...Crime Measurement Kaliyan Hernandez July 14, 2014 Crime Measurement Ever wonder, how does researchers come up with certain statistics for the U.S when it comes to crime? Or, how would one know where criminal activity would be in their community based on facts? Examining crime measurement primarily in the United States can be determined and based on multiple factors. These factors are soon to be discussed which will include instruments that are used to measure crime, major crime reporting programs and their purposes, crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates. This paper also will address the criminal justice interactive video, how crime rates can be deceiving, arrest rates in relation to crime, if there is an ultimate resolution with these specific rates in relation to preventing criminal activity, and certain statistics that tell us about crime as a whole in the United States. All these factors and more will explain how crime is measured in our country. The United States Department of Justice has two statistical programs that measure the amount of crime in the Nation which are the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (Known as UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Each program show the outcome of different parts of the Nation’s crime problem by using different methods focusing on different parts (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009). The UCR collects ad compiles from police reports and other law enforcement agencies and is thoroughly...
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...Title Student’s name Course Institution Date Defining and Measuring Crime Introduction Crime has always been a shadow upon society’s image as these learned behaviors can be present in all shapes and sizes, in cities, streets, and even homes. Defining crime is multifaceted, and mainly relies on social, economic, and political factors. However, crime is a behavior and action punishable by law. People argue on the extent of crime which deserves punishment or law action. In general, no matter how depraved, culpable, treacherous, or damaging an act or behavior is, it will be subject to punishment. Other people argue that crimes depend on law of a state and the legislature. The types of punishment vary depending on the crime committed and seriousness of the crime. Criminal behavior changes from place to place and from time to time. Strong public notions and varying moral values have a substantial influence on the interpretation and understanding of crime. The first main problem of studying crime is coming up with the appropriate definition of the act or behavior. Discussion Crime covers complicated and several acts and behaviors that it has been difficult to have a standard definition of the subject. For instance, some countries and states have legalized abortion while others still consider abortion a crime. Matters of homosexuality are still frowned upon by some people because of their moral standings. In this case, it can be confusing on whether abortion...
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...Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? LT B February 14, 2014 Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? America's system of reporting crime has undergone a number of changes over the years since its inception in the early 1900s. Some would argue that the system data is invalid and does not accurately reflect the crimes committed, reported, or prosecuted, and neither is it indicative of the cause for criminal behavior. Nonetheless, this system is the only source available with any form of useful data relating to crime. Is there a more reliable alternative to measuring crime and collecting pertinent data? In America, law enforcement agencies use criminal statistic reports to measure crime; however, these statistics do not account for crimes that go unreported, reported crimes that did not lead to arrests, and charges reduced through plea-bargaining. When it comes to analyzing crime statistics a person must use his or her own critical thinking skills. Not all crime statistics will be accurate as it is an attempt to provide the American public with general information gathered that may not be in detail. The subject of Information is key, at the basic level a person should have knowledge in the description of the crime. There are a numerous amount of questions a person must take into consideration when it comes to reading and reviewing these reports. For example, 1.) Examine the source and whether or not it is reliable and trustworthy 2.) Acknowledge...
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...Outline and asses the three measurements of crime When measuring crime and deviance sociologist tend to look at the different types of ways that we can measure crime; this includes, Official statistics, Victim survey and lastly self report studies. Each of these methods focuses on very different things, they also have strong and weak points but by combining them, a possible general picture of crime and deviance could be drawn. Firstly, official statistics show that public fear of being a victim of crime is rising. This stark difference between the level of crime and fear of crime has been attributed to the way of crime is reported in the media. Tabloid papers often use alarmist headlines about crime and deviance to grab the attention of readers causing a moral panic. It’s been argued that these exaggerate the chances of being victim of crime. Official statistics have strong points such as they are relatively cheap and readily available. They are published annually and they provide data on crime across the whole of the UK and also provide insight into regional differences in crime. This means that sociologists would be able to compare between different parts of the UK for example rural and urban areas. Positivist sociologists such as Functionalists are very supportive of the Official statistics; they see that this method of measuring crime is reliable, representative and valid. It also provides a true picture of the extent and nature of crime. However, this method does come...
