...Health Research and Designs Kimberly Mongold HPR 460 Analysis of Health Research Instructor: Sarah Howell September 07, 2014 Health Research and Designs This paper is in regard to a cross-sectional study that was used to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in private cars, commercial vehicles and taxis in the city of Barcelona in Spain (Curto, A., Martínez-Sánchez, J., & Fernández, E. (2011). “Cross sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence and are useful at identifying associations that can then be more rigorously studied using a cohort study or randomised controlled study. Although they are quick and easy, they do not allow for the distinction between cause and effect” (Mann,C.J., 2003). Although most cross sectional studies are done using questionnaires, in this case the use observation to collect their data. The purpose of this study was to research the health effects from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in in private cars, commercial vehicles and taxis. The sample size was 2442 private cars, commercial vehicles and taxis on 40 public roads. There were two main variables, total tobacco consumption ,either by the driver or the passenger, and SHS exposure. This study provided an estimation of smoking in some types of vehicles and highlighted the need for public health measures that would be aimed at reducing tobacco consumption in private cars, especially in the presence of children...
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...Running Head: FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH Fundamentals of Research Tawni Romero University of Phoenix BSHS 382 Research and Statistics Tina Henderson May 2, 2011 Fundamentals of Research The text defines scientific method as a “general expression for the methodology of science, or a systematic research approach or outlook emphasizing the use of empirical reasoning” (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008, p. 424). Within this paper there will be a discussion on the scientific method and how it relates to research in the human services field. This paper will review the steps in the scientific inquiry process. This paper will define quantitative and qualitative research and explain how they relate and differ each to the human services field and the scientific method. The paper will determine whether to use a quantitative or qualitative research methodology, and provide examples of what sort of study is appropriate for each methodology and why. The paper will define mixed method research with descriptions and strengths included. Examples of when it is appropriate to apply mixed method research in the human services field will also be examined. In conclusion, there will be a summary of how scientifically sound research supports the function of the human services manager. The Scientific Method The six steps to conducting research are “1) identifying a research problem, 2) reviewing the literature, 3) specifying a purpose for research, 4) collecting data, 5) analyze and interpreting...
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...DANIELLE LYSSIMACHOU b1 The Risk Interpretation of the CAPM’s Beta: Evidence from a New Research Method This study tests the validity of using the CAPM beta as a risk control in cross-sectional accounting and finance research. We recognize that high risk stocks should experience either very good or very bad returns more frequently compared to low risk stocks, i.e. high risk stocks should cluster in the tails of the cross-sectional return distribution. Building on this intuition, we test the risk interpretation of the CAPM’s beta by examining if high beta stocks are more likely than low beta stocks to experience either very high or very low returns. Our empirical results indicate that beta is a strong predictor of large positive and large negative returns, which confirms that beta is a valid empirical risk measure and that researchers should use beta as a risk control in empirical tests. Further, we show that because the relation between beta and returns is U-shaped, i.e. high betas predict both very high and very low returns, linear cross-sectional regression models, e.g. Fama-MacBeth regressions, will fail on average to reject the null hypothesis that beta does not capture risk. This result explains why previous studies find no significant cross-sectional relation between beta and returns. Key words: Market beta; New research method; Empirical accounting and finance research. PAWEL BILINSKI (pawel.bilinski.1@city.ac.uk) and DANIELLE LYSSIMACHOU (danielle.lyssimachou...
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...International Journal of Management Reviews (2008) doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00227.x Teamworking and organizational performance: A review of survey-based research Teamworking xxx 2007 Publishing Ltd ORIGINAL Journal of Ltd 2007performance XXX UK Publishing Management Reviews © Blackwell 1460-8545 International and organizational IJMR Oxford, Blackwell ARTICLES Anne Delarue,1 Geert Van Hootegem, Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge This paper presents a review of recent survey-based research looking at the contribution of teamwork to organizational performance. In particular, it focuses on empirical studies in which both teamwork and performance are directly measured in a quantitative way. The paper begins by identifying four interrelated dimensions of teamwork effectiveness: attitudinal, behavioural, operational and financial. The first two represent transmission mechanisms by which organizational performance can be improved. The latter two provide direct measures of organizational outcomes. The review shows that teamworking has a positive impact on all four dimensions of performance. It also reveals that, when teamwork is combined with structural change, performance can be further enhanced. The paper concludes by highlighting some important research gaps that future studies could address. Introduction Teamwork has emerged in recent years as one of the most important ways in which work is being reorganized (Osterman 1994; Waterson et al...
