...The American criminal justice system is constantly faced with balancing rights of individual and the need for public order. While the criminal justice system must uphold the rights that we are granted it must also protect it’s citizens. This balancing act is represented by two opposing groups, individual-rights advocates and public-order advocates. Our text defines individual-rights advocates are “those who seek to protect the personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice”. It defines public-order advocates as “those who believe that under certain circumstances involving criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights” (Schmallenger 6). Many laws and regulations have been put into place to balance the two opposing groups throughout the history of American. In the civil rights era, throughout 1960’s and 1970’s, led to the recognition of rights that had previously been denied due to certain groups. This movement would set new laws into motion that would grant certain rights to all American citizens regardless of gender, sexual preference, race, ethnicity, or disabilities. The civil rights era also expanded to include rights of many other groups such as criminal suspects, parolees, probationers, trial participants, jail and prison inmates. Some of the numerous laws that were past during the civil rights era include the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which granted women the same wages as men and the Civil Rights Act of...
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...Felicia Mitchell English Online Dr. Logan December 12, 2013 Criminal Justice System is it "Justice" or "Just Us" Section I: Introduction I have always been intrigued with the criminal justice system every since I started working as a Correctional Officer for Solano State Prison. I also worked in the Inmate Appeals Division where inmates had the right to appeal a write up written upon them by any staff. It is not my intention to raise any more controversy on the subject but to open the eyes of people to see their is still discrimination against those of color than whites still in the 20th century. While working in this division, I noticed a lot of discrimination within this system such as the African Americans and Hispanics would receive a denial on their appeal and their property would be taken away from them whereas, if a Caucasian inmate appealed the same situation they would receive a granted appeal and get their property back. Working as an Officer, their were a lot of mistreatment in the prison system; such as if their were fights among the Blacks and Hispanics or Whites and Blacks or Whites and Hispanics, the minorities would always receive the harsher treatment by being locked down for months whereas the white inmates would just be locked down for a few days. At a presidential primary debate Senator Barack Obama charged that blacks and whites “are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates, and receive very different sentences...
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...Jasmin Fernandez Professor Jennifer Wynn, Ph.D. SSJ 202 Chapter 2 Before I go any further I have to say that the title of this chapter fits perfectly with what this chapter is all about. This title really captures the whole context in the chapter. As I began to read chapter two I did not know I was in for a big surprise. When the author Jennifer Wynn mentioned that ex-cons are dropped off at Queens Plaza at four in the morning I was definitely blown away. I could not believe that the place I am always at I could be surrounded with ex -cons I mean I’m not wondering around that time, but I believe that ex -cons stay around there past four in the morning and just the thought of it really scares me. I had to reconfirm this because I was in shocked so I asked someone I know that works in the New York Police Department to find out that this is true all I have to say is WOW. I could not help myself to ask why there? Why not somewhere else? I really had hopes for Frank seem like everything was looking brighter for him, but he messed up bad, but considering the circumstances he lived and they way he grew up with a father who beat him and his mother who passed away. I really couldn’t blame him. I mean who I am to judge, but I really expected for his story to have a happy ending. I believe that The Differential Association Theory applies to Frank as well because he interacted with people in favor of crime, such as thieves. This theory focuses on how individuals learn how to...
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...Nakethia Polycarpe January, 10 2015 Week One CJI Interactive Media Instructor: Dr. Linda Robinson In the media activity I have learned great amount of information about the court system, for example I have learned the difference between due process vs crime control. I have learned that the rights for myself or my family is within the due process issues and crime control is to protect the community and to identify different crimes. In chapter four-criminal law, I know that the source of law in The United States is broken down into four major categories: Constitutions (State and Federal), Statutes/Codes (State and Federal), Judicial Decisions and Administrative Agencies. The four sources of law, are broken down but in some ways similar or work together, I read and have a clear understanding that the source of law categories has many conflicts at times, however, they each make an important role or contributions to our legal system and social control. Finally learning the history in chapter 8, goose over the history in the court system. The information provided a data from primitive time to modern time, for example throughout in primitive time it was said that Ancient cultures claim evidence that community elders once gathered to collect information, work together, basically find the crimes. In modern time we have more resources, professionals, and the court system to find crimes, collaborate with officials. In conclusion, the Cji Interactive Multi-Media helped me tremendously...
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...The Evolution of Criminal Justice Technology Rakeisha Hudson Kaplan University Abstract The Evolution the job is exacting. The police are asked to control crime, maintain order, and provide an intricate array of services, from responding to emergency 911 calls to regulating the flow of traffic. On occasion, they must perform remarkable feats of criminal investigation, quell rowdy crowds and violent offenders, and put their lives on the line. Much of the time, police resources are limited. It is estimated that the workload crime imposes on the police has increased fivefold since 1960. Their resources have not kept pace with their workload. To do their job, police frequently have looked to technology for enhancing their effectiveness. The police, with crime laboratories and radio networks, made early use of technology, but most police departments could have been equipped 30 or 40 years ago as well as they are today. The Crime Commission in response to rapidly rising crime rates and urban disorders. The Commission advocated federal government funding for state and local criminal agencies to support their efforts. It called for what soon became the 911 system for fielding emergency calls and recommended that agencies acquire computers to automate their functions. But even with the start-up help of hundreds of millions of dollars in early federal assistance, computerization came slowly. Only in recent years have...
