...Finding the Root Causes of Crime Crime prevention is not a new idea. In fact, most police forces have been actively engaged in crime prevention activities for a number of years, and their efforts are increasingly being supplemented by volunteer based neighborhood and community initiatives. What is new is the emerging tendency to shift away from an exclusive focus on police based approaches in favor of a broader conception of how to prevent crime. The result is a number of new possibilities for delivering on the promise of crime prevention, and the emergence of a number of new participants in the area of prevention activities. One example of this new development is the direct participation of municipal governments in the organization of crime prevention structures and the delivery of crime prevention services and activities. The involvement of municipal governments in the area of crime prevention has been spurred by the popularity of municipal crime prevention councils in Europe (especially in France), and by the successes of locally organized and community-based initiatives in North America. In both cases, the involvement reflects a sense that, whatever crime prevention is, the police cannot do it alone. Moreover, there is a growing awareness that crime prevention is an inherently political domain: citizens are increasingly vocal about where and how scarce municipal resources are allocated in the “war” on crime, and politicians are increasingly being held accountable for the...
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...Crime Prevention Programs 1. The police must implement community - based programs designed for crime to help the public improve the quality of life and to make the street safer within their own community . The programs provides the citizens of the community with chance to be invested in the quality of life of the community. 2. Some of the challenges associated with the implementation of these programs are: One the community in which the police are to implement a program is a transient community. A transient community is a community where members of the community are only in the community for a short period of time only care about the quality of life for the short term as compared to the members of the community who are rooted. Another challenge associated with the implementation of programs is the income level of the community. Community with a lower income level are cautious of those who are not from the community and tent to trust their neighbors rather than those from outside the community. 3. The three – crime prevention programs which I believe to effective are the neighbor watch , crime stoppers, and citizen patrol. The advances of a neighbor watch program the citizens of the community patrol looking for suspect activity in the community...
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...These days crimes almost happened every hour in our country. We can read about these crimes in newspapers and articles in the Internet and also watch them on television. These crimes which include robbery, kidnapping, extortion, snatch-thefts, raping and many others are obviously frightening and alarming. These crimes are committed by desperate people and they are ruthless and merciless which may cost lives and properties. Some too caused permanent injuries. Therefore it is important for us to be united and cooperate with our neighbours to combat these crimes and never let them happen in front of our eyes. Firstly it is important to be close to our neighbours. Then we can plan the patrolling schedules among our neighbourhood. These schedules can be done on every alternate days probably from 10p.m onwards and every neighbour must take turn to patrol. If the crime is too often, then the patrolling schedule can be further tighten up with the assistance of police. Furthermore, it is advisable to promote campaign on crime prevention by distributing pamphlets or leaflets on ‘Ways to Prevent Crimes’. Every neighbour must be duly informed of latest happening in the neighbourhood. Other useful information can be displayed on the leaflet such as the neighbours phone numbers, latest statistics on the crimes in the areas and pictures of suspicious strangers and vehicles. Meanwhile the neighbours are encouraged for monthly tea-party gathering to ensure the neighbours are closer to each...
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...Prevention of crime; There are 3 measures to prevent crime. Target Hardening. 1. Direct prevention- something like burglary, adding alarms to potential targets. 2. Alteration of the environment- in dark areas adding flood lights, CCTV etc. 3. Increased Efforts and risks- make it harder for people to commit crime. This works on the rational choice theory, people weigh up the costs and benefits to committing crime, a higher risk coupled with a high cost with little benefits people are less likely to commit the crime. However a lot of crime is not spur of the moment and is a rational choice for people, violent crime is a good example of this as target hardening can’t prevent these crimes as they are normally opportunistic. Displacement states that even if preventative measures are taken, it just displaces crime elsewhere, Chalken gave the example of a crackdown of robberies in subways simply moved the crimes above ground in broad day light. There are several types of Displacement; 1. Spatial- geographical area 2. Temporal- different time 3. Tactical- different method 4. Functional- different crime all together. Situational crime prevention works on certain crimes but for the most part just displaces them. Ignores the more costly state and corporate crimes and instead focuses on petty street crime. Assumes all criminals are rational, some are not as it may be spur of the moment or fuelled by drugs and violent crimes aren’t rational...
