -He was waiting for the rain to stop. -You have been sleeping for a long time. -Gerund Phrases: A gerund phrase is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund. Example: -Taking my dog for a walk is fun. -Walking in the rain can be difficult. -Infinitive Phrases: An infinitive phrase is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive. Example: -Everybody loves to watch movies. -I went to Spain to study the language and culture. -Appositive Phrases: An appositive phrase restates a noun and consists of one or more words. Example: -My wife, the love of my life, is also my best friend. -My idea, to recycle the paper, was accepted by the boss. -Participial Phrases: A participial phrase begins with a past or present participle. Example: -I am really excited, considering all the people that will be there. -We are looking forward to the movie, having seen the trailer last week. -Prepositional Phrases: A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Example: -The book was on the table. -She was lost in...
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...अख़बार के पन्ने पलटते हुए सहसा नज़र एक ख़बर पर पड़ी. खबर कुछ यों थी- एक घर के बाहर तीन महिलाएँ आई और पानी पिलाने को कहा. मकान मालकिन अकेली थी और जब पानी लेने अंदर गयी तो एक महिला ने शीशी खोलकर रुमाल में नशीला पदार्थ डाल दिया. जब मकान मालकिन पानी लेकर बाहर आई तो उसे रुमाल सुंघा दिया गया. वह बेहोश होकर घिर गयी और फिर वे तीनो महिलाएँ घर से कुछ जेवर और रुपये लेकर फरार हो गयी. अब प्रश्न ये उठता है कि आगे से जब भी कोई उसी घर के सामने पानी पिलाने को कहेगा तो क्या वह महिला पानी पिलाएगी ? भले ही कोई भला इंसान जो बहुत ज्यादा प्यासा हो तो भी उसे शायद प्यासा ही वहां से जाना पड़े और वह महिला ही क्यों जो भी इस खबर को पढेंगे या इसके बारे में सुनेंगे वे भी आगे से सतर्क हो जायेंगे. मेरे घर में भी आज तक जब भी कोई घर के बाहर पानी पिलाने को कहता था तब तक बिना किसी संदेह और डर के हमेशा पानी पिला दिया जाता था पर इस खबर का असर शायद आने वाले दिनों में दिखे. लिफ्ट लेने के बहाने गाड़ी रुकवाकर लूट और हत्या की घटनाएँ भी हमने सुनी है. और इसका असर ये है कि अब कोई मुसीबत का मारा घंटो हाथ हिलाता रहे पर कोई गाड़ी उसकी मदद के लिए नहीं रूकती. हमारे पड़ोस में एक आंटी रहती थी. एक बार उनका भाई उनके घर रुका था और वह अपनी बहन की ही ज्वेलरी लेकर फरार हो गया. मतलब अब रिश्तों पर भी आसानी से भरोसा नहीं किया जा सकता और किसी रिश्तेदार को घर पे ठहराने से पहले भी शायद सोचना पड़े. चाइल्ड रेप के ज्यादातर मामलों में नज़दीकी पहचान वाले ही दोषी पाए जाते है. ऐसे में किस पर भरोसा किया जाये? सड़क पर दुर्घटना होती है पर लोग आँख बंद करके निकल जाते है. कोई किसी की मदद करता भी है तो पुलिस और राजनीति के चक्र में ऐसा फंसता...
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...unable to respect, protect and nurture its women and children loses its moral moorings and runs adrift.” (The Hindu- Opinion Sept, 15 2012 ) Introduction: Centuries have come, and centuries have gone, but the plight of women is not likely to change. T ime has helplessly watched women suffering in the form of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, degradation, aggression, humiliation . In Indian society, woman occupies a vital position and venerable place. The Vedas glorified women as the mother, the creator, one who gives life and worshipped her as a ‘Devi' or Goddess. But their glorification was rather mythical for at the same time, in India women found herself totally suppressed and subjugated in a patriarchal society. Indian women through the countries remained subjugated and oppressed because society believed in clinging on to orthodox beliefs for the brunt of violence—domestic as well as public, Physical, emotional and mental . Male violence against women are worldwide phenomenon. Fear of violence is an important factor in the lives of most women. Fear of violence is the cause of lack of participation in every sphere of life. There are various forms of crime against women. Sometimes it is even before birth, some times in the adulthood and other phrases of life. In the Indian society, position of women is always perceived in relation to the man. This perception has given birth to various customs and practices. Violence against women both inside and outside of their home has...
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...Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1903603/ 1 Air India Etc. Etc vs Nergesh Meerza & Ors. Etc. Etc on 28 August, 1981 Retirement of Air Hostesses in the event of marriage taking place within four years of service-Whether unreasonable or arbitrary. Retirement of Air Hostess-Provision in service rule, or on first pregnancy whichever occurs earlier-Whether unconstitutional. Retirement age of Air Hostess-Fixation of at 45 instead of 58-Whether in valid . Air Hostess-Extension of service-option conferred on Managing Director- Whether excessive delegation of power. Air India Corporations Act 1953, S. 3-Air India International and Indian Air Lines-Whether separate and distinct entities. Indian Evidence Act 1872, S. 115-Estoppel against law- Whether permissible. HEADNOTE: By virtue of section 3 of the Air Corporation Act, 1953 the Central Government created two corporations known as Air India International and Indian Air Lines. A.I. Operating international...
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...This paper describes the definition of violence against women and how it affects society. It also discusses common forms of individual violence against women in the world such as sexual assault, intimate partner abuse (also known as domestic violence), murder, and other legal and cultural customs which physically harm women. This paper also describes societal violence against women, structural forms of discrimination or depravation that affect women as a class. Introduction This paper reviews individual and societal forms of violence against women that occur in the United States and throughout the world. Its purpose is to assist readers in recognizing and managing these phenomena and to encourage them to advocate locally and nationally for solutions to violence issues facing women worldwide. Violence against women is a technical term used to refer to violent acts which are primarily committed against women. Similar to a hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group with the victim's gender as a primary motive. It includes physical, emotional, economic, financial, sexual, and spiritual abuse due to their gender. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993, defines violence against women as “any act of gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary...
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...The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was an act passed by Congress in 1994. This act was created by Congress as our nation’s response to domestic and sexual violence against women (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017, p.158). This act was not signed over night. The foundation of this act dates back to the 1960s when crime rates were at an all time high; this brought up worry for the local and federal governments. In the 1970s, grassroot organizations were concerned that the violence against women was not being payed attention to; in their pursuit to have these crime seen as one that should be addressed. They went and brought this to the attention of the community and made it public (Sacco, 2015,page number). After the grassroot organizations made violence...
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