...Generalization is useful in research because the more data that is in hand, the more accurate a generalization can be. Generalizing means a few experiences that can signify a category for example because most criminals happen to be males a generalization could be said that only men commit crime. Generalizing could also simplify stereotypes. By using a way to measure numerical approaches with tables or graphs this helps to provide descriptions and this can be known as descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics could be based on predications based on samples from data taken from questions. It could be a hypothesis. And with predictive statistics it’s more of an approach to gather information from data that has already been collected to determine...
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...Conceptualization and Measurement in Criminology and Criminal Justice In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts...
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...CConceptualization and Measurement in Criminology and Criminal Justice In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts...
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...and consumption of alcohol. The comparison of juvenile courts and adult courts are: The juvenile courts are adjudicated in a civil proceeding, juveniles will have no criminal record, and have the ability to get record expunged and sealed once juvenile reach adult hood. In the adult court adults are charged in a criminal proceeding and upon a finding of guilt carry a criminal record for the remainder of one’s adult life (University of Phoenix 2010). One difference is juvenile courts are conducted in an informal manner, focus more on Paren’s Patria versus Due Process, court records-recordings of proceedings is the decision of the juvenile judge and the preponderance of the evidence used in most circumstance other than determine delinquency, where beyond a reasonable doubt is implemented. Now adult courts proceedings are very formal, are courts of record, and the standard of proof required to determine a guilty verdict is beyond a reasonable doubt. Only 39 states have no guaranteeing juveniles the Right to a trial by jury. Defendant in adult court has the Constitutional Right-safe guard to have his or her case determined by a member of one’s peers- Jury trial or a bench trial. In juvenile courts juvenile judges are limited when imposing punishment to juvenile and will either issue one of three dispositions: nominal, dispositional, or custodial (University of Phoenix 2010). There are many variables that cause...
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...portrays, the flaw of the criminal justice system in granting nominal life sentences may only be corrected by the widespread implementation of the death penalty. But the option of a death penalty has created backlash from the general public, many believing it is inhumane and a violation of human rights. The main questions asked in these types of situations...
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...INTRODUCTION After Malaysia achieved its independence on 31st August 1957, it adopted federal system of government. A federal government is formed by a combination of states or provinces in a federation, give some of their powers to the federal government and some of them are remained. Thus, this lead to the existence of more than one level of government; federal level, state level and local level have formed the federal system of government. Malaysia has 13 states and three federal territories. As Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy, Federal Constitution (FC) becomes the most supreme law of Malaysia and everyone must adhere to it. The concept of separation of power divided the power of government into three branches as stated in the FC; Executive (Part IV Chapter 3, Articles 39-43), Legislature (Part IV, Chapter 4, Articles 44-65) and Judiciary (Part IX Articles 121-131). Basically, the Executive body will formulate policy and ensures it is properly implemented, the Legislative will make law and the Judiciary will apply the law and settle dispute. In order of superiority, executive body is being the first, followed by legislature and lastly the judiciary. Here, the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary will be discussed and elaborated further to gain more understanding about the body of government respectively. THE EXECUTIVE. Executive generally defined as a body of government that is responsible for executing the laws, determine the general rules, appoint...
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...MacDonald, 2001). Unfortunately this power, like any other, can be corrupted and abused for political gain. Racism and Discrimination According to Marger (2012), “racism is an ideology, or belief system, designed to justify and rationalize racial and ethnic inequality” and “discrimination, most basically, is behavior aimed at denying members of particular ethnic groups’ equal access to societal rewards” Blacks are viewed as deserving of harsh treatment in the criminal justice system (Peffley and Hurwitz 2013). At first glance, such an assertion may seem to be unfathomable, buy that there is an extensive body of literature which suggests that Black males are viewed as the “prototypical criminal. Police Brutality Against Black Males According to Walker (2011), police brutality...
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...RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIME AND JUSTICE CHAPTER 1 – THE RESEARCH PRACTICE Chapter Review Questions Respond to each of the following questions using the information from this chapter. 1. During a recent meeting of the command staff at a mid-sized police department, the chief asks the patrol captain for his recommendation for new flashlights. The captain responds, “I did a little research and I recommend that we purchase the DryLight, Model X flashlight”. The patrol captain’s research consisted of “asking a few of the officers” what they thought would be a good flashlight. Did the patrol captain actually conduct research? Why or why not? ANSWER: Technically, the patrol captain did some research. He conducted interviews which is a form of data collection. One could argue, however, that the patrol captain’s research was limited (pp. 7-8). 2. Respond to the following statement in 3-5 sentences: Conducting research in the social sciences and in criminal justice in particular is easier than in other sciences because the things we measure are so vague that nobody really cares if we get it right or not. ANSWER: Generally speaking, social science research is more challenging than some of the ‘hard sciences’ because the things social scientists study are difficult to measure objectively. As a result social scientists spend a great deal of time justifying how they measure concepts to their peers (pp. 4-5). 3. Read the following scenarios and identify which of the following...
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...In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. For measurement, let us review first how measures of substance abuse have been created, utilizing procedures as available data, questions, observations, and less direct and prominent measures. We will also explain how to assess the validity and reliability of these measures. Finally, the level of measurement reflected in unrelated measures is our last topic. Hopefully, at the end of this you will have a fine comprehension of measurement. A concept is a mental image tat summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas. "Concepts such as substance-free housing require an explicit definition before they are used in research because we cannot be certain that all readers will share the same definition. It is even more important to define concepts such as poverty or social control or strain, we cannot be certain that others know exactly what we mean." The meaning of concepts is often disputed among experts and illuminating the meaning of such concepts does not simply benefit those unfamiliar with them. In order to do ample work of conceptualization, we need more than just a definition, for our concepts. We will probably have to distinguish inner aspects of the concept. Conceptualization...