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...and summary measures. Inferential statistics describes the population that is based on the sample results. While descriptive and inferential statistics are the main levels; however there are different levels of measurement that is involved in statistics, that being said, there are four levels of measurement. Those levels include ordinal, nominal, ratio, and interval data. Each of these different measurements has different goals, which receives different results in surveys. The Goal of Statistics in Business Decisions Statistics are important when making decisions throughout a company, because businesses statistics that are analyzed properly will help to provide an established market analysis as well as research of competitors in the market. When the results of the statistical analysis are reported correctly, it helps companies to prepare for future as well as current plans based off of the information that is being research. Examples of Statistics One example of statistics would be, insurance companies. Insurance companies use data collected throughout the United States on all demographics just to receive enough information to determine prices and what their client’s payments will be. An example of this is having an increase on my homeowners insurance because the crime rate is higher in the area I moved into. The second is, restaurants and...
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...PSY4807: Chapter 3: * ‘Measurement: is the transformation of psychological attributes into numbers’ * Properties of measurement scales: three key principles – magnitude – Is the measure of moreness – whether a measure is more, less of equal to another attribute. 2) Equal interval – distance between each interval is equal (6cm-8cm is the same interval as 10cm-12cm). 3) Absolute zero: nothing present of the attribute being tested. I.e 0 cm tall. Not the same for measuring intelligence, as a ‘0’ reading may indicate some intelligence, but scale does not measure this. * Categories of measurements are important when constructing assessments: 1) Nominal: number are assigned to a measurement to describe it (i.e 11 official languages assigned a number of 1-11). 2) Ordinal: numbers are assigned to an object to represent a specific sequential order (i.e finishing a race, height of people, etc). * Continuous date = can be measured on a continuum which can be broken down into smaller units. Two types: 1) Interval: equal numerical differences can be interpreted as relating to equal differences in a characteristic (i.e employees rating success of a company of a scale of 1-10). Ratio: not only are there equal differences be interpreted as equal differences between the characteristics, but also have an absolute zero. * Measurement errors: 1) Random sampling errors: occur as a result of chance variations in the elements selected for a sample. Reduced with increasing...
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...Armco Inc. Armco Inc is a steel manufacturer that used to be the sixth largest in its industry in United States in 1990. The Kansas City Works within its Midwestern Steel Division was hit by the decline in the business in the US steel industry. The firm produces grinding media and carbon wire rod. The first on has been successful in the industry with its great durability compared to the competitors. Carbon wire rods on the other hand were non profitable and covered only some of its fixed costs through its production volume. The old performance measurement system used by Armco Inc did not work properly because it had some problems. First, it did not provide information on the product mix being produced while it provided data on total tonnage produced but didn’t breakdown what was produced. Second the measurement system compared actual to objective but didn’t provide data on what factors exactly caused variance. Third, the costs were not broken down by fixed costs, variable costs and relevant range. Also the reports were generated on the 15th day following every month ending so I think managers could not take immediate corrective actions which would have been sometimes very necessary. In my opinion, also the fact that the system did not measure Key Performance Index for each department such as the new system, is one important reason why the old system was inadequate. there was inconsistency with organization’s current strategy. The objective of Armco Inc. is maximizing profits...
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...VARIABLE Trochim (2006) defined a variable as an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure. On the other hand, Moore and George (1993) defined a variable as any characteristic of a person or thing that can be expressed as a number whilst Frank, Little and miller (200) defined a variable as any factor that can change in an experiment. Anything that can vary can be considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable because age can take different values for different people or for the same person at different times. A value of the variable is the actual number that describes a particular person or thing (Moore and George, 1993). For example, Height and sex are variables that describe people. Moore and George (1993) continue to say that there are two types of variables and these are quantitative variables and categorical variables. A quantitative variable takes numerical values for which arithmetic operations such as differences and averages make sense. A categorical variable simply records into which of several categories a person or thing falls. Variables measured as numbers in a scale of equal units, such as height in centimeters are quantitative variables. Examples of categorical variables include sex and age. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. Moore and George (1993) defined independent variables as explanatory variables. On the other hand, Shuttleworth...
