...growing figures of women implicated in the criminal-justice system and the shortage of programs and assistance that are equipped toward their necessities has encouraged criminal justice experts to investigate their sanctioning and oversight procedures in terms of gender. However, there is additionally comprehensive information concerning the attributes of women in prisons and jails, there are considerably fewer facts on female delinquents in community correctional environments. The failure of mature females in criminal-justice investigation has been substantiated on the grounds that they report for only a short fraction of apprehensions and move fewer delinquencies than males. This explanation disregards the fact that, adult females who do register in the justice system, while fewer other and less vicious than their male counterparts, generally come to be extensive users of the system. In concentrating on the devastating quantity of males in the criminal and juvenile justice organizations programs, procedures and services usually fall through to produce a mixture of options for conducting with the gender and culturally specific complications of female offenders implicated in the system. For Gottfredson and Hirschi, transgression can generally be diminished to “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest,” which is speculative of both cross-cultural and reforming authentic interpretations of crime. Besides, “similar behaviors” are enactments which though not unlawful...
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...predicting factors related to the interpersonal violence demonstrated later in one’s life. Problem Statement The problem statement for this research proposal considers the concept that animal abuse has dominated discussions among factors predicting adolescent criminal behavior. However, further research is required to examine the elements associated to why individuals participate in childhood animal cruelty and what are the behavioral and social aspects related to this type of behavior. Hirschi’s social bonding theory is implemented into this study as a means to address social bonds during childhood and their overall importance in relation to developing antisocial behavioral characteristics. Social Bonding Theory Travis Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory is known as the social bonding theory in which a collaboration of elements interact with one another in consideration of one’s bond to society in relation to the participation of deviant behavior. The social bonding theory was founded upon the theory of social disorganization, which originated within the study of ecology and contemplates the correlation between individuals and their environment (Thabit, 2006). Research Questions If this study were a quantitative analysis, the research question would be: What is the correlation between the abuse of animals in childhood...
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... Research Methods in Criminal Justice July 24, 2012 Abstract When people are learning about the criminal justice, they learn that research method and terminology plays a major role in the academic and law enforcement field. These research methods and terminologies used daily with the police officers or detectives for investigation cases. Effective research methods and terminologies also used by attorneys or paralegals in criminal justice field to open and close cases in the court. Research methods are the tools that identify the issues in criminal justice from its point of view and base on the nonscientific problem or issue. “Knowledge is why people create reality and describe by Comte. This paper tells different type of research methods that are applied in the criminal justice field and how the terminology involved with these types of research methods. Scientific Research in Criminal Justice In many criminal justice fields, the law enforcements start to gather the documents and data information. They begin to observe the information or facts about the crime. Many of them use a systematic method to check the information such as asking questions about who, what, where, when, why, and how of the crime. They begin to gathering the piece together, by the facts and determining if there is enough evidence for the case. The hypothesis takes a part of the case to help gathering the information for the crime. The hypothesis used to form...
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...spirit of protecting human rights, criminal defense effectiveness is a practice to solve and important problem in theory have to consider. The current study are "cookie-cutter" to defend the effectiveness of implementation in the hope of improvement of the system of criminal procedural law on defense. Although the effects of related program design is an important factor in achieving effectiveness to defend, in today's defense system is increasingly perfect, defense effectiveness problem especially criminal entity effectiveness is cured, the most fundamental problem actually lies not in the program system is imperfect,...
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...RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIME AND JUSTICE CHAPTER 1 – THE RESEARCH PRACTICE Chapter Review Questions Respond to each of the following questions using the information from this chapter. 1. During a recent meeting of the command staff at a mid-sized police department, the chief asks the patrol captain for his recommendation for new flashlights. The captain responds, “I did a little research and I recommend that we purchase the DryLight, Model X flashlight”. The patrol captain’s research consisted of “asking a few of the officers” what they thought would be a good flashlight. Did the patrol captain actually conduct research? Why or why not? ANSWER: Technically, the patrol captain did some research. He conducted interviews which is a form of data collection. One could argue, however, that the patrol captain’s research was limited (pp. 7-8). 2. Respond to the following statement in 3-5 sentences: Conducting research in the social sciences and in criminal justice in particular is easier than in other sciences because the things we measure are so vague that nobody really cares if we get it right or not. ANSWER: Generally speaking, social science research is more challenging than some of the ‘hard sciences’ because the things social scientists study are difficult to measure objectively. As a result social scientists spend a great deal of time justifying how they measure concepts to their peers (pp. 4-5). 3. Read the following scenarios and identify which of the following...
