...Restorative Justice Rose Stevens CJA/224 June, 16th, 2014 Restorative Justice Restoration is one of the goals of the criminal justice system. The idea of restoration is to restore the criminal and the community affected by the crime. Restorative justice stems from the idea of restoration. Restorative justice is different than retributive justice. In this essay I will discuss the restorative justice process, the difference between restorative and contemporary justice, and how restorative justice worked for the RJ city case study. Restorative Justice Process Restorative justice deals with "the need to compensate victims, the need to place appropriate responsibility on the criminal offender, and the need to attempt the reintegration of the offender with the community" (Schmalleger, Hall, & Dolatowski, 2010, Chapter 14). The way we used to view crime was like a violation against the state. We now understand that crime also violates an individual. The idea of restorative justice is to restore the victim and the criminal instead of just the criminal. There are three main processes involved in the restorative justice system. There are restorative circles, restorative conferencing, and victim-offender mediation. Restorative Circles Restorative circles are meetings that include the offenders, victims, friends and families, interested members of the community, and some representatives of the justice system. ("Restorative Justice Online", 1996-2014). There is a facilitator...
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...Restorative Justice vs. Retributive Justice Can restorative justice be utilized more often than retributive justice? Restorative justice is a concept that is not fully accepted in the field of criminology. The theory presents an alternative way of reviewing criminal justice procedures. The main issues are repairing the harm done, and building relationships between the victim and offenders, rather than strict punishment of the offender. Restorative justice is an excellent concept. However, it is an substitute process which the criminal justice has at its disposal. The premise for retributive justice is the punishment of the offender, resultig in jail and/or imprisonment. There is no consideration given to repairing the harm caused by offender...
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...A Retreat in the CJS 1 A Retreat in the Criminal Justice System Stephanie Karam ENG1100BB Karenza Sutton-Bennett November 25, 2014 A Retreat in the CJS 2 Abstract In contemporary culture, an emphasis on a “tough on crime” criminal justice system has been a topic of debate amongst all citizens. In this paper, a comparison of statistical evidence and treatment rates will be discussed. The purpose is to stipulate evidence of declining crime rates, and alternative sanctions to the crime bill c-10. In addition, a consultation of rehabilitation methods and apprehension of why there is a disproportionality of Aboriginal people in the Criminal Justice System will be explored. The data discovered suggests that the legislation was enacted for political reasoning, without the consideration of underlying causes of criminal activity. Furthermore, rehabilitation treatments have shown to lower recidivism, and are used to stress the importance on investigating the root cause of criminal behaviour. Finally, the restorative justice model is adopted to promote the sense of moral wrong in the individual’s crime. A Retreat in the CJS 3 In recent years, the Canadian government has been working on implementing a stricter justice system. The omnibus crime bill C-10, was enacted in order to achieve this measure. The act consists of a concept in which includes harsher sentencing, mandatory minimums and a zero tolerance policy. This legislation attempts to put victims first, instead of defending the...
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...VICTIM RIGHTS ARE ALSO HUMAN RIGHTS ------------------------------------------------- Dr. Beulah Shekhar, Faculty, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, The present system does not adequately focus on justice to the victims. The formal criminal justice system directs its attention primarily toward the offender, first with regard to guilt or innocence and second with regard to appropriate punishment, treatment, or monitoring. The informal justice system is often an abstract and distant concern. So, the victims have been repeatedly neglected as stakeholders in both formal and informal justice approaches, it is important to give special attention to their role in the criminal justice system. Presenting the report to Deputy Prime Minister L.K.Advani, who held the home portfolio. Malimath said the changes were proposed for the first time in 150 years. He also recommended that from now on, criminal laws be reviewed every 15 years so that they are in tune with the “changing times”. The “Criminal justice system is virtually collapsing under its own weight as it is slow, inefficient and ineffective” due to which “people are losing confidence in the system”, the report said. The present system of the prosecution have to prove the guilt of an accused “places a very unreasonable burden on the prosecution”, the committee said in its report and recommended that in India, like in the continental countries...
