...CRITICAL THINKING (HCT 1012) Question I : Geek Logics and Metaphysics in Critical Thinking Question II : Modern Western Philosophy in Critical Thinking Name : Muhammad Abid bin Ariffin Matric No : BS-04/12-00052 I/C No : 940621-10-5287 Session : 2013/2014 (03) Name of Lecturer : Mr. N.Krishnan Table of Content No. | Particular | Page | 1 | Acknowledgements | | 2 | Introduction | | 3 | Question I : Geek Logics and Metaphysics in Critical Thinking | | 4 | i.Background | | 5 | ii.Contribution | | 6 | Question II : Modern Western Philosophy in Critical Thinking | | 7 | i.Background | | 8 | ii.Contribution | | 9 | Conclusion | | 10 | Refference | | Acknowledgements I would like tyo thank Mr. N.Krishnan for assistance in conducting Critical Thiunking’s class and the following reviewers for their helpful cemment and suggestions on an earlier draft of this paper. Thanks to the legenda’s wifi for the internet access to accesss all the information. Thanks to god give me evergy to do this task. Thanks to my parents for give me support. Introduction Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following : * understand the logical connections between ideas * identify, construct and evaluate arguments * detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning * solve...
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...Critical Theory concerns conflicting logics- a social concern versus a language one. In the pathways of developments in theory, there are two diverging points- one, the obsession with language, communication systems and, two the focus on social construction. On one hand, Critical Theory of society emerged to deal with those aspects of social reality which Marx and his followers downplayed and neglected. It takes a specialized sense, describing the work of the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory...
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...design | Inappropriate overview use case, detail use cases with scenarios (where applicable) and use case descriptions. | The use cases are well presented (generalization) with no major mistake in logic and notation, and described all flows in use case descriptions. | Appropriate labelling and no mistake in logic and notation and clear description for normal flow, subflow and alternative flow in use case descriptions. | Comprehensive provision of the required - overview use case; - detail use case diagrams with scenarios (where applicable: generalization, extends, includes);- use case descriptions for each use case / scenario and no mistake in logic and notation and appropriateness. | | | | | | | ACTIVITY DIAGRAMWITH DESCRIPTION(10%) | The business-level activity diagram(s) is without swimlanes and not logical in an overall cases. | The business-level activity diagram(s) is without swimlanes and logical partially. | The business-level activity diagram(s) provided are complete, with swimlanes, logical and with no major errors. | With labelling, with swimlanes, and no mistake in logic and notation. | With very good and meaningful labelling, with swimlanes, no mistake in logic and notation, and according to guidelines. | | | | | | | CLASS DIAGRAM (10%) | Class diagram without attributes and associations. Both are incomplete and illogical. ...
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...Understanding the Doctoral Research Process Julia Coy-Ybarra Northcentral University November 24, 2013 Understanding the Doctoral Research Process An obvious factor in understanding the doctoral research process is having chosen the right academy to pursue the doctorate. Other deciding factor are the reference resources that are easily accessible to the student—a Writing Center and a Library database. The ultimate decision is choosing the right specialization program. Once these are done, what follows are organization, commitment, and dedication to the doctoral process. Introduction Following university standards is the threshold to acquiring a doctorate. Hence, these standards are the Academic Integrity Guidelines, APA writing standards, understanding the function of the School of Education, and the online function of your Academic Advisor. An online commitment to pursue a Doctorate is a very solitary commitment. The process will fail to provide any personal face-to-face interaction between student and mentor, between student and advisor, bantering with colleagues, or befriending the Dean of the School in any way but grades. Consequently, the student must make a commitment and prepare for this singular or introverted activity. The Research Process Nevertheless, in order to fully understanding the research process of the doctoral process, one needs to select a topic that...