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...in the criminal justice system today. Effective research methods have the ability to open and close cases. Those interested in the criminal justice field have a wide range of research methods at their disposal. The terminology involved is also a very important aspect when used in the study of criminology and criminal justice. This paper will explore some of the various research methods that are applied to the criminal justice system and explain how the knowledge of the terminology involved can be a valuable tool within these methods of research. Empirical Research in Criminal Justice Although research in criminal justice varies considerably, there are five general steps that are followed in order to conduct research. The first step is called problem formulation. This is the selection and specification of the area that will be investigated. The next step is research design which is the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, with the use of control groups and studying group(s) at one time or over a period of time. The third step is data collection methods which give a choice of various methods to be used such as observation, questionnaires, or interviews. The fourth step is analysis and presentation of findings which is to summarize report and when necessary statistically analyze and present findings. The fifth step is conclusions, interpretations, and limitations which is what the researcher believes the study explains. Quantitative Research in criminal Justice ...
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...prisons, community supervision, or a combination of these) (Hanser 2006: 329). In both men and women, there are a number of variables and precursors that lead to delinquency or criminal behavior, ranging from socioeconomic status to development, and may be understood and examined through the lens of multiple theories of crime. One variable in particular, the sexual maltreatment of young girls, could in fact be a major factor of female offending in adulthood. A study conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1999 found that female offenders are abused more frequently than male offenders. While only...
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...Gathering Research in Criminal Justice Law enforcement officers and officials have a very strenuous job and even life style. Many things go into being a police officer and even more behind it. Research plays a crucial role in criminal justice in statistics, measuring crime rates, and on the job hazards or satisfaction. There are indeed many areas to look into but I believe that an officers job hazards would be the main focus in my research. The goal of researching law enforcement hazards would be to identify the risks of the job and in doing this, weighing those options with possible options to reduce risk or to just be aware of it and be mindful of what these risks can pertain. For example before you take a trip to the beach, researching the weather and knowing of any possible conditions that can occur before you travel would give you a better idea of the trip and if it's worth going or needing to be postponed. There are different types of interviews and the interview structure involved needs to be catered to the audience selected and the type of information needing to be gathered. Interviews from an actual police officer are an ideal method of gathering information needed concerning police job hazards. An officer would be able to give his or her first hand experience and knowledge. Interviews can be informal with the purpose being learning about the industry, company, people, skills required, cultural fit, and perhaps generating additional avenues of research...
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... Recidivism amongst United States inmates has been an on-going battle since the existence of prison institution (Serin & Lloyd, 2009). As prison populations continue to grow today, statistics show one out of every100 adults are incarcerated (Boduszek, Adamson, Shevlin, Mallett & Hyland, 2013). Scholars have discussed and debated for centuries what factors tend to incite criminal behavior. Over time, many scholars developed theories implicating supernatural influence, genetics, and/or environment as the dominant factors that produced criminality (Serin & Lloyd, 2009). Far from accepting external forces as the sole motivating factors, scholars also looked internally for the answer, touting physiology, both mental and physical, as creating an innate predisposition to crime (Boduszek et al, 2013). Today, we recognize both internal and external factors as contributors to criminal behavior and recidivism (Serin & Lloyd, 2009). These factors, known as risk factors, are split into two categories: dynamic and static (Boduszek et al, 2013). Aptly named, static factors, like criminal history, family criminality, age at first admission to a correctional facility, number of prior incarcerations, and the commitment offense are related to recidivism but cannot be altered through the delivery of services (Boduszek et al, 2013). Dynamic risk factors, on the other hand, are changeable factors that may be in flux throughout one’s lifetime such as the company he or she...
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...Article Critique In research methodology, feminist scholars blamed qualitative studies which many times failed to bring out the realities of women’s lived experiences (Price & Sokoloff, 2004). Although these experiences are unfortunate common struggles for women offenders, there seemed to be limited research that explored how those struggles in women’s lives seemed to affect their likelihood of recidivism. At last, the “pathways” perspective, which investigates whether women have distinct pathways to initial crime and recidivism compared to men, is improved mainly by qualitative methodologies. In the current study: Gendered Pathways: A Quantitative Investigation of Women Probationers’ Paths to Incarceration, featured in the Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, authors Emily J. Salisbury and Patricia Van Voorhis quantitatively investigate women’s possibilities of ongoing criminal behavior (2009). Although some implications did arise, this study is important to the field by offering explanations of female offending which can offer proper interventions to help reduce recidivism. Throughout this paper I will be summarizing and critiquing the above article. The mentioned study uses a path analytic statistical procedure with a sample of 313 newly convicted women probationers selected by the Missouri Department of Corrections according to a stratified sample, to investigate three gendered pathways to women offenders’ incarceration: 1) a pathway beginning with childhood...