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...Situational Crime Prevention There are many strategies that can be considered situational crime prevention strategies. Pick one of the following crime reduction strategies. 1. Improved Street Lighting 2. Surveillance Cameras on street 3. Use of access control for buildings 4. Electronic merchandise tags 5. Red light cameras After picking one of the 5 techniques outlined above do some research on it. First state what the techniques does and why it would be hypothesized to decrease crime. Second discuss the effectiveness of the strategy. You may need to seek out academic journal articles through the library databases to answer these questions. Please cite your sources. This assignment is due Sunday night (2/21/16) at 11:59 pm. We will discuss what you find on Monday. This assignment is worth 20 points. Technology can be a double-edged sword. While innovation and upgrades can have many benefits, they can also be used to cause trouble. This is the case of using surveillance cameras on a street. Some see cameras as a breech on their privacy but they can also have advantages in certain situations. The first crime that comes to my mind is the Skylar Neese case in 2012. A teenager snuck out of her home in the middle of the night and ultimately ends up getting murdered by her two “best friends”. Her mother remembered that the apartment complex they lived in had cameras on the buildings. Even though they video was blurry it gave a great timeline to the officers...
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...Situational Crime Prevention Situational crime prevention constitutes primary crime prevention measure. This is to say that it is aimed at deterring crime before it occurs. Situational prevention, like other similar primary prevention measures, focuses on subduing crime opportunities instead of the attributes of criminals or even potential criminals. It seeks to curtail opportunities for certain groups of crime by increasing the risks and difficulties associated with them and significantly reducing the rewards. Situational prevention is made up of three key elements: a sound theoretical framework, an authoritative methodology for dealing with specific crimes, and a collection of opportunity-reducing approaches (Felson & Clarke, 1997). Starbucks shops are spread throughout Chicago, a reprieve for professionals and tourists, young and old alike. While criminal trends continuously evolve, there tends to be a steady flow of handbags, laptops and tablets from these shops. There seem to be a high rate of purse and laptop theft in Starbucks premises. This can be attributed to the fact that many people are leaving their personal effects unattended. The carefully engineered warmth, ambience and the welcoming environment has been cited as the reason for this laxity, which motivates the criminals because the possibility of them being caught is very low. Distraction and extraction are the skills used by most thieves to steal from unsuspecting Starbucks patrons. These thieves work without...
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...Final Exam Guidelines Crime Prevention Concentrate most of your time on these topics and themes * 25 techniques of Situational Crime Prevention * Increase effort * Increase risk * Reduce Rewards * Reduce Provocations * Remove Excuses * All Theories * Crime Pattern Theory * Nodes, paths, edges * Routine Activities * Motivated offender, suitable target, [present] ; capable guardian [absence] * Rational Choice * Cost : Benefit ratio * 80/20 problems * repeat victimization * small group of victims, responsible for highest amount [percentage of revictimization] * repeat offending * small group of offenders responsible for high amount of reoffending * risky facilities * schools, bars, restaurants [public or private place that serves a specific function] * show up as hotspots * The Hot Spotters article in The New Yorker * Medical Care reduced because of targeting high crime areas that cause people to be hospitalized * Million Dollar Murray article in The New Yorker * Homelessness. Cheaper to house them than it is to ban panhandling or continuously arrest and hospitalize them * CRAVED model, and hot products * Concealable * Removable * Available * Valuable * Enjoyable * Disposable * Cash will always be #1 * DVDS, Laptops, Cellphones ...