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...Thinking and Decision Making MGT/350 September 25, 2011 Dr. Valerie E. Davis Introduction Thinking is a process in which situations are analyzed and acceptable conclusions are developed. Critical thinking is a process in which information is gathered and topics or situations are researched to develop more than one conclusion so that one can consider the alternative. There are different styles of thinking and people process information in different ways. Many people use different styles of styles of thinking to solve problems and to assist with making any projects or program a success. Some different forms of thinking will be compared and contrasted so that there is a clear understanding of how people use different styles of thinking. Persuasive Thinking Persuasion is the art of influencing others to believe what the speaker is saying. The art that lies behind the persuader is the ability to speak in a way that is believable to any audience. As we analyze the persuasive thinker we will cover such topics as ethics of persuasion, think about what persuades us, and learn ways to analyze audiences to find how they differ from the persuasive thinker (Kirby & Goder, 2007). The main point of the ethics of persuasion that must be identified is the difference between manipulating and persuading. When one is trying to persuade people to do anything for self-gain it is manipulation, and when the persuader is trying to persuade others that would be...
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...Critical thinking * Generally, critical thinking involves both problem solving and reasoning. * Specifically, critical thinking includes the ability to : i) Make observations ii) Be curious, asking relevant questions and finding the resources you need iii) Challenge and examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions against facts iv) Recognize and define problems * Assess the validity of statements and arguments Reason as a Way of Knowing * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Logical fallacies * Informal reasoning “All generalizations are false – including this one” Henry David Thoreau, 1817 – 62 “Logic (n) is the art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.” Ambrose Bierce, 1842 – 1914 Deductive Reasoning * Any from of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific. * In deductive reasoning, an argument is made based on two facts, or premises. If the premises are true, then it should follow that the conclusion of the argument must also be true Politicians * “High taxes are putting people out of work (general premise). Tax cuts are a better policy (premise 2). Tax cuts will give people jobs (reason)” “Logic is the beginning of wisdom, Valeris, not the end.” Spock, STAR TREK Deductive Reasoning * Deduction is the process of reasoning from two general premises, or things that are known, to a specific...
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...“HOW CAN LOGIC BEST BE APPLIED TO ARGUMENTS?” | March 10 2015 | | | Abstract This talk surveys a number of methods currently being developed that assist in applying logic to the evaluation of arguments used in particular cases. A case is seen as speci_ed by a given text and context of discourse. The methods used are pragmatic, and are based on the Gricean Cooperative Principle (CP), as implemented in several types of goal-directed conversational exchanges. Abstract This talk surveys a number of methods currently being developed that assist in applying logic to the evaluation of arguments used in particular cases. A case is seen as speci_ed by a given text and context of discourse. The methods used are pragmatic, and are based on the Gricean Cooperative Principle (CP), as implemented in several types of goal-directed conversational exchanges. “HOW CAN LOGIC BEST BE APPLIED TO ARGUMENTS?” INTRODUCTION How can logic best be applied to arguments? The goal of this address is to extend the boundaries of the subject known as logic towards the task of evaluating arguments as found in given cases of natural language argumentation. Of course, recently in philosophy, many influential voices are saying precisely that it is not possible to carry out this task (in an objective way that would be suitable for use in logic). I will argue that it can be done, or at least that there are resources available that can be brought...
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...to white clergy who were critical of his intention in Birmingham naming him an “outsider”. King’s response to critics through a letter explains his arguments vividly and effectively. King wrote the letter in a way that he agreed with his critics, nonetheless still using their words against them in logic harmony. King’s letter illustrates the three artistic proofs used to convince an audience. This paper will discuss the ethos, pathos, and logos modes of persuasion as well as writing structure as seen in King’s “The letter from Birmingham jail”. King’s letter demonstrates his clear logic, empathetic prose, sense of self, as maintained by high moral ground. His letter evokes ethical appeal for two main reasons; the language used is ethical and suits the topic, and the words come from a credible source. King is to be forgiven for saying, “Right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant” because this word may seem provocative (Jnr, 2012). However, these words are persuasive and used in the right context. According to Aristotle, ethos is developed when one chooses to use language that is suitable for the audience, and when the same words makes the person sound fair or unbiased (Aristotle, 2012). He uses historical facts to justify the reason why injustice prevails, and not his own opinion. He says, “Lamentably, it is an historical fact that the privileged groups seldom give their privileges voluntarily” (Jnr, 2012). Additionally, King uses logic views not to negate or dismantle...