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...1: Quantitative methods of business in Sociology research Abstract: The determination of this issue is to familiarize to you the essential features of scientific exploration which enable us to engender a thoughtful of the business world. The topic begins with a short-lived incursion into standards which provide us with a distinct set of lens through which we indicate to view social miracles around us. Next we sharpen the discrepancy between the two major paradigms – reckonable and qualitative approaches – while at the same time admitting that there are perhaps more alterations within each paradigm than there are between them. In other words, they are not polar inverses. In fact elements of both paradigms can be combined to bring about a diverse methods method to business research. Philosophies are the main head to scientific investigation and we will consider their configuration in terms of essential concepts, constructs and variables and how these are correlated to proposals. Finally, we take a look at the framing of inquiry hypotheses and the ways in which that progression differs from producing research questions. Scale of data measurement: Glaser and Strauss’s unique conceptualization of beached theory has undergone some changes. While numerous disparities of the innovative idea exist, as Charmaz notes, they all have the following apparatuses in mutual: (a) Immediate data collection and scrutiny; (b) search of growing themes through early data analysis, (c) discovery of...
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...Research Methods in Criminal Justice/CJA 334 In what ways could this new terminology and knowledge be applied to a career in criminal justice? It would lend a hand throughout research as well as by recognizing the right terminology the task being carried out shall be aided in whichever criminal justice vocation by assisting the persons undertaking the job providing them the capability to comprehend by what means the criminal justice system performs and the thing that research is and by what means research is performed. It will provide anybody a greater capability to understand the research that’s about to happen and the appropriate means this research shall be carried out. Most especially, this understanding will endow an individual the capability to appreciate specifically the thing that the research essentials in fact signifies and provides these persons the comprehension as to by what means it is to be interpreted. How can not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research? Being ignorant of the appropriate terminology will very much have an effect on an individual as he conducts criminal justice research in extremely somber approach. In not having the knowledge of the appropriate terminology while carrying out research, the research per se would be having an effect by such articles as erroneous DNA data, erroneous crime reporting and erroneous research data. Trained experts who have undertaken...
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...Introduction 6th edition, 2007), however, that is extremely limiting in its reach. It is not only minorities that the police come into contact with, yet the focus has always been on how to better police relations with racial and ethnic minorities. There are many questions that arise from the public’s trust or lack of trust in police, such as how did perception of police start to falter, how important is the public trust and support to police and what can be done to bolster the public’s perception and support? Police officers in countries around the globe acknowledge that public perception and trust is crucial in order for law enforcement to be affective. One of the key issues to public perception of police is transparency. Initial studies into the transparency of police are not promising. This is why the creation of civilian complaint boards arose. Civil complaint boards are independent agencies, with subpoena power that handle complaints about different types of police misconduct (Civilian Complaint Review Board). It is the same police misconduct which erodes the public’s trust in law enforcement. Instance of racial profiling, corruption, excessive force and abuse of authority have slowly rubbed off the shine of the police in America in the last decade. In recent years stop and frisk has become a huge point of contention among the public and police....
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...ADHD Patients and Criminal Activity American Military University CMRJ303 Criminology January 15, 2013 Abstract Utilizing the research of Gudjonsson, Sigurdsson, Newton and Einarsson (2008), NIMH, (2008), Fletcher & Wolfe (2012), Babinski, Hartsouch, Lambert (1999), Jill and Page (2005) and Belluck (2012) this paper reflects the understanding of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how it can be a contributing factor to crime. Keywords: ADHD, crime, criminal behavior, treatments, Crimes That Involve ADHD Patients Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally displayed through behavioral inhibitions. ADHD is an ever-growing problem within the United States and across the globe. Often time’s people don’t understand ADHD and how such a disorder can lead to criminal activity. Through understanding how ADHD consumes a persons life will demonstrate how this disorder plays a role in the minds of those that have committed crimes. ADHD is most often discovered in children and can continue into adolescence and adulthood. The main symptoms include difficulty maintaining a focused mindset and paying attention to specific tasks. Behavioral issues are often affected due to the difficulty controlling ones behavior. All these symptoms are then topped off with hyperactivity, or being over-active (NIMH, 2008). There are three known subtypes to ADHD. The subtypes are referred to as the following: Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive...
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...assigned missions that gather materials from space, conduct experiments, and maintain equipment for future use. The methods of understanding research processes, and terminology, begins with a basic understanding of the fields themselves. The quest to fulfill the requirement of research starts with the principles of why the research is need in the first place. Recent studies involving medicine, environmental changes that cause global warming, and earth’s atmosphere, have revealed that drastic changes are need to preserve natural resources, and cure diseases. Research methodology requires an individual dedication to the process, and unwavering commitment toward the accomplishment of the mission. Research methodologists continue to examine aspects of studies, involving theories, fact finding elements, and final resolutions (Hagan, 2010). Research methods in criminal justice are designed to determine what type of data-gathering is necessary. Other critical areas studied are the independent and dependent variables, the type of data analysis, and what conclusions are needed (Hagan, 2010). Criminal’s commit crimes every day that have negative effects on the individual victims that often last a lifetime. Individuals, who...
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