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...Republic Government vs. Communist Government A republican government has shown to be more successful and preferred over a communist government because the people have representatives, there is more organization, and there is room for economic growth, all of which allow the government to make decisions with the people, and to better the country. Having a republic government, France has been able to progressively move forward, working with the voice and opinions of the people to better the country, economically and civilly. Cuba has struggled due to the government control over everything. In France, the president serves as the Head of State, the Head of Executive, and the Supreme Commander of Military. After being elected through popular vote from the people (18 years or older), the president then elects a prime minister, who then suggests the Council of Ministers for the president to appoint. The president makes the decisions for his country and enforces the laws with the aid of the prime minister and his Council of Ministers. Together they form the executive branch. The cabinet meets weekly with the president presiding to determine and apply policy through decrees, and to put new legislation before Parliamentary in the form of bills. In Cuba, however, the executive branch is made up of the president (who also serves as the Chief of State and the Head of Government), the Council of State, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The President of the Council of State proposes...
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...Australian professor wrote a revealing article about how Glaxo manipulates research evidence in medical journals. He gained this insight through internal company documents he had access to during a lawsuit. Bottom line? If you think corrupt and dishonest drug companies are being honest about vaccine safety, efficacy and adverse reactions, you have been deceived by their marketing and PR departments. Glaxo is pleading guilty and paying a criminal fine of $1 billion for misreporting efficacy data and failing to report adverse safety data from post marketing studies. ****************************************************************************************** Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Monday, July 2, 2012 GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data Largest Health Care Fraud Settlement in U.S. History Global health care giant GlaxoSmithKline LLC (GSK) agreed to plead guilty and to pay $3 billion to resolve its criminal and civil liability arising from the company’s unlawful promotion...
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...Punitive damges also known as exemplary damages are commonly awarded in product liability or civil suit cases were the defendant is ordered to pay to the plaintiffs a sum of money for their acts of reckless and or willful conduct. The ideas of punitive damages was imposed as a deterrent from reckless,willful conduct. However, the amount of punitive damages awarded have been the topic of my debates leaving some to criticize, that plaintiffs are overly compensated specifically voicing opinions or concerns that a limit should be imposed on punitive damages. Circumstances justifying the recognition of punitive damages based upon the defendant acting intentionally, maliciously, or without regard to the rights of the plaintiff and interests of the claimant. Punitive damages first established in England in 1763. Civil law in the United States recognized punitive damages in 1850. (5) "According to the U.S. Supreme Court, three factors guide a decision to award enhanced damages (punitive damages)": The action of the defendant was willful or deliberate, "whether the infringer had a good faith belief that the patent was invalid", and litigants conduct during the litigation. (4) A jury verdict to impose an amount of punitive damages may be over-turned by the trial judge, if the award is considered to be excessive or inadequate. (6) "A fundamental goal of a punitive damage award is to punish but not bankrupt the wrongdoer." (9) Five States do not recognize or award punitive damages in any...
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...used in tort. Damnum means damage caused or suffered, and injuria means a right of action or claim. This is because there are some cases in which the defendant’s act or omission may have infringed or caused damage to the claimant but the claimant may have no action as the interest affected may not be one protected by Law. In Law this position is referred to as damnum sine injuria meaning damage suffered without violation of a legal right. For example; A opens a fish and chips shop in the same street as B’s fish and chips shop. A reduces his prices with the intention of putting B out of business. A has committed no tort as losses caused by lawful business competition are not actionable in tort On the other hand, there are also cases where the defendant’s act or omission causes no actual damage but the claimant has a right of claim. This is known as injuria sine damno, this is a Latin maxim meaning a violation of a legal right without damage. Such a tort is actionable without proof of damage, it is said to be action-able per se.For example; if A walks across B’s land without B’s permission then A will commit the tort of trespass to land, even though he causes no...
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...as well as abstract concepts. Measurement is a relatively complex & demanding task, especially so when it concerns qualitative or abstract phenomena. So, technically speaking, measurement is a process of mapping aspects of a domain onto other aspects of a range according to some rule of correspondence. It is a collection of quantitative data. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT: 1) Nominal measurement: All qualitative measurements are nominal, regardless of whether the categories differ from one another only in names. Nominal measurements represent the most elementary level of measurement in which values are assigned to an object for identification or classification purposes only. In nominal level of measurement, the categories differ from one another only in names. In other words, one category of a characteristic is not necessary higher or lower, greater or smaller than other category. Sex (male & female), religious (Muslim, Hindu, christen etc.) are the example of the nominal measurement. In measure scale, nominal level is the lowest or weakest level of measurement & the resulting data are nominal data. This makes it impossible to conduct standard mathematical operations such as...
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...that conflicts or overrides charter - Right to due process o Informed of rights o Right to a lawyer Classification of laws - Substantive law o Law that sets out rights and duties o Individual right enforceable at law - Procedural o Procedures taken to enforce the law - Public o Relates to the relationship between governments and persons - Private law o Relates to relationships between individuals Chapter 2 Jurisdiction 1. Court of original jurisdiction 2. Court of appeal Criminal court procedure 1. Plaintiff – party bringing the action 2. Defendant – party defending an action 3. Discovery a. Examination and questions Class action - Group of individual represented by one attorney in a suit Chapter 3 Administrative law - Includes laws, rules, decisions etc. - All levels of government Hearing process - Authority o Bodies have power to deny or revoke rights of a person to practice in a trade - Natural justice o Such powers must comply with natural justice Notice of charges against a member Opportunity to prepare and present a case Administrative boards decisions are quasi-judicial - Decisions must be reaches in a fair and...
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