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...changing in the light of new data” (p 206). Pragmatists believed that the truth was constantly changing as new ideas were introduced. Pragmatists also believed that the ideas needed to be researched by several people and agreed upon by the consensus prior to deeming the ideas true. Such pragmatists are C. S. Peirce, John Dewey, and William James. Another form of philosophy is Analytic philosophy, which focuses mainly on the theories of language, truth, and logic. Analytical philosophy is being able to think sensibly and come to a rational conclusion based on facts rather that emotion, communication assessment, and scientific methods in approaching ideas. Bertrand Russell; an analytic philosopher advanced these theories of truth. Russell was an idealist, and a metaphysical philosopher; he “studied mathematics and wanted to find a satisfactory account of numbers and mathematics”(p 209). Russell did come up with a mathematical theory know as logicism; “all mathematical truths can be proved from principles of formal logic” (p 210). American...
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...mind, and language. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world. Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics. And Logic is the study of arguments. When I thought about my own personal views for educational philosophy, I thought back to my educators in school, my parents, and peers that have made a difference in my life. Compared to the history of logic the demarcation between philosophy of logic and philosophical logic is of recent coinage and not always entirely clear. Characterizations’ include Philosophy of logic is the arena of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic. Philosophy of logic is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic. The field is considered to be distinct from philosophical logic. Philosophical logic is the branch of logic concerning aspects other than or outside of formal logic. Philosophical logic is the application of formal logical techniques to philosophical problems. My educational philosophy is based on personal experience, and from daily observations. I believe that the purpose of today’s schools go above and beyond simply academic education. I believe that schools are a place for education, experience, and preparation for the future. ...
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...How to deceive and disinformation tactics Hear no evil see no evil, speak no evil, don’t discuss it- especially if you are a public figure, news anchor ,etc. if its not reported, it didn’t happen, and you never have to deal with the issues. Become incredulous and indignant avoid discussing key issues and instead focus on side issues which can be used show the topic as being critical of some otherwise sacrosanct group or theme. This is also known as the “ how dare you “ gambit Create rumor mongers. Avoid discussing issues by describing all charges, regardless of venue or evidence, as mere rumors and wild accusations find or create a seeming element of your opponents argument which you can easily knock down to make yourself look good and the opponent to look bad. Either make up an issue you may safely imply exists based on your interpretation of the opponents/arguments/ or select the weakest aspect of the weakest charges. Amplify their significance and destroy them in a way which appears to debunk all the charges, real and fabricated alike, while actually avoiding discussion of the real issue. Sidetrack opponents with name calling and ridicule associate opponents with unpopular titles such as “kooks” , “right-wing”, “liberal”, “leftwing”, “terrorists”, “conspiracy buffs”, “radicals” ,”militia”, “racist”, “religious fanatics”, shill disinfo Hit and run, in any public forum, make a brief attack of your opponent of the opponent position and then scamper off before an answer...
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...! Cirillo - Thinking about Philosophy ! The word philosophy refers to both a discipline and a mindset. At its essence, philosophy implies the mindset of critical thinking, a quest to find out the truth and the discipline to have a good argument. Derived from the Greek words Philos - loving and Sophia - meaning wisdom and the the love of wisdom. Philosophy can be broken down into many categories. Included in theses subsets are metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, aesthetics and logic. Metaphysics encompasses the why and how of reality and being. Ethics incorporates morality moral systems. Epistemology explains ways of individual knowing. Aesthetics lends elements of beauty and the arts. Lastly, logic contributes the attributes of logic and reasoning. Philosophers pursue fundamental questions - questions that make sense but cannot be answered by relying on common sense or scientific procedures. Pythagoras defines philosophy as “too modest to wish to be called wise, he said he was not a wise man, but only a lover of wisdom”. According to Descartes, philosophy is the highest wisdom that could be achieved by logic; it taught the reason how to set about obtaining knowledge of as yet unknown truths. Frances Bacon described philosophy as the universal science, from which all other sciences grew like branches of a tree. Philosophers do not do experiments, they use priori - truths derived from a direct intuitive understanding of the truth. Many people misuse the word Philosophy...