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...718-20-35-3 A modification of the terms or conditions of an equity award shall be treated as an exchange of the original award for a new award. In substance, the entity repurchases the original instrument by issuing a new instrument of equal or greater value, incurring additional compensation cost for any incremental value. The effects of a modification shall be measured as follows: ? a. Incremental compensation cost shall be measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award determined in accordance with the provisions of this Topic over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at that date. b. Total recognized compensation cost for an equity award shall at least equal the fair value of the award at the grant date unless at the date of the modification the performance or service conditions of the original award are not expected to be satisfied. Thus, the total compensation cost measured at the date of a modification shall be the sum of the following: ? o 1. The portion of the grant-date fair value of the original award for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered (or has already been rendered) at that date o 2. The incremental cost resulting from the modification. Calculate total compensation expense: $15 estmated fair value per option * 1000 ...
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...Solution Inquiry Lab 2/26/2013 Formal Lab Report Materials- • 1x Measuring Cylinder (100ml) • 100ml of water (hot) • 100ml of water (cold/room temperature) • Sugar • 1x Bunsen Burner • 1x Stirring Rod • Safety Goggles Procedure: PART A- ROOM TEMPERATURE WATER • Use a 100ml measuring cylinder to measure out 100ml of tap water. • Put the measured water into a 250ml beaker. • Put 3g of sugar into the room temperature beaker and stir. • Wait until the sugar has dissolved, record the time. • PART B- HOT WATER • Use a 100ml measuring cylinder to measure out 100ml of tap water. • Put the measured water into the other 250ml beaker. • Place the beaker on the gauze mat. • Turn the Bunsen burner on. • Wait until the water has heated up, and then add 3g of sugar to the water and stir. • Wait until the sugar has dissolved, then record how long it took. What kind of difference? Substance Observation Time Hot Water With iodized salt Quickly dissolved 2.8 minutes Room Temperature Water With iodized salt Took forever!!! 30 minutes Stirring Sugar cube Quickly dissolved 5 minutes No Stirring Sugar cube Slowly dissolved 12 minutes Small Pieces Iodized salt Quickly dissolved 3 minutes Large Pieces Ice Cream Salt Slowly dissolved 35 minutes Discussion- I think that having the hot water boiling worked well because it meant that the salt dissolved even faster than it would if the water...
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...Brands represent enormously valuable pieces of legal property, capable of influencing consumer behavior, being bought and sold, and providing the security of sustained future revenues to their owner. The value directly or indirectly accrued by these various benefits is often called brand equity (Kapferer, 2005; Keller, 2003). A basic premise of brand equity is that the power of a brand lies in the minds of consumers and what they have experienced and learned about the brand over time. Brand equity can be thought of as the "added value" endowed to a product in the thoughts, words, and actions of consumers. There are many different ways that this added value can be created for a brand. Similarly, there are also many different ways the value of a brand can be manifested or exploited to benefit the firm (i.e., in terms of greater revenue and/or lower costs). For brand equity to provide a useful strategic function and guide marketing decisions, it is important for marketers to fully understand the sources of brand equity, how they affect outcomes of interest (e.g., sales), and how these sources and outcomes change, if at all, over time. Understanding the sources and outcomes of brand equity provides a common denominator for interpreting marketing strategies and assessing the value of a brand: The sources of brand equity help managers understand and focus on what drives their brand equity; the outcomes of brand...