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...development. Mental health plays a significant role in the criminal justice system. Many individuals who are incarcerated struggle with mental health issues, and the system often lacks adequate resources and support to address these needs. This can perpetuate a cycle of incarceration and exacerbate the challenges faced by individuals with mental health conditions. Psychology plays a crucial role in understanding criminal behavior, rehabilitation, and the effectiveness of interventions. Psychological factors such as trauma, addiction, and cognitive development can influence an individual's risk of engaging in criminal activities and their ability to reintegrate into society after...
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...Criminal responsibility of juvenile A “juvenile” means a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. A boy or girl under eighteen years of age is a “juvenile” according to the Juvenile Justice Act (JJA), 2000. Earlier, according to the JJA, 1986, the age of boys and girls were different, but however, the JJA 2000 which repealed the JJA, 1986, brought the age of male juveniles at par with the female juveniles. Another reason for increasing the age of male juveniles by the JJA 2000 is to bring the Indian juvenile legislation into conformity with the ‘United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)’. Article 1 of CRC states for the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. Therefore, both the boys and girls below the age of eighteen years enjoy the protection of juvenile legislation. The term ‘children in conflict with the law’ as stated by the United Nation’s Children Fund refers to anyone under 18 who comes into contact with the justice system as a result of being suspected or accused of committing an offence. In India, the JJA, 2000 defines “juvenile in conflict with law” as a juvenile who is alleged to have committed an offence and has not completed eighteenth year of age as on the date of commission of such offence. Juvenile Crime Law is a subcategory of Juvenile Law. Although a type of criminal law, juvenile crime law only...
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...Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools Virac, Catanduanes SY 2014-2015 Drug Addiction/Drug Usage Lyri Kirsten Anicken T. Gianan Grade 9 – Platinum Mr. Eddie Cabrera February 11, 2015 Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition) I have signed the report of the Commission, although as is probably inevitable when eleven people of different antecedents and temperaments endeavor to agree upon a contentious subject, it is more or less of a compromise of varying opinions. In so far as it states facts, I believe it to be generally accurate. Every effort has been made to make it so. I should have preferred to have it state more facts and fewer broad generalizations from unstated facts. But the difficulties in securing accurate statistics, owing to the unsystematic and unscientific manner in which they are commonly kept in this country, often makes it impossible to get reliable statements of fact, although there may be sufficient available information to afford a fairly reliable basis of generalization. I am in entire accord with the conclusions "that enforcement of the National Prohibition Act made a bad start which has affected enforcement ever since"; that "it was not until after the Senatorial investigation of 1926 had opened people's eyes to the extent of law breaking and corruption that serious efforts were made" to coordinate "the...
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...Re-Entry and Its Effects: Institutional and Post Release Community Corrections, CRJ 341 Jonathan L. Kaiser Abstract Reentry is a challenge many offenders face once they are incarcerated and released into society. The term “reentry’” is a synonym for return and is defined as the act of going back to a prior place, location, situation or setting. Prison re-entry refers to the transition of offenders from prisons or jails back into the community. The concept of life in society is an important part of any reintegration of institutionalized people, including people who have been incarcerated for committing a crime. The institutionalization of a population leads to isolation, segregation and detachment of the elements of a company defining the basis of citizenship. Although individuals often returning to the community focus more on the choice of where they dwell, their long-term success in society is more likely to be dependent on the social roles they have chosen to play, to the extent that they will engage in the community and they have been prepared for this purpose during their incarceration or institutionalization. Reentry can help reduce recidivism as well as assist those who have been previously incarcerated to begin leading law abiding lives once released into society. However, overtime the importance of prisoner reentry has been drastically lowered with less emphasis on helping those to prepare for their release and with post release community integration. As...
