...Cross-Cultural Communication The part where we want to focus on this research is how people communicate and do business internationally, how the differences in the culture can impact a negotiation and the business relationship. First is what she calls "cognitive constraints." These are the frames of reference or worldviews that provide a backdrop that all new information is compared to or inserted into. Second are "behavior constraints." Each culture has its own rules about proper behavior, which affect verbal and nonverbal communication. Whether one looks the other person in the eye-or not; whether one says what one means overtly or talks around the issue; how close the people stand to each other when they are talking, all of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomey's third factor is "emotional constraints." Different cultures regulate the display of emotion differently. Some cultures get very emotional when they are debating an issue. They yell, they cry, they exhibit their anger, fear, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to keep their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the "rational" or factual aspects of the situation. All of these differences tend to lead to communication problems. If the people involved are not aware of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it takes more than awareness to overcome these problems and communicate...
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...Cross-Cultural Motivation and Self-Determination Susan McGilloway Walden University Self-Determination Theory For decades researchers have studied human motivation and the process of developing self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Vallarand, Pelletier, and Koestner, 2008). Human motivation is the drive to change personal or public behaviors on an individual or societal level. Self-determination theory presupposes that motivation is the inner impetus to implement sustained change independent of control by others (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008). Deci and Ryan (2008) and Milyavskaya and Koestner (2011) suggested that SDT applies to multiple spheres of life domains such as health, education, and work. The concept of motivation and self-determination goes beyond mere goal achievement and addresses the concepts of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being (McGilloway, 2011). According to Deci & Ryan (2009), SDT is in contrast to the Hull drive (Hull, 1943) and Skinner reinforcement theories (Skinner, 1953). However, White (1959) suggested that an innate motive that is psychological supplements drive theory - a precursor to the concept of intrinsic motivation and the satisfaction of psychological needs. In contrast to the drive theory of Hull and the reinforcement theory of Skinner, SDT strays from the concept of “deficit principles” (Deci & Ryan, 2000). In SDT psychological needs are understood as constructs...
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...MSc Management Cross-cultural Management module Cross Cultural Study of China and America Name of Student Name of Instructor Dated: Table of Contents S. No. | Topic | Page No. | Cross Cultural Study of China and America | | 1- | Introduction | 3 | 2- | Chinese Culture | 3 | 3- | Leadership styles and skills of China | 4 | 4- | Motivating others | 4 | 5- | Trust Builder | 5 | 6- | Talent retention | 5 | 7- | High Performance team | 5 | 8- | Management Style of China | 5 | 9- | The Guanxi | 6 | 10- | Individualism and collectivism | 6 | 11 | America’s Culture | 6 | 12 | Leadership Styles in America | 7 | 13 | Directive leadership | 7 | 14 | Participative leadership | 7 | 15 | Empowering leadership | 8 | 16 | Charismatic leadership | 8 | 17 | Management Styles of America | 8 | 18 | Ethical issues in cross cultural of China and America | 8 | 19 | Compare and contrast between China and USA | 9 | 20 | Conclusion | 11 | 21 | References | 12 | Introduction: This paper consists of cross cultural study of two developed countries named USA and China. These countries are well developed and exist in the major countries of the world. Both have an entire different culture in reference of behavior, leadership styles and management. China is the part of eastern countries and USA is a western country, both have entirely different environment and too far from each other. There are many roles that are involved in any organization...
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...writing the memo to share some issues I have with one of my employees. Ten moths ago I hired a salesman with Chinese origin to help the company to take over the Chinese businesses in Plano, Texas. I cannot “click on personal level” with him since the very beginning of our relationship which is causing troubles in our communications. Another reason for our communication problem could be the different cultural background we have and our opposite personalities. I believe employees should be able to connect to their leader to become good followers. I think I am extrovert and should be able to get closer to him over time but there are some other issues that I need to address immediately. I have a problem with Wu’s performance inconsistencies his vision of how things should be done, obviously conflicting with my leadership style. He definitely is able to do “as I say” but not willing - he does not keep daily contact, works outside the office more than normal and his various meetings usually conflict with AccountBack activities and meetings. I do not know if this is based on cross cultural differences or situational leadership. I definitely should consider a mismatch of leadership style and development level of my subordinate. I should reconsider my participating approach towards my employees. It definitely worked for our branch and the financial results are proving it but most of the salesmen were new to the company. In case of salesmen with more experience and high readiness to...