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...Introduction: In this paper, I will argue that Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection, that justice is no more than a compromise is not a valid statement in the following three points. First, I will briefly explain the objection of Glaucon, that justice is no more than a compromise. Secondly, I will explain Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection. Next, I will show the weaknesses on Plato’s claim based on one of the three parts of soul that he stands, desire. Thirdly, I will convince that Plato’s view of justice is indeed too narrow since his definition of justice is only limited to human beings. Finally, I will argue on Plato’s idea of rule of reason would lead to result of no more internal conflict. In this paragraph, I am going to state about Glaucon’s objection that justice is no more than a compromise and briefly explain Plato’s reply on Glaucon’s objection. The statement of “justice is no more than a compromise” comes from Glaucon’s second class of good: good that “are onerous but beneficial to us, and we wouldn’t choose them for their own sakes, but for the sake of the rewards and other things that come from them” [357C]. This illustrates the idea that people might do “just” things (according to the mainstream of that time, law, conventions) while they have outweigh the consequence of doing the “unjust” thing. Which Glaucon concludes that it is just a compromise of being just instead of its initial goal was to be just. People could act unjustly if they could...
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...There are two types of arguments within class action: one is motivated by morals the other influenced by self-interest. Example – Specifically Jed’s character is driven by the desire to achieve moral justice. His arguments are targeted at supporting those who cannot afford to buy justice. His law firm does not aim to make money; instead it aims to bring justice to the ‘underdog’. Host: First scene is there a scene that captures Jed’s character best? Apted: “Absolutely. It’s this idea of a “contingency case” Nick Holbrook spells out to Jed that “even if they win the case, they won’t see the money for years” Point 2 – Jed’s character is much more complex. Even though he argues fiercely for the victims of big business, he also does this for personal glory and fame. This shade of self-interest is apparent in the dinner scene with Maggie, where she accuses him of using clients to win cases, then abandoning them afterwards. Host: “Sounds interesting! What role does Maggie’s character play in the movie?” Apted: “Well, for the most part of the movie she provides a strong contrast to her father. Her arguments and actions are motivated by a desire to beat her father, advance her career and become a successful partner in her law firm. She is completely driven by self-interest. For example when Maggie is asked to prove her loyalty to the law firms interests her argument lacks compassion and ethics, but is still ruthless and effective achieving her aims. She accuses a victim in...
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...been a growth in number of org with equ and div pol. ... progress At the same time, however, we have continuing discrimination in the labour market (...) and a lack of equality of opportunity in employement. "this raises a question" "there is often disappointment with achievements in terms of substansive outcomes. Problems in translating equality policy into practice and delivering on outcomes are examined both in terms of difficulties in implementation and weaknesses in much of the prescription. 179 Equality and div is firmly on management agendas in a number of org 186 Encourage an organisation to adopt law = "penalty avoidance trough legal compliance sense of social justice or moral responsability key individuals in a org may be motivated by concerns for social justice In practice, altruistic considerations probably have most effective purchase when operating in combination... 191 As Humphries and Rubery note (1995: 13), "it is because the costs to firms seem immediate and palpable while the benefits are more distant and less easy to capture that individual initiatives may produce only slow and patchy changes". 192 Equality initiatives motivated by a search for organizational benefits can lead to the targeting of initiatives to reflect employer needs rather than the needs of the disadvantaged groups" about law "but limitations remain In term of risk of legal action and the penalties for discrimination the legal compliance threat has been generally...
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...Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary 1. What are the issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions? The issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions include but are not limited to the signing of contracts designed to protect both parties, choice of clause, which forum to use when settling a dispute and if arbitration, if used, will be binding or nonbinding. Something else to think about when resolving legal disputes in international transactions would be to gauge when the government stands in the legal proceedings and to find out if the particular countries government can overrule any decisions made by the companies. Other issues would include the political situation, dominant international laws and cultural issues that would influence the achievement or disappointment of the business venture. 2. What are some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country? Some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country include looking out for the best interest of the company your represent as well as future business ventures with the company or country you are in business with. One would also have to take into consideration economic, legal, and ethical associations. The economy of the country that you are contracted with may have ulterior motives in the business arrangement...
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...Emma Grace Philosophy 1000 5 July 2012 The Four Virtues of the Republic In the Republic, Plato sets up a framework to help us establish what the four virtues are, and their relationship between them to both the city and the soul. According to Plato, the four virtues are wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. There are three classes within the city: guardians, auxiliaries, and artisans; and three parts within the soul include intellect, high-spirited, and appetitive. By understanding the different classes of the city or parts of the soul, one will be able to appreciate how the virtues attribute to each one specifically. Book II of the Republic opens with Plato’s two brothers, both who want to know which is the better life to live: the just or the unjust. First, Socrates wants to know, “what justice and injustice are and what power each itself has when it’s by itself in the soul” (Cahn 130). One needs to understand what the soul is before one can talk about virtue because the relationship between the soul and virtue is excellence. This sets up the foundation that the structure of the soul and the city are similar in relation to the four virtues. In order for Socrates to accomplish this, he needs to examine the larger one first, the city, representing the ontological. Then, he is going to examine the smaller one, the soul, representing the epistemological. The establishment of each of these will display how the two mirror off one another, allowing the relationship between...