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...Assignment B – Crime and Crime prevention ICT has greatly contributed to better crime prevention but has also increased some forms of crime. Many Internet criminals are using a number of different methods in order to take what they want from unsuspecting members of the public. There are multiple reasons why criminals commit crime via the Internet, however the most common crimes are the theft of money, the theft of identities or information and finally the damaging of others computers via methods such as viruses. Out of all of the crimes committed over the internet the theft of money from others is the largest due to a number of reasons, however the main reason is that its probably the easiest to do as more and more people are buying and selling products over the internet with the use of credit or debit cards. Criminals are easily able to access these details if members of the public aren’t careful with their details, for example if a member of the public puts their details into an unsecure website there is a great risk of a criminal obtaining this information. Crime prevention has been massively improved with the introduction of tracking devices, CCTV (Close Circuit Television), face recognition software and hacking which can, when used correctly, be used to trace the location or activity of a criminal. Personally, CCTV has never effected or helped me, but I have known people who have had their vehicle or important items stolen from vehicles; CCTV helped them to identify...
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...Crime Prevention CRJ 305 Michelle McMichael Professor Levit September 10, 2013 Crime Prevention “The ultimate goal of crime prevention is to reduce the risk of being a victim.” (SIU, par. 1) “Successful crime prevention efforts will promote a safer community by enhancing the perception of safety and the attitudes and behaviors that help people feel safe.” (SIU, par. 3) Reducing crime must be a community effort. It requires the work of not only law enforcement but also the community itself. Crime prevention programs can be instituted, but until everyone decides to work together on the effort, they can be futile. In this paper I will be discussing the jurisdiction of Oklahoma City, the portion of the criminal justice system my proposal addresses, an analysis of crime statistics in Tallahassee, Florida, San Francisco, California, and Cleveland, Ohio, and how they compare to the national average, what the SARA model and the Problem Analysis Triangle are, the crime prevention strategy I have chosen, my recommendations, and my anticipated outcomes. According to the Lectric Law Library it states that, “the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the deprivation of liberty or property without due process of law and the Sixth Amendment, which is applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees a criminal defendant a fundamental right to be clearly informed of the nature and cause of the charges against him” (Lectric, n.d) par. 1)...
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...Crime Prevention and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and other Preventive Programs University of Phoenix Survey of Justice and Security AJS/502 October 28, 2013 Crime Prevention and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and other Preventive Programs Criminal activity is not unplanned; it is either deliberate or opportunistic. Rendering to this philosophy, crime occurs when the activity area of a victim or objective crisscrosses within the activity area of a criminal. As crime rises a mass number of cities are requiring the implementation of crime prevention structures in the design of firsthand essential projects. Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure, culture, or the physical environment in order to reduce criminal acts. In a vast majority of cities the mythology of crime prevention embrace community watch organizations and policing, redevelopment of communities to pursue the involvement of residents, neighborhoods, churches and regional government organizations thus addressing the issues that contribute to criminal activities. One such organization is the National Crime Prevention Council which has made providing a multitude of preventive programs that include: Teens, Crime and the Community, McGruff Club, Celebrate Safe Communities among others to assist in addressing the needs and concerns of local communities. Although these programs are successful...
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...Economics of Crime and Prevention Ja-mel Q. Whitaker ECO 499 Senior Seminar in Economics and Finance Professor Juliet Elu September 4, 2011 I. What is a Crime? Criminal activities produce several social issues in the United States. Criminal activities affect our “general well-being by threatening loss of property and by generating concern for our physical safety” (Grimes, Register, & Sharp, 2010). A large portion of “national output is devoted to crime prevention activities.” Unfortunately, this diversion of outputs leads to the used resources being “unavailable for other, [perhaps more pressing,] production processes,” such as education. This is not to say crime prevention is not important at all. In fact it is a serious pressing issue that needs serious attention, but could be avoided if people do not participate in criminal behavior. According to dictionary.com (2011), crime is “an action or an instance of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited.” Criminal acts are any actions that “society (or one of its subdivisions) has decided it is better off without, which it has therefore made illegal through laws, ordinances, and the like” (Grimes, Register, & Sharp, 2010). Not all criminal acts are immoral, which is the issue with the first definition and most definitions of crime for that matter. Speeding is not necessarily immoral, but it is a crime. Cheating...