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...Pure Logic vs. Scientific Logic “Reasoning is an art, and reasoning about the natural world is the art that lies at the base of science” (Castel and Sismondo 55). Pure logic is “a form of reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity” (Oxford Dictionaries). In contrast, scientific logic is a form of reasoning in which a logical thought process is used to conduct experiments and research in order to reach a valid conclusion. Altogether, pure and scientific logic are different forms of reasoning used to solve everyday problems in life; yet, it is ‘scientific logic’ that is more prevalent in solving everyday problems, including critical interpretations of major problems on earth. Scientific logic is the best choice to cope with life problems in the midst of global issues; it helps facilitate our logical expertise in daily matters; it is both predictable and reliable; and on a greater scale, scientific logic helps us deal with the widespread problems on earth. With the growth of science and new emerging technologies, life is becoming more complicated, therefore relying purely on logic is insufficient. “Most of the time very little follows logically from what we know, and when we think that it does we learn that most of our knowledge consists of generalizations that don’t hold 100 percent of the time” (Castel and Sismondo 71). People live in a world of probability and because “scientific reasoning develops over time,” (Castel and Sismondo 74) they...
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...Development of arguments Measure of good sense Development of critical skills Writing for clarity Critical thinking Question 2.2. (TCO 1, 2, 4) In Chapter 1, we learned the definition of the term issue. The principle concern when handling an issue is whether or not (Points : 4) a given claim is true or not. a claim attaches to the conclusion or not. the majority has a position on the debate. key experts have a position on the debate. Question 3.3. (TCOs 1, 2, 3) In Chapter 1, we learned the definition of the term argument. The purpose of an argument is to (Points : 4) explain complex ideas. win adherents to a position. refute the positions of other people. support or prove conclusions. Question 4.4. (TCOs 2, 3) In Chapter 2, we learned the meaning of inductive arguments. The support that the premises provide for the conclusion of an inductive argument is best described in terms of (Points : 4) valid or invalid. sound or unsound. provable or unprovable. strong or weak. Question 5.5. (TCO 1, 2) In Chapter 2, we learned the meaning of the three modes of persuasion, as defined by Aristotle. Logos refers to arguments based on (Points : 4) ethics and moral character. experiment and observations. passions and emotions. logic and reasoning. Question 6.6. (TCO 6) In Chapter 2, we learned how to analyze...
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...SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Report on the course “Knowledge Structuring” “Argumentation Visualization” The work is done by: Third-year student International Management specialization Utochkin Denis Saint – Petersburg 2013 Abstract This essay reviews development and current state of the argumentation visualization concept and tools. Argumentation visualization is a set of methods used to represent complex systems of preconditions, reasons and conclusions via visual tools, such as graphs, diagrams, matrices, charts etc. The overview uses the inductive immersion approach: argumentation visualization phenomenon understanding is gained by following the history of method’s development and absorbing most influential thoughts that contributed to the approach in question throughout the centuries. The milestones of visual reasoning are highlighted, several examples of argumentation visualization tools are provided. Description of the today’s state of argumentation visualization method, known as CSAV, follows the historical reference. A short market overview is given further. An overlook of the main trends that define further development of CSAV and main points of criticism of the method conclude the work. Table of content History of argumentation visualization 4 Early precursors of argumentation visualization 5 Direct ancestors of argumentation visualization 6 Wigmore’s evidence chart 6 Toulmin’s graphical argument...
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