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...slightly different ones, just make sure you know about that amount for each section. Q.1 For the first two pure crime parts you need to know: Functionalist theories of crime and deviance Durkheim – Social control, social regulation including suicide Merton-Strain theory, blocked aspirations Cohen – Status frustration Cloward and Ohlin – Deviant subcultures New Right/Right Realism James Wilson – Strict law enforcement needed Wilson and Kelling – Broken windows, zero tolerance Murray – Cultural deprivation, single parents and ineffective, the underclass Erdos – Families without fathers Subcultural theories Cohen – Delinquent subcultures Cloward and Ohlin – Delinquency and opportunity, criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures Willis – pupil subcultures (learning to labour) Patrick – Gang culture (Glasgow gangs) Humphreys – Gay subcultures and covert participant observation Miller – Focal concerns, lower working class male subculture Matza – Delnquency and drift, techniques of neutralisation, subterranean values Marxist theories of crime and deviance Gordon – Criminogenic...
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...Uganda: Beyond the Simplicity of Peace vs. Justice Paper by David Lanz The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy May 2007 The ICC in Northern Uganda David Lanz Introduction The creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) via the entry into force of the Rome Statute on July 1st 2002 sparked enthusiasm. For M. Cherif Bassiouni, “The ICC combines humanistic values and policy considerations essential for the attainment of the goals of justice, redress and prevention as well as the need for the restoration of world order and world peace.”1 Ironically, five years after its creation, the Court has been accused of being an impediment to what it was created to promote: peace. With regards to Northern Uganda, Bassiouni remarks that the ICC indictments against five senior members of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), “was received negatively by some individuals involved in the Ugandan peace process,” who “have argued that it has undercut their efforts to advance peace initiatives.”2 The claim that the ICC’s intervention in Northern Uganda obstructs peace seems obvious. It is expressed in its simplicity by Father Carlos Rodriguez: “nobody can convince a rebel leader to come to the negotiating table and at the same time tell him that when the war ends he will be brought to trial.”3 This paper examines the criticism that the ICC obstructs peace in Northern Uganda. It aims to go beyond the simplistic framework of peace vs. justice, which suggests that the pursuit of peace...
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...Crime and Punishment: A Dissection of its Various Elements. “The true measure of crimes is the harm done to society” – Cesare Beccaria. Crime as a concept and its origin There is no easy definition for what denotes a crime. Any theory on criminal law has to answer two questions – ‘What acts should be punished?’ and ‘To what extent can it be punished?’ Glanville Williams, admitting the impossibility of a workable content based definition of a crime, points out that the definition of crime is one of the thorny intellectual problems of law. Russell also admitted that ‘to define crime is a task which so far has not been satisfactorily accomplished by any writer’ Personal safety, particularly security of life, liberty and property, is of utmost importance to any individual. Man realized this when he started living in a community. He realized that he had certain rights. Rights are essentially conditions for self-development. At the same time he understood that he was also obligated to behave in the same manner in which he expected his neighbour to behave. This was the crux of the social contract which man entered into with his fellow beings. The social contract allowed men to live together in a community and leave behind the “nasty, short and brutish” life he led hitherto. The social contract paved way for the State to come into force and start making laws for everyone. Naturally, the rational and selfish nature of man would make him look out for his best interests and...
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...Comments on Chapter 7 Lock ‘Em Up! Why do We Lock “Em Up?” Goals: Incapacitation: Physically prevent offenders from committing additional crimes against society. Retribution: (just Deserts). Offenders need to pay for their crimes. Deterrence: You understand this from the previous chapter. Rehabilitation: The ‘forgotten’ goal. Restitution: The offender “compensate” the victim, victim’s family of community for the crime. It can be community service or money for property crimes. In the case of murder and violent offense it can be apologizes and/or convincing remorse for their crimes. They help the victim forgiveness is healthier than anger. This is often referred to as Restorative Justice. Types of Incarceration Jails (city and county level): They confine those awaiting trail and those serving ‘short’ sentences. Depending on the state sentences can range from a maximum of one year (NY and NJ) to five years (PA). Approximately 50% of those in jail are bail eligible (they simply cannot afford – you only need to post 10%). Generally conditions in jails are much worse than prison. They tend to be Under-funded, under-staffed, people coming and going, high staff turnover, people coming off the street with drug/alcohol/mental conditions, and far fewer activities. Prisons: State custody, more serious offenders with longer sentences. Prison have far more resources than jails. The Incarceration Binge Causes 1, Three Strikes/Mandatory Minimums:...