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...http://www.labcompliance.com/tutorial/methods/default.aspx?sm=d_d TutorialHome | Contact Us | Newsletter | Usersclub | Books | Audio Seminars Seminars Audio Seminars Video Seminars Workshops Literature Books SOPs Validation Examples Free Literature Glossary Usersclub Intro Log-in Register Preview Renewal Tutorials Risk Management Practices Computer Validation Part11 Method Validation ISO 17025 Lab Equipment Qualification Good Laboratory Practices About About Labcompliance Contact Labcompliance Scope Tax/Bank Information All come with 10+ Best Practice Documents: SOPs, Checklists, Examples Transfer of Analytical Procedures According to the New USP Chapter <1224> With SOPs, templates and examples for easy implementation March 21, 2013 Quality by Design (QbD) for Analytical Method Development and Validation Learn how to design robustness for easy transfer and to avoid OOS situations Recorded, available at any time Validation of Analytical Methods for GLP and Clinical Studies Learn how to design, prepare, conduct and document for FDA compliance Recorded, available at any time Eight Steps for Cost-effective Laboratory Compliance Up-to-date overview, hot topics and trends. Recorded, available at any time Verification of Compendial Methods according to the New USP Chapter <1226> Understand the new risk based approach and and get real world case studies for testing Recorded, available...
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...Integrated Marketing Communication and Customer Satisfaction Rodney M. Edge, Sr. Dr. Charles Richardson MKT 500 – Summer 2011 ← Question 1: Discuss the company’s advertising strategy and how it aligns with its marketing goals. The majority of our advertising practices will make use of resources on the web. We have done multiple experiments with several events and have had fairly decent success with those events. Facebook and Twitter are excellent for spreading news about concerts, listening parties and other entertainment functions. Combined with news from our own website, this allows us the ability to quickly and effectively spread the word and create a buzz about our products and events. ← Question 2: Discuss how the effectiveness of the advertising will be measured. Effectiveness for our company will be assessed in two ways. First, our marketing initiatives can be measured through a tool called Band Equity, set up through our distribution resources. This tool assesses the effectiveness of our marketing by measuring how our advertising turns our fan base into actual customers. The second measure is attendance to live events. Though attendance measures can vary, generally a venue that is at least 50-75% capacity is considered a really great accomplishment. ← Question 3: Discuss the promotional strategies that may be used in addition to advertising. Selling compact discs generally don’t allow a lot of room for promotions. But there are a...
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... Allstate provides their employees with a road map to succeed by executing the goal setting definitions. The employees were given tools and resources to become better. They have quarterly leadership measurements as well as the survey to get feedback from employees. Allstate focus on diversity, they see diversity as a strategy for leveraging differences in order to create a competitive advantage thus create four steps process to reach their effective goals. The first step which is the succession programming explains how Allstate identified and developed candidates for each key position. Allstate’s management information system enables it to track and measure key drivers of career development and career opportunities for all of its employees, ensuring that the company’s future workforce will be diverse at all levels. The goal of which came to manifestation; women were empowered, minorities grew above national averages, Hispanics, and people with diverse cultures now have positions in the company. The second step is development. Through the company’s employee development process, all employees receive an assessment of their current job skills and a road map for developing the critical skills necessary for advancement. The third step which is measurement allows the company to take a survey called the Diversity Index twice a year. An...
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...Organizational effectiveness is a tool manager’s use to measure how effective they; and their organizations are at achieving outcomes and creating value. Organizational effectiveness can be very difficult to measure in an organization. Why? The answer is because organizations can be diverse and very large. Also one organization can have multiple goals and perform many activities at the same time. Managers must decide which indicators they want to measure in order to determine the effectiveness of their organization. There are three approaches managers can use in evaluating effectiveness. They are the external resource approach (Control); the internal systems approach (Innovation); and the technical approach (Efficiency). Each approach has something to offer but all focus on different parts of the organization. The external resource approach evaluates how much control the organization has over its external environment. Managers must look at indicators such as stock price, profitability, and returns on investments. These indicators are used by organizations to show them how well they perform in comparison to their competitors. In order to attract other customers managers gather information about their products and services through surveys and customer feedback to see how they measure up to the competition. Organizations also have stakeholders and the external resource approach can be used to measure the ability to influence stakeholder’s perceptions in its favor (Jones, 2007)...
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