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...Cultural Sensitivity Company A is headquartered in a regional manufacturing area in the United States. Company A produces engine components that undergo an extra heat-hardening process that provides extended life for engines of heavy-duty trucks, and it provides specialized machined engine components to all major U.S. truck and automobile manufacturers. Company A currently has 5,000 employees in the United States and wants to double its size within the next four years. After establishing through market research that a huge growth potential exists for new entrants of heavy-duty trucks in several target countries, Company A expanded successfully into one European country this past year. The company is now considering expansion into an Eastern Asian market. Senior management believes Company A will more than double company profits with its expansion in the international market. As a member of the expansion team, you will be a key player in ensuring the success of this new venture. You will be responsible for providing assessments, analysis, and written plans for successful furtherance of Company A’s global marketing plan. Your manager at Company A has asked you to submit a detailed marketing approach that the manager will present to the operating committee. Your approach should address any major cross-cultural challenges that may likely surface as Company A expands into an Eastern Asian market. A. Identify one country in Eastern Asia a. After researching a number...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspective ETH/316 Brenda J Johnson February 23, 2015 Dr. Richard Trottier Cross-Cultural Perspectives HSBC expresses its corporate ethical policies in the form of promoting diversity inclusion among its employees, implementing a multicultural awareness, it enforces these with a number of policies and rules designed to work toward these goals. HSBC is a global organization with a multinational presence. Their cultural perspective offers professional diversity. It has a footprint in many countries and their purpose is to be where the growth is. “Their network covers seventy-three countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, Africa, North America and Latin America” (www.hsbc.com). With the focus on growth they need a work force to cover the many countries and purposes of their growth. HSBC has a labor force that is diverse and inclusive. It takes pride in having a Diversity and Inclusion program that embraces multicultural area with multicultural races. HSBC was named as one of the Top Global Employers 2015 by Stonewall, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender, LGBT equity charity. (hsbc.com) Diversity Is An Ethical Goal Diversity is an ethical goal that HSBC works to achieve. Diversity in our origins. By offering professional diversity, HSBC has become one of the leading employers with regards to diversity. “We believe that diversity brings only benefits to our customer, to our business and to our people”...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspectives 1 Week 5 Cross-Cultural Perspectives ETH/316: Ethics and Social Responsibility University of Phoenix Cross-Cultural Perspectives Cross-Cultural Perspectives 2 McDonald’s is the largest fast food chain restaurant in the world. Ray Kroc founded the franchise in 1955 in California. McDonald’s server millions of customers daily. The company pride itself on their tasty hamburgers and delicious french-fries. McDonald’s is also known for its quick service and its drive through. The company went from one restaurant location, to locations in different states, to a global corporation. McDonald’s continue to thrive on providing meals at a low cost to customers. McDonald’s have more than 30,000 restaurant locations in more than 100 countries around the world. McDonald’s makes billions of dollars each year but they still issues in the global sector (McDonald’s, 2011). McDonald’s established their first restaurant in Japan in 1971 (McDonald’s, 2011). This establishment brought about some issues because of the cultural differences. Some of the issues are food preparation, food organization, and food delivery. Even though McDonald’s way of doing business contradicted with the Japanese ethics, and traditions, through compromise, and social responsibility they have managed to minimized there differences. Besides McDonald’s other businesses have expanded globally such as auto companies like Ford Motor Company. However, their approach was different in comparison...
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...Evaluation of Group Team Effectiveness Tatiana Alvim Ming Chuan University Evaluation of Group Team Effectiveness Question 1 In our Organizational Behavior classes we studied chapter 9 that talks about the "teams" and for this assignment the teacher asked us to analyze our group's effectiveness. An effective team work is the key to the success of any group. I will evaluate my group based on "Climate of trust", "Abilities of members", "size of teams", "work design" and "common purpose". One of the most important facts why I consider my group a successful one is because of the "size of our time” we were just seven. Like the president of AOL says the secret to a great team is to "think small. Ideally your group should have seven to nine people". When you have a small group everybody can participates actively talking and discussing with each other, sharing their ideas, which help a lot. In that time we all shared the same goal, we had a "Common Plan and Purpose" so we have put a lot of time and effort discussing a purpose that was good for everybody. We had meetings in MCU's library, we created a Facebook group so we could put all the information’s there and when we realize that something was wrong we were very flexible to change the plan and keep going with the new decision. When you are working in-group the ability of members are also very important. Part of a team's performance depends on the knowledge skills, and abilities...