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...H. PENMAN shp38@columbia.edu Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 612, New York, NY 10027 Abstract. This paper presents a financial statement analysis that distinguishes leverage that arises in financing activities from leverage that arises in operations. The analysis yields two leveraging equations, one for borrowing to finance operations and one for borrowing in the course of operations. These leveraging equations describe how the two types of leverage affect book rates of return on equity. An empirical analysis shows that the financial statement analysis explains cross-sectional differences in current and future rates of return as well as price-to-book ratios, which are based on expected rates of return on equity. The paper therefore concludes that balance sheet line items for operating liabilities are priced differently than those dealing with financing liabilities. Accordingly, financial statement analysis that distinguishes the two types of liabilities informs on future profitability and aids in the evaluation of appropriate price-to-book ratios. Keywords: financing leverage, operating liability leverage, rate of return on equity, price-to-book ratio JEL Classification: M41, G32 Leverage is traditionally viewed as arising from financing activities: Firms borrow to raise cash for operations. This paper shows that, for the purposes of analyzing profitability and valuing firms, two types of leverage are relevant, one indeed arising from financing activities...
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...“customer-centricity” model is being replaced by a “customer-compliance business model” of service provision. The 2007 article by Dellande and Nyer called “Using Public Commitment to Gain Customer Compliance” aims to investigate the role of public commitment in gaining customer compliance in a long-term service when the customer is away from the provider. Their findings suggest that motivation is the key customer attribute in gaining compliance. Critical Evaluation of Methodology Used The research design used in Dellande, Gilly and Graham’s article is mentioned as being Cross-Sectional Design, which is defined by Bryman and Bell (2011) as a design which entails the collection of data on more than one case and at a single point in time in order to collect a body of quantifiable data in connection with the two or more variables, which are examined to detect patterns of association. Even though the article enlists several variables which are used to support the theory the research was conducted only at the weight-loss clinic “Lindora Comprehensive Weight Control”. Lindora’s website (2012) specifies that the weight management program is specific for their company, therefore implying that the results...
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...relationship between income and subjective well-being; by tracing back to works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Veblen and Duesenberry, the authors revive significant attention to the neoclassical economic theory that portrays well-being and absolute income to be highly correlated. The data was retrieved from the European Social Survey (ESS) to examine a potential relationship between income and happiness (self-reported satisfaction), the authors execute their study across 19 European Countries. With utilisation of Easterlin (1974) as their seminal paper, the research draws attention to the Easterlin Paradox (Easterlin, 1995) that suggests there is no relationship between economic expansion in industrialised countries and its average level of happiness. The authors look to assess topical contradictory findings that conclude absolute income is correlated with levels of happiness (e.g.: Frijters et al., 2004). The research purpose of this paper was to re-examine this controversial link for a number of European countries, specific consideration was given to whether relative income was a chief determinant of well-being. The results show that for the sample of 19 countries, income is positively correlated with well-being and life satisfaction. However, reference income wields a negative effect on individual wellbeing. This means that the overall results support both the absolute and...