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...Situational crime prevention arose from the work of Clarke, Cohen and Felson. Their theories suggested that by limiting the opportunity of committing crimes and making it become more risky that it would drop crime rates. Situational crime prevention included making it more difficult to steal by having neighbourhood watch schemes and by marking valuable goods with identifiable codes. It also included limiting opportunities for violence by using plastic glasses in pubs at night and having secruity guards to maintain order. The opportunity theory by Clarke consists of two elements: how attractive the target is, for example, how much they can gain by committing the crime against the particular place, person or property. If it is the property they will ensure that it is easy to carry away and sell. The second element is how accessible the target is, if it is easy to get away with then they will be more likely to commit a crime. Therefore using CCTV and high security, there are less likely to be crimes as they do not want to risk getting caught. However Katz and Lyng put forward the idea of 'edgework' which argues that criminals also do it for the thrill of the act and that situational crime prevention actually encourages crime due to the risk involved that fuels the criminals adrenaline. However the use of situational crime prevention does make it more difficult to commit crimes as CCTV and security guards act as informal social control. Felson and Cohen developed the idea of...
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...There are many reasons for which Disney World is a good example of crime prevention through environmental design. Barriers, pavement markings, magical fountains and friendly live security are just a few reminders of the purpose of the place: fun and laughter. People who go to the fairy tale world do so governed by their own free will. They give consent to being controlled by Mickey Mouse laws and to be guided like mindless peons through Goofy and Pluto lane. Unfortunately, even in a world filled with magical wonders, there will always be evil characters who are tempted by the dark side of nature as well. Fictional or not, places where opportunities for committing crime and/or people who are willing to commit it will continue to spread or relocate. Situational crime prevention will not have much significance in today’s society unless all individuals and communities work together in an educated fashion. Although there are instances where situational crime prevention and crime prevention through environmental design work well, they do not attain the aspired results when looking at them from a larger perspective. Is it possible to lessen crime through these measures in a society that is so concerned with ethics, personal freedoms and that is divided into numerous economic, racial, and sexual orientation inequalities? I will argue that situational crime prevention and crime prevention through environmental design cannot be effective and ethical at the same time for the reason that...
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...POLICE AND CRIME PREVENTION IN NIGERIA Akintunde Kabir Otubu ~ Sunday A. Coker Introduction The importance of law and order to orderly development and growth of a society, both in the physical and economic sence, cannot be over emphasized. It is only a mind that is secured and at peace that can rationally address the issues of procreation, economic development and societal growth. A disturbed mind is a restless and distraught personality. It is therefore imperative to have peace and order in the society to assure its growth and development. The role of law enforcement in the maintenance of peace and order in the society is a foregone conclusion. Every man by nature is selfish and self-centred;1 in most case he needs the presence of the state institution of law enforcement to be able to act right and just. Studies in anthropology and law show that however one goes back into the history of a people, one would find regulatory rules of conduct and mechanisms for enforcing these rules. The evolution of these mechanism has taken different shapes in different settings, depending on the political, social and economic stages of development of the people concerned.2 Thus irrespective of the people, state or nation concerned, the presence of law enforcement agencies in the body polity of the state is a sine qua non for safety of lifes and properties in a state. The place of the police in the scheme of things with respect to law enforcement cannot be over emphasized. Along sides, and...
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...2015 James L. Smith Crime Reduction and Prevention Proposal Chicago is a major city with a huge amount of crime and this paper will address crime reduction and prevention in this particular city. It will also address other issues such as; assisting victims, preventing crime, and achieving effective justice. This paper will address the effect that criminological theories and research have had on contemporary and historical crime control policies in Chicago. It will include theoretical rationale for the recommendations that are suggested. Chicago needs more help in these areas because of the amount of crime they are seeing. Victim assistance programs are well organized and widely available to the public of Chicago. The number of programs varies from domestic violence to identity theft. There are specific programs for every individual affected by crime. The Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan has created and made the priority of victim assistance a key service to not only victims but to responder’s as well. In assuring that the right training is given to each field in order to assist victims appropriately. Programs and Trainings available to the people of Illinois According to the Attorney General • The Illinois Crime Victim Compensation Program (Direct financial assistance to innocent victims of violent crimes) • The Domestic Violence Fund (legal assistance funding, legal services to victims of domestic violence) • The Violent Crime Victim Assistance (VCVA) Program...
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