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...Andrea Cohen October 4th, 2012 Professor Marcel Nazi era- Companies that Help in the Holocaust Throughout history, there have been important events that have distinct a particular ethical issue within various companies. One of these horrific events was the Holocaust, which is defined by Michell R Marrus as “the systematic mass murder of European Jewry by the Nazis”, which “sits uneasily in the history of our time” (Marrus, 1987). To many people the Holocaust is still a source of remorse. Consequently they feel embarrassed, since many were apathetic towards the people suffering, but many also believe that historical investigations can bring about additional insight regarding companies and their commitments. The Holocaust is a part of the history that produces an uncomfortable sensation because of the horrible that happened in this era. As Nora Levin stated, it is not only the magnitude of the destruction- the murder of six million Jews- but because the events surrounding are in a very real sense incomprehensible. No one can understand how mass murder in such a scale could have happened or could have been allowed to happen. The purpose of this paper is not to talk about the Holocaust, however, to create a profound analysis of the German automobile companies that helped the Nazis to perform and gain profits from this holocaust of innocent people. Examples of these companies are the Ford Company, BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke), Daimler Benz, and Volkswagen. From 1930-1945...
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...! • • • • • • • Principles of the Australian Parliamentary System Government)–!The!government!is!the!party!or!coalition!of!parties!that!wins!the!most!seats!in!the!House!of!Representatives! Parliament)–!Consists!of!a!group!of!elected!representatives!and!a!person!who!represents!the!Queens.!In!the!federal!parliament!that!person!is!the! Governor>General.!Parliaments!make!the!laws!for!a!country/state! Crown)–!The!monarch!is!represented!by!a!governor/governor>general.!Refers!to!the!position,!power,!or!dominion!of!a!monarch.!The!monarch!as! Head!of!State! Separation)of)Powers)–!The!three!branches!of!power!(executive,!legislative!and!judicial)! Federal)System)–!The!power!to!govern!is!divided!by!the!Commonwealth!and!states.! Bicameral)–!A!bicameral!parliament!consists!of!two!chambers!or!houses! Minister)–!A!minister!is!both!a!member!of!parliament!and!a!member!of!the!executive.!This!means!a!minister!is!usually!in!charge!of!a!government! department!that!is!responsible!for!enacting!the!law! ! Australian Parliamentary System Under!the!Australian!federal!system!of!government,!the!country!is!divided!into!states!and!territories!each!with!its!own!parliament!–!making!a!total!of!9! parliaments.! • Commonwealth,)6)States,)2)Territories! They! are! elected! by! the! people! and! represent! the! needs! of! the! people.! Members! are! also! responsible! to! the! parliament! and! the! people! for! their! actions.!The)APS)is)based)on)the)Westminster)system)that)was)adopted)by)the)Commonwealth)constitution)in)1900...
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...2014-2015 Undergraduate Academic Calendar and Course Catalogue Published June 2014 The information contained within this document was accurate at the time of publication indicated above and is subject to change. Please consult your faculty or the Registrar’s office if you require clarification regarding the contents of this document. Note: Program map information located in the faculty sections of this document are relevant to students beginning their studies in 2014-2015, students commencing their UOIT studies during a different academic year should consult their faculty to ensure they are following the correct program map. i Message from President Tim McTiernan I am delighted to welcome you to the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), one of Canada’s most modern and dynamic university communities. We are a university that lives by three words: challenge, innovate and connect. You have chosen a university known for how it helps students meet the challenges of the future. We have created a leading-edge, technology-enriched learning environment. We have invested in state-of-the-art research and teaching facilities. We have developed industry-ready programs that align with the university’s visionary research portfolio. UOIT is known for its innovative approaches to learning. In many cases, our undergraduate and graduate students are working alongside their professors on research projects and gaining valuable hands-on learning, which we believe is integral...
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