...Violence In Prisons A large percentage of male inmates have a lengthy history of violence. At the end of 2005, 53 percent of adults sentenced to state prisons were committed for violent offenses.[8] With such a large proportion of inmates previously involved in violent acts, it is not surprising, therefore, that violent behavior is a way of life within prisons. Many inmates just resort to violence as their normal reaction to frustration, disagreements, or lack of power. Those who are not prone to violence are constantly watchful to avoid situations that could lead to violent confrontations. A 2008 study of inmate-on-inmate violence in thirty prisons confirmed what is called the “importation” theory, or that violent inmates bring their violent ways into prison with them. The Bureau of Justice Statistics indicate that the Federal Bureau of Prisons and 19 states are over capacity, with 20 additional states also close to maximum prison capacity. A case in point: Chino Men's Prison in California, was built to hold 3,000 inmates; it currently holds 5,900 prisoners. In 2009, Chino, California prison inmates staged a riot which resulted in the injury of at least 175 prisoners. Overcrowding increases stress under the best of conditions, let alone in situations when individuals have limited coping skills, such as prisons. The Chino riot raged for 11 hours and injured 175 inmates. Men suffered vicious stab and head wounds as prisoners attacked each other with makeshift weapons, including...
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...of Punishment Penology the study of punishment evolved in the 1950s. During this rehabilitation replaced the punishment of offenders and became the main objective. Also during this time the term penology was replaced by the term corrections. Corrections is defined as the supervision and monitoring of offenders, the secure holdings of inmates in prisons, and the treatment of problems such as drug addiction, mental illness and other services (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, What is Corrections?”). In the eighteen century an Italian theorist founded the classical school of criminology. His first theory of crime causation was linked to appropriate punishments. “Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. Included in his principles are that crime is an injury to society, that prevention is more important than punishment, that the accused have the right to speedy trials and humane treatment, that there should be no secret accusations or torture, that certainty and swiftness of punishment (more than severity) best deter crime, and that imprisonment should be more wisely used as a punishment” (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, Theories of Crime and...
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...Community Corrections Paper Hope Washington CJS/230 Introduction to Corrections June 23, 2013 John Feltgen Community corrections programs oversee offenders outside of jail or prison, and are administered by agencies or courts with the legal authority to enforce sanctions. Community corrections include probation correctional supervision within the community rather than jail or prison and parole a period of conditional, supervised release from prison. The Community Corrections Division of the Department of Corrections supervises an active caseload of approximately 18,000 offenders in communities and work release facilities, providing guidance, support and program opportunities for all offenders returning to the community, holding offenders accountable to their imposed conditions, as they resume life within the community. Collaborating and supporting community resources and parties with a vested interest in successful offender transition into the community. Community based corrections can be viable for the youth but for an adult it is usually not sufficient to deter further illegal activity, we use projects like washing squad cars, litter patrol and with students we try to utilize some type of cleaning in the area of the school where they will be observed by their peers. It is great if you are not dealing with people who have committed violent crimes. Community based corrections is justifiable in today's society because many people believe making people accountable to their...
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...Community corrections paper Tabitha T. Anderson 230 June 19, 2016 Daniel Henry Community corrections paper There are many thoughts on whether community corrections are beneficial to society and the person convicted of a crime. First, we must understand what is community corrections? Community corrections are when felons are supervised outside of prison. Probation and parole are usually the most common practiced of community correction. The problem with society is we feel that if you commit a crime, you should go directly to jail. What we fail to realize is that if every criminal went to prison, there would probably be prisons on every corner like there is a Walgreens on every corner. The purpose of community corrections is to give the offender a second chance at showing us that they can do better and that they just made a bad decision. Community corrections evaluate the likelihood of them committing different crimes, assign them to programs that will help them be successful members of society, and make sure that they are checking in with their probation or parole officer. When we give the convict a chance to correction their behavior, it can be beneficial in the long run. There is always going to be pros and cons to every situation. The good thing about community corrections is it saves us taxpayer's money by keeping that individual out of prison. Having the out of prison cut down on the cost of living that we have to pay to cover them while in prison. I believe the...
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...Corrections in America have been constantly changing since the 1930s. From rehabilitation, (1930s to 1950s), to reintegration, (1950s to 1970s), to punitive, (1970s to 1980s), ways of sentencing criminal offenders have transformed immensely. Why is this a big topic of interest? Why should the people care about where the correctional system is headed? Corrections are a major part of the American culture and research over the past should be used to see what can be done to help corrections for the better. This paper will discuss the reasons why corrections have moved from a rehabilitation model to the punitive model and how that has affected the sentencing practices. Then it will discuss the possibilities for the next era of corrections and why...
