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Crisis Management Paper

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data, peer

Data, Peer- reviewed Data is the observation or measurement taken when evaluating a public relations campaign or program. Data in computing or data processing are represented in a structure, often represented by rows and columns, a graph structure and images. There are four main methods of data collection. First is census, a census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. Second method is sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. Third method is experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. Last main method is observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. Peer review is the evaluation of creative work or performance by other people in the same field in order to maintain or enhance the quality of the work or performance in that field. Peer review utilizes the independence, and in some cases the anonymity, of the reviewers in order to discourage cronyism such as relatives and friends and obtain an unbiased evaluation. Peer review could help maintain and enhance quality both directly by detecting weaknesses and errors in specific works and performance and indirectly by providing a basis for making decisions about rewards and punishment that can provide a powerful incentive to achieve excellence. Peer review is used extensively in many professional fields, including academic and scientific research, medicine, and law. There are some advantages and disadvantages for peer-review. Peer- review can improve management and employees can grow with feedback. However, peer-reviewed could make employees in uncomfortable condition and focus could shift away

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