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...Research Proposal (Ⅰ) Proposed Title (Ⅱ) Introduction (Ⅲ) Brief Literature Review ·Political, Economic and EMJOS ·Cross-cultural and EMJOS ·Gender and EMJOS (Ⅳ)Methodology ·Pilot and Measurement ·Questionnaires ·Individual Interviews ·Comparative Analysis ·Statistic Analysis (Ⅴ)Proposal Research Time-Table (Ⅵ)References (Ⅶ)Appendix (Ⅰ) Proposed Title The Discussion of Education Migration in Metropolises—Based on Japanese Overseas Students (Ⅱ) Introduction The problem of Education Migration has been becoming an international tendency globally in recent years, especially the Japanese Overseas Students (JOS), particularly in metropolises (this research includes three metropolises: Tianjin, Shanghai and Hong Kong). According to current official statistics, the number of Japanese Overseas Students with a bachelor’s degree at above studying in Tianjin (TJ) accounted for 1,906, 1,681, and 1,971 respectively in 2010, 2011, and 2012, dramatically doubling that of a decade ago. As a result of the above situations, I could not help coming up with the questions like why they are primarily female students and what education migration of Japanese Overseas Students (EMJOS) could bring to the political, economic and cross-cultural aspects of TJ society as well as what attitude we should harbour towards this trend (Appendix 1). I will compare EMJOS with two other metropolises in order to make...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Nike Student UoP Ethics 316 June 18, 2012 Week Five Dr. No Instructor Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Nike Nike Corporation grew from a local United States-based footwear distributor to a global marketing giant of athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment. This paper will provide an analysis of the ethical and social responsibility issues Nike must deal with as a global organization. Additionally, the paper will identify Nike’s ethical perspectives and present the exploration of these perspectives across cultures. Ethical and Social Responsibility Issues Nike began globalization through industrializing in countries, such as Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Cambodia. The contracting by Nike of suppliers within these regions instantly began providing jobs, which at the time was just good enough to these improvised areas. However, by the end of the 90s Nike’s use of offshore manufacturing suppliers brought revelations of the sweatshop working conditions prevalent in these nations. The ethical responsibility issues Nike had as a challenge because of these sweatshop conditions ran the full gamut. For example Vietnam factories were violating the minimum wage and overtime laws, Cambodia was using child labor, and Malaysia even went as far as employing forced labor to ensure manufacturing requirements were met...
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...in the nation of each company. These figures give us more details about what is the position of each company and the role played among their competitors in their country. This provides us a better understanding of the positioning and vision for both sides. 3) The preference of representatives in both teams Before the negotiation, our team members have spare lots of time sit together talk about and change our opinions. During this time, we have already known each other’s characters and have dividing the work responsibilities and allocate them to each person. That is the first part called self-exploration. In addition, analysis the members in opposite team are as important as the first part. Same as us, even though built on the multi-cultural foundation, with a mix of Indian, Chinese and Sri Lanka, all of us come from the high-text and masculinity society, and the sex ratios in both teams are same. This endows us a balance between the two teams. During the negotiation, we can use...
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...Abstract This paper outlines and describes managerial guidelines for successful negotiations. It examines the steps a manager may take to ensure successful negotiations. Discuss the forces, including technology changes, which have fostered the development of global consumerism. Cite your sources. Keywords: Negotiation, International Marketing Managerial Guidelines for Successful Cross-Cultural Negotiations In international business, understanding the culture is the most important factor that determines success in that foreign market. This will be the foundation for the negotiations and should be addressed prior to any meetings. A company needs to combine the best aspects of each organization to the respective cultures in the foreign market. The negotiations will be successful if the negotiating parties establish an open relationship and gain mutual trust. Several factors to consider prior to negotiating in international business are minimizing distrust and stereotyping, overcome communication issues, and relationship development. (Ready) Minimizing distrust and stereotyping is a common issue that can deeply affect any negotiations. This can be rooted from the idea of assuming the values and mannerisms of the culture in the foreign market. For example, when McDonald’s decided to enter the market in India, they did not assume their beef burgers were going to be accepted in this mainly vegetarian environment. They did their research and...
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...ine Different sociological views on changes in the experience of childhood in the past 50 years (24 marks) According to Aries (1962), childhood can be defined as a social construction. Children were once regarded as ‘little adults’ and an economic asset rather than a symbol of love due to the high death rates making it hard to emotionally invest. However, now, according to Pilcher, a key aspect of childhood is ‘separateness’ from adulthood. Aries definition of childhood as a social construction can be supported by cross-cultural differences and more specifically Punch (2001). Punch studied children in Bolivia and found that at age 5 children were expected to work and take on responsibilities. This cultural variation shows childhood to be a social construction as if it were biological everyone would have the same experiences. There have been several state policies that have constructed and defined childhood, one of which is the children’s act which aimed to give children more rights to make a positive contribution to society. It argues the best place to raise children is at home with their parents which brought about the social view that it is essential for children to spend time with immediate family in order to grow up to be independent. In addition to this, another state policy was the Factory Act which saw the removal of young children from work, strict hours placed upon adolescents and compulsory education put into place. This effected society by presenting...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspectives People depend on energy on a daily basis. The fuel from energy is used in daily activities rather personal or business. The more the demand for energy increase the harder it is to locate the supply for it. British Petroleum, also known as BP, is a company that provides energy services to different countries. BP is a global organization that focuses on production, refining, distributing, trading, and exploration of energy. The industry of energy is defined by challenge. It must be determined how to meet the supply of demand. BP has increased their reserves and the need to diversify. BP experienced a horrific accident in April 2010, which was named the Deep-water Horizons. The company was responsible for an oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010. This spill will have a lasting economic, personal, and environmental effect on those involved in it. Many workers, individuals, and businesses were impacted along the coast lines. For workers, those who worked on tugs, barges, oil rigs, or fishing/shrimp boats lost wages and time off work because of the oil spill. Individuals, or residents, that lived along the coast line may experience health issues because of the chemicals and toxic fumes that were released as a result of the oil spill. Property owners may have damage to their land if any of the chemicals was washed up and came in contact with the soil. Businesses around the coast line, especially fishing and tourist,...
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