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...Correction Officials Kristina Snyder CRJ 303 Corrections Jamila Harris October 10, 2011 While most people go to a normal eight hour job and sit at a desk or file paper work, a correction official has more than just a regular eight hour job. Every day the officials run into new problems or unique problems that they are to face. Even those who are police officers to patrol the highway or arrest those who have outstanding warrants, those officers still have days where there are no problems and then they have days where they see unique situations. As for the officials, it is every day that they see new situations. There are many different correction officials that work together in a facility. “There are many different positions that make up the complement of prison staff” (Seiter, 2008). For each of the officials that are involved with these facilities. Every correction official and police officer will always be at risk and it is a risky job to have. Correction officials have to deal with riots, medical problems with inmates, keeping other inmates and other officials safe. There are many problems that an official is faced with. There are many officials who have to check all the mail that comes into the facility for the inmates to make sure that the mail does not contain any type of drugs or contraband. It has been known for drugs and contraband to get into facilities through mail and other ways. With juveniles, drugs are a huge...
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...Criminal Justice and Society CRJ 201 Melissa King Corrections is most relevant to the Eighth Amendment of the . The Eight Amendment, which states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” This prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture. Laws should be applied to persons equally, without discrimination on prohibited grounds, such as gender, nationality, handicap, or age. In criminal cases, fair procedures help to ensure that an accused person will not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=634211903). One theory that is based on why crime occurs and how corrections use it is the social learning theory. This basically states we are a product of our environment and that crime is learned. For example, if a person grows up in a neighborhood of crime, where his/her parents have a criminal history, it is more than likely he or she will end up committing a crime as well. Going to jail or prison would probably not be an issue for them, because he/she only knows this sort of lifestyle, and probably expected this outcome in their future ( Smith, 2012). Another theory that is based on the cause of crime is conflict theory. This theory is based on the conflict of opposite groups. For example, the poor against...
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...CHAPTER 1 - What is Corrections? | Chapter Outline and Summary | | | Chapter OutlineI.IntroductionA.Growth of the system has changed how much people know about corrections1.In 1973 the prison incarceration rate was 96 per 100,000 Americans2.By 2008, after 35 years of steady growth, the U.S. imprisonment rate reached 506 per 100,0003.About 7.5 million Americans are now in the corrections system4.Correctional population growth continued throughout the 1990s, although crime rates fell by more than 50 percent between 1993 and 20075.The expansion of corrections has affected some groups more than others6.About one-third of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control7.Prison budgets, by far the most expensive portion of the overall penal system, grow even when monies for education and others services lag8.Today, Corrections pervasive—especially for poor, minority Americans II.The Purpose of CorrectionsA.Punishment1.From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control, of compelling people to behave according to the norms and rules of society2.Protecting society by defining limits of behaviorB.Three basic concepts of Western criminal law define the purpose and procedure of criminal justice1.Offense2.Guilt3.PunishmentC.The central purpose of corrections is to carry out the criminal sentence1.Corrections—the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management...
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...Introduction Crimes are part of society and this is the reason why law enforcers come up with different ways for controlling crime. Some of the critical measures for controlling crime are physical while others are psychological. The method of controlling crime is determined by the nature and complexity of the crime. Once these factors are taken into consideration then the best way of controlling crime is sought. The deterrence theory is a theory that has been extensively used as an effective way of controlling crime. The deterrence theory is in two parts: specific deterrence and general deterrence. Specific deterrence tends to focus on the individual with the aim of changing his deviant behavior by punishment. Contrary, general deterrence is whereby an individual is punished in public so as to instill fear to individuals who may prove to be deviant in the future. According to the crimes by Phil Cresta in the United States of America, the deterrence theory is one which would be effective in controlling his criminal nature. The main reason for this notion is his crimes were repetitive. By using deterrence, Cresta would have fear of committing crimes simultaneously and he would finally stop. Therefore, by using deterrence, fear would be instilled in him and this would prevent him from committing the crimes. In Phil Cresta’s case, specific deterrence would not have been as appropriate as general deterrence. General deterrence would have been an appropriate corrective measure...
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... Criminal Justice 2 There are many things that happen in society today that have to do with crime. There are things that are considered small crimes or offenses and there are things that are considered large crimes or offenses. Crime happens everywhere all over the world in one form or another. People have been committing crimes and law enforcement fighting them since the times began. There are still many societies that are very harsh on any type of crime that is committed whether it is small or large the societies just do not allow that type of behavior in certain countries. There are crimes happening every second, minute, hour, and day. Crime affects many people from the ones who are committing them to the ones that are the victims as well as the families of those individuals. The definition of crime to some may mean one thing and to others may mean something else. While researching and reading about the criminal justice process there was a true explanation of the word crime. According to the legal law library a crime is a wrongdoing classified by the state or Congress as a felony or misdemeanor. A crime is also an offense of the public law which includes all offences but is more directed to a felony crime. Crimes as also defined and punished by statutes or the common laws. A crime is any type of unlawful or immoral act against anyone or anything. http://www.lectlaw.com/def/c330.htm There are three main components...