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...Case Study 2 2. What role did top management commitment play in developing the ethical work climate and organizational performance seen at Alcoa? What other ethical safeguards are mentioned in the case to support the company's effort at developing a strong ethical culture? Management role is always vital in any work climate and in that respect the role that Alcoa played cannot be ignored. From the beginning the company incorporated their values and documented what they thought was relevant regarding health and safety of their employees. Furthermore, they devised a plan for employees to follow the codes of health and safety so the company could achieve their goal of providing for stakeholders. The company considered the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act with all of the basic elements included. 4. Can Alcoa's "values in practice" be adopted by other organizations as a universal set of ethical standards leading to ethical employee behavior? Measures that Alcoa implemented were crucial to setting a standard for universal ethical codes and enhanced the ability of each employee to act in an ethical way. Furthermore, by employees complying with polices and procedures set by Alcoa, this created an environment of success for all. Elements of ethics and compliance program include: • Publishing the Guide to Business Conduct and other directional documents; • Deploying global business conduct training and communications to all employees; • Managing...
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...Mill’s utilitarian theory of justice Utilitarians tend to be among those who see no major divide between justice and morality. Utilitarians see justice as part of morality and don’t see justice to have a higher priority than any other moral concern. In particular, utilitarians think that we should promote goodness (things of value), and many think that goodness can be found in a single good; such as happiness, flourishing, well-being, or desire satisfaction. Utilitarian ideas of justice connect morality to the law, economic distribution, and politics. What economic or political principles will utilitarians say we should accept? That is not an easy question to answer and is still up in the air. We have to discover the best economic and political systems for ourselves by seeing the effects they produce (90). Utilitarians often advocate for social welfare because everyone’s well-being is of moral interest and social welfare seems like a good way to make sure everyone flourishes to a minimal extent. On the other hand utilitarians often advocate free trade because (a) free trade can help reward people for hard work and encourage people to be productive, (b) the free market allows for a great deal of freedom, (c) freedom has a tendency to lead to more prosperity, and (d) taking away freedom has a tendency to cause suffering. One conception of utilitarian justice can be found in the work Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill (91). Mill said that justice was a subset of morality—“injustice...
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...circumstances, and it has important implications for the moral treatments of animals. Act Utilitarianism, however, encounters several objections. These include the calculation problem, meaning it is difficult to accurately predict and evaluate all possible consequences in terms of scope, intensity, duration, and probability. The moral saints problem, which places heavy moral demands upon us. Everything becomes a matter of moral importance, including our choice of clothing. The moral permissiveness objection, as it can approve any sort of action, breaking promises, assassinations, torture, etc. and finally the justice/human rights objection, as it can obligate us to violate a person’s rights or commit serious injustices. Of all these objections, the calculation problem may be easily solved, perhaps by employing rules of thumb to guide many actions. The justice/rights objection is probably the most serious as many people are concerned with the...
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...As companies conduct business internationally there are many issues it must be knowledgeable about to operate successfully. Two issues that were explored during Law/421 in week two’s simulation were how to address legal and ethical situations that arise when conducting business abroad. When resolving legal disputes in international transactions one must be aware of international and local laws. It is also important to know the customs and culture of the area where business transactions are taking place. Prior to conducting business abroad a choice of law must be established before any conflict arises. This will yield a resolution to the conflict that will be favorable for both parties. When taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country one should consider the laws of that country. Laws in others countries differ from those in the United States. Also when considering taking legal action on a company, one must analyze all possible cause and effects from that legal action. Taking legal action may be the company’s right to do, but it may cause negative customer relations in the area. In the simulation, CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements could be beneficial to the company yet work against the company. Sublicensing may cause the company to be liable in lawsuits due to the negligence of those sublicensed parties. When local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, the laws...
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...Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Wayne Lambeth LAW 421 October 21, 2013 Richard Blackwell Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues There are different ways that legal and ethical issue that can happen in the world of international business. A simulation has been viewed and completed that describes these issues and the possible decisions that can be made in those situations. The company is named CadMex Pharma who specialize in pharmaceutical development as well as healthcare products with an international company named Gentura who specialize in biotechnology. The following paper will discuss CadMex’s decisions made and the impact that it had on the company. Practical Considerations of Taking Legal Actions When entering into an international business agreement, there are certain considerations should be contemplated when taking legal action on a foreign business partner. In the simulation the best selection for a choice of law clause is to use the Candorean Regulations for Technology Import Contracts since Candoria is more likely to use their government’s rules and regulations in proceeding with the terms of the contract. Other considerations include cultural and employment issues according to their government policies that are in place. Factors That Can Work Against CadMex Sublicensing Decision The use of sublicensing could work in CadMex’s favor however; there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration when deciding to...
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