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...The Evolving Food Chain: Competitive Effects of Wal-Mart’s Entry into the Supermarket Industry∗ Emek Basker University of Missouri Michael Noel University of California–San Diego September 2008 Abstract We analyze the effect of Wal-Mart’s entry into the grocery market using a unique store-level price panel data set. We use OLS and two IV specifications to estimate the effect of Wal-Mart’s entry on competitors’ prices of 24 grocery items across several categories. Wal-Mart’s price advantage over competitors for these products averages approximately 10%. On average, competitors’ response to entry by a Wal-Mart Supercenter is a price reduction of 1–1.2%, mostly due to smaller-scale competitors; the response of the “Big Three” supermarket chains (Albertson’s, Safeway, and Kroger) is less than half that size. Low-end grocery stores, which compete more directly with Wal-Mart, cut their prices more than twice as much as higher-end stores. We confirm our results using a falsification exercise, in which we test for Wal-Mart’s effect on prices of services that it does not provide, such as movie tickets and dry cleaning services. JEL Codes: L11, L13, L81 Keywords: Wal-Mart, Retail Prices, Supermarkets, Price Competition ∗ Contact: emek@missouri.edu or mdnoel@ucsd.edu. We thank Saku Aura, Roger Betancourt, Paul Dobson, Luke Froeb, Jerry Hausman, G¨nter Hitcsh, Ephraim Leibtag, Saul Lach, Daniel Levy, Ye¸im u s Orhun, David Parsley, the editor and two anonymous referees...
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...FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS & LAW RBUS2900 Business Research Method Article Review: Trust and Team Performance This paper will be analyzing and critiquing three main articles of trust and its direct and indirect effect on team performance. The selected articles are collected from the journal of occupational and organisational psychology, organization science and journal of business and industrial marketing, published no earlier than 2009 Contents RBUS2900 Article Review: “Trust and Team Performance” 2 I. Introduction 2 II. Research Design Characteristics 3 III. Summaries of the Three Articles 3 3.1. Article1: “The differential effect of team members’ trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion” (Mach, Dolan & Tzafrir, 2010) 3 3.2. Article 2: “Getting everyone one board: The role of inspirational leadership in geographically dispersed teams” (Joshi, Lazarova & Liao, 2010) 5 3.3. Article 3: “Managerial trust and NPD performance: Team commitment and longevity as mediators” (Doyan, 2010) 6 IV. Critiques of the Three Articles 7 4.1. Article1: “The differential effect of team members’ trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion” (Mach, Dolan & Tzafrir, 2010) 7 4.2. Article 2: “Getting everyone one board: The role of inspirational leadership in geographically dispersed teams” (Joshi, Lazarova & Liao, 2010) 8 4.3. Article 3: “Managerial trust and NPD performance: Team commitment and longevity as mediators” (Doyan, 2010) 9 ...
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...for small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs). Cloud computing or on-demand computing is IT infrastructures that empower SMEs with various capabilities to store, share and access information, data and resources in third-party data center. Cloud computing when implemented strategically will help enterprises to improve their performances, processes and efficiency. Despite the importance of cloud-based computing, limited research has done to study about the implementation and usage of cloud-based computing in the SMEs within the UK context (Shiels et al., 2003). The objective of the research reviewed in this proposal is to contribute to the valuable research on cloud solutions by studying the implementation of SMEs. UK was selected for this research as in UK, SMEs accounts for the vast mojarity of all companies and it is home of innovation companies that develop with the development of information and communication technologies. The relevant literature are referred and the theoretical framework is used in this research are discussed in the next part of the paper. 2. Literature Review According to Sultan, N. A. (2011) small- and medium-sized enterprises can take a lot of advantages from embracing cloud solutions. Because no matter of what type of business, all companies have the same objectives is to maximize earning while minimizing capital and operational expenses. The fact is that, nowadays, SMEs have begun using simple applications of cloud platform without realizing that...