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...the Dilemma over Community vs Institutional Corrections It is the first day of break and Jimmy wants to have a good time with his friends. Long story short, Jimmy decided to drive home drunk and crashed into another car. The driver of the other car passed away.What kind of punishment should Jimmy receive? It seems fair for him to spend time in prison. Should he see probation after the jail time? How much? This scenario helps introduce the dilemma we have today as a society about institutional vs. community corrections. Punishment for crime has always been an issue for debate. With the growth of the American colonies, the colonists needed a system of punishment for lawbreakers. Many methods developed in Europe meant to bring shame to those offenders were adopted. Around this time, the world saw a change in punishment ideology; some began to stress that humans are not perfect and make mistakes. Thus, there should be more reform as well as punish. In 1682, William Penn made a push for change. He limited the death penalty to cases of murder only and called for fines and imprisonment for most offenses. This is widely considered the beginnings of the prison system in the U.S. He also helped start the creation of jails, like the High Street Jail. The first federal prisons were established in 1891. Before this date, prisons were organized by states and territories. The establishment of parole and probation, or community corrections, began in the 1870s. There has always been...
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...justice system is made up of three distinct parts: Police, Courts, and Corrections. All three portions work together to protect each individual’s rights and the rights of society against crime. Crime is defined according to Merrian-Webster as “an act that is forbidden or omission of a duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law.”() Having the three components working together makes the criminal justice system function like a well tuned machine. Police In order for the police to be involved in any situation, there has to be a crime committed. When someone violates the law which has been put in place by the government, the police are the enforcement agent of these laws. When someone enters into the criminal justice system, it will always begin with the police. There may be four steps that happen when there is a crime: The crime itself, the report of the crime, the investigation of the crime, and the arrest to finish the process. These four steps are the very basic avenues the police follow. In the first step of police involvement of a crime, there has to be a crime committed. Then once that crime has been committed, someone has to report that the crime was committed. Once the report has been made, the police begin the job to investigate that report and determine if a crime had been committed. At this point, the police can determine if a crime has been truly committed and move to the next step of an arrest. ...
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...Community Corrections or Incarceration Are community corrections a better solution than incarceration? Michelle Brooks ITT Technical Institute Community Corrections or Incarceration Abstract In this research paper will read about different subjects and topics that pertain to incarceration and community corrections. The incarceration rate is going up in the United States while at the same time community corrections is slowly fading away because of limited support from the local communities and government officials within each state. In this research I hope to find out those community corrections has more to offer than incarceration. In conclusion incarceration is not the right way but community corrections will be. Community Corrections or Incarceration Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Background on Community Corrections Background on Incarceration Effectives of Community Corrections Effectives of Incarceration Programs dealing with Community Corrections Programs while Incarcerated Theory Interview with Mr. Sharron Wilson Result Reference Page Community Corrections or Incarceration Introduction Community Corrections is a better solution than incarceration because it offers many different alternative programs for several different types of offenders. Incarceration also offers similar programs...
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...Rehabilitation Pap CAJ: Introduction to Corrections . Rehabilitation Paper The goal of rehabilitation came during the middle of the twentieth century when corrections adopted a medical model, in which crime was believed to be the result of an underlying pathology of offenders that could be diagnosed and treated (Seiter, 2011). Offenders were considered sick and in need of treatment to prepare them to return to the community as productive, law-abiding citizens. Correctional agencies implemented a variety of treatment programs to improve offenders and to provide them with the tools necessary to be successful members of society (Seiter, 2011). The need for rehabilitation of offenders was emphasized by the Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966, which noted a need for “substantial upgrading” of the correctional system and its reorientation “toward integration of offenders into community life” (Seiter, 2011). Throughout the years, many processes have been created to form the rehabilitation process of criminal justice. This process has reached out to many offenders and their families by allowing them to return to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation has many different process, but most, if not all have been proven successful in returning offenders to the community as changed individuals (Seiter, 2011). Rehabilitation is defined as a return to a previous form. In criminal justice, rehabilitation...
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...recidivism. In addition, while working in corrections I worked at a work release center. While these issues among the general public is somewhat complex, the program itself is fairly straightforward. Prison work release allows an inmate in custody with the Department of Corrections to live at a prison work release center and to go out in the community independently and find employment. The Department of Corrections does not find jobs for the inmates. The inmate must search for jobs and interview like anyone else looking for a job. Inmates walk, ride a bicycle, or use public transportation to look for a job. Once they obtain a job they use the same methods to get to their job. The Department of Corrections also does not pay for the use of public transportation. In order to find employment some centers require inmates to buy a bus pass that is valid for at least one month. However, since most inmates do not have any money to buy a bus pass they rely on family or anybody they can convince to send them money. The general public is somewhat leery about allowing inmates to be free to work with the general public. Sometimes when a person of the general public learns that an inmate is working at a restaurant they patronize they won’t return to the establishment. Some people might wonder what the purpose of it is. Will it prevent the offender from committing future crimes? Some people don’t believe in these programs. These people feel that if you do a crime then you must do your time with no...
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