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...is one of the most important and challenging problem, which can be determined by using Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Cross Sectional images, which is an excellent ultrasound study system for extracting and to easily identifying the plaque layer by using the shape parameter measurements. This paper presents and elucidates the new approach to find out the coronary artery plaque with the help of the artery cross sectional layers determination, which are adventitia, media, intima and lumen layers. This system measures the layer’s performance to make the clear way to identifying the plaque layer, which proposes a new method...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION A handover is defined as “the act of moving power or responsibility from one person or group to another (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 2005)”. In healthcare and clinical context, the term “handover” applies to the transferring of a patient’s information between two health care providers, when the patient receives care in a different location, or when another healthcare provider is responsible of the patient (ACSQHC 2005). The American word “handoff” also signifies the same meaning. Nursing handovers are often being described as a ritual, which stemmed from the medical concept preliminarily in the 1880s, whereby the nursing sister would direct the nurses on duty after hearing reports from the night shift nurses and the doctors’ rounds (Walsh and Ford 1989). The repetitive characteristic of the traditional handover does not encourage nurses to think critically or share different views, therefore depicted as a “ritual” (Kerr et al 2011). 1.1 BACKGROUND OFTHE STUDY The aim of a nursing shift handover is to precisely inform the patient’s general condition, care plan, treatment and expectations in a timely manner (Runy 2008). The process, if made without a systematic standardized method, would lead to errors and jeopardizes patient’s safety (ACSQHC 2010). Reported adverse events from handovers include unnecessary procedure and investigations, delayed diagnosis or treatments, prolonged hospitalization...
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...communications are occurring. It is becoming apparently aware that the increase in sexting is due to these technological advances (Gordon-Messer, Bauermeister, Grodzinski, & Zimmerman, 2013). The concept of sexting is defined as, “sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, or nude, partially nude, or sexually suggestive digital images of one self or other via a cell phone, email, or Internet” (Dake, Price, Maziarz, & Ward, 2012, p. 2). Research conducted found that 30% of young adults have sent a sext at least once, and 41% have received a sext at some point (Gordon- Messer et al.). The underlying problem with sexting is being unaware of the short and long-term effects sexting can have on not only themselves but on others as well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether gender contributes to the attitudes, behaviours and consequences of sexting. Specifically this paper will highlight potential differences and similarities between genders in relation to sexting. With regards to attitudes towards sexting, research has shown that there are some definitive differences amongst males and females (Walker et al., 2013; Lenhart, 2009; Dir et al., 2013). Adult youth are conscious of the double standards that are present for men and women in regards to the correlation between sexual reputation and sexting (Walker, Sanci, &...
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...Journal of Accounting Research Vol, 29 No, 1 Spring 1991 Printedin U.S.A. Earnings as an Explanatory Variable for Returns PETER D. EASTON* AND TREVOR S. HARRISf 1. Introduction In this paper we investigate whether the level of earnings divided by price at the beginning of the stock return period is relevant for evaluating earnings/returns associations.^ The primary model motivating this research relies on the idea that book value (owners' equity) and market value are both "stock" variables indicating the wealth of the firm's equity holders. The related "flow" variables (after adjusting for dividends) are, respectively, earnings divided by price at the beginning of the return period {A/P~i) and market returns. It then follows that earnings divided by beginning of period price should be associated with stock returns. Although models based on a relation between market value and book value are used occasionally in the accounting research literature (see, for example, Landsman [1986], Harris and Ohlson [1987], and Barth * Macquarie University and University of Chicago; tColumbia University. The paper is a revised version of working papers entitled "An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers: Further Evidence" and "Evidence of Accounting Earnings as an Index of Change in Value." The authors would like to acknowledge comments from workshop participants at the following universities; Arizona, Auckland, California at Berkeley, California at Los Angeles, Columbia,...
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...Case Assignment 2 Liberty University BUSI 600 Abstract This paper defines Penton Media’s sampling plan and research design for their study on if their reader service cards are still successful in getting buyer’s attentions. There are five questions that develop the sampling plan and Penton Media’s answers to these questions are described in this paper along with the strengths and weaknesses of their decisions. Their research design is also explained in the eight categories given. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of their research design are given. Case Assignment 2 Penton Media has designed a research study to determine if the reader service cards are still a sustainable form of bringing in customers. Penton Media came up with a sampling plan in order answer this research plan. Their sampling plan answered five questions and has both strengths and weaknesses. They also formulated a research design, which includes eight categories of options to answer their research question. Their research design also includes strengths and weaknesses, and these will be further examined in this paper. Sampling Plan According to Cooper and Schindler (2014), the sampling plan includes five questions. These questions include (p. 344): * What is the target population? * What are the parameters of interest? * What is the sampling frame? * What is the appropriate sampling method? * What size sample is needed? Once you have